PMC:7075079 / 15768-21116 JSON TXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":3236,"end":3242},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":4280,"end":4286},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":5299,"end":5304},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264279"},{"id":"A3","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264279"},{"id":"A4","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study used the structural equation model (SEM) to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1–3] in January and February 2020 in Wuhan, China. The levels of anxiety, self-efficacy, stress, sleep quality, and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction (SASR) questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. The findings from this study showed that the sleep quality of the medical staff was low with a mean PSQI score of 8.583. Compared with the normal Chinese PSQI score of 7 points, the sleep quality of medical staff who treated COVID-19 was relatively low. There were several factors that may have resulted in reduced sleep quality in the medical staff. Doctors and nurses had to wear protective clothing every day, including hazardous materials (HazMat) suits. The staff worked continuously in the isolation wards with high work intensity and under pressure. Also, some of the patients could not be cured, and infection with COVID-19 is associated with patient mortality [1–3].\nThe findings from this study showed that social support of the medical staff did not directly affect their sleep quality, but had an indirect through several paths or steps. Firstly, social support reduces anxiety and stress, and improves self-efficacy. Social support can help medical staff reduce anxiety levels, as friends or family members provide social and emotional support and share empathy [21]. Social interactions reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and can improve mood [22]. Currently, with the increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection in China, front-line medical staff are required to wear protective masks and protective clothing, which may cause added stress. When medical staff have a wide social network, social support can help to reduce stress by reducing the perception of the threat of stressful events and the physiological response and inappropriate behavior that can result from stress [23]. Social support contributes to improving self-efficacy, leading to more understanding, respect, encouragement, courage, and a sense of professional achievement [24]. Self-efficacy results in increased confidence to do the job well, and when combined with social support, members of the medical profession suffer less from loneliness and might be more optimistic, which improves coping mechanisms when under stress [25,26].\nSecondly, the combination of anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy of medical staff act on their sleep quality. Anxiety affects sleep quality because anxious people often find it difficult to fall asleep and may wake up frequently during sleep [27]. Also, the combination of anxiety with sleep disorders may make it difficult to fall asleep [28]. The fact that stress is closely related to sleep quality has been confirmed by a previous study [29]. Increased stress can increase the levels of vigilance regarding the environment, which will reduce sleep quality [30]. However, self-efficacy is a positive mental state that may enhance sleep quality [31]. People with high self-efficacy can maintain relatively stable emotions even under pressure, and they may experience fewer episodes of night waking, sleep anxiety, and sleep onset delay [32]. Self-efficacy also increases concentration and self-control [33]. Even though all medical staff experience pressure at work, people who have high self-efficacy are able to control their emotions and try to sleep regularly after work. Therefore, with high self-efficacy, medical staff may have good sleep quality. Anxiety has been shown to increase sensitivity to work pressure and the working environment and has a negative effect on self-efficacy because it reduces positive behaviors and initiative [34,35].\nThe findings from this study may provide support for the implementation of measures to improve the social support of medical staff during increased demands associated with COVID-19 infection at this time. For example, professional psychotherapy teams should take the initiative to support the mental health of medical staff and provide individually targeted interventions. Hospital managers should provide logistic support for medical staff, and support groups for medical staff should be established. However, this study had several limitations. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study with a small sample size, and definitive causal relationships remain to be established. For example, anxiety may increase stress, and stress may increase anxiety [36]. However, anxiety has been shown to result in impaired sleep, and poor sleep quality increases anxiety [37]. Therefore, cohort studies with larger samples are needed to investigate the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who are working with increased levels of stress and increased workloads, as with the COVID-19 infection epidemic in Wuhan, China. Also, this study used subjective self-reported questionnaires to obtain the data. Future studies should include objective indicators of stress, such as measurements of serum cortisol level with the questionnaire [38]."}

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":391,"end":396},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":398,"end":401},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":430,"end":435},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":572,"end":577},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":5299,"end":5304},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A31","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542"},{"id":"A32","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542"},{"id":"A33","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542"},{"id":"A34","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542"},{"id":"A35","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study used the structural equation model (SEM) to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1–3] in January and February 2020 in Wuhan, China. The levels of anxiety, self-efficacy, stress, sleep quality, and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction (SASR) questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. The findings from this study showed that the sleep quality of the medical staff was low with a mean PSQI score of 8.583. Compared with the normal Chinese PSQI score of 7 points, the sleep quality of medical staff who treated COVID-19 was relatively low. There were several factors that may have resulted in reduced sleep quality in the medical staff. Doctors and nurses had to wear protective clothing every day, including hazardous materials (HazMat) suits. The staff worked continuously in the isolation wards with high work intensity and under pressure. Also, some of the patients could not be cured, and infection with COVID-19 is associated with patient mortality [1–3].\nThe findings from this study showed that social support of the medical staff did not directly affect their sleep quality, but had an indirect through several paths or steps. Firstly, social support reduces anxiety and stress, and improves self-efficacy. Social support can help medical staff reduce anxiety levels, as friends or family members provide social and emotional support and share empathy [21]. Social interactions reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and can improve mood [22]. Currently, with the increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection in China, front-line medical staff are required to wear protective masks and protective clothing, which may cause added stress. When medical staff have a wide social network, social support can help to reduce stress by reducing the perception of the threat of stressful events and the physiological response and inappropriate behavior that can result from stress [23]. Social support contributes to improving self-efficacy, leading to more understanding, respect, encouragement, courage, and a sense of professional achievement [24]. Self-efficacy results in increased confidence to do the job well, and when combined with social support, members of the medical profession suffer less from loneliness and might be more optimistic, which improves coping mechanisms when under stress [25,26].\nSecondly, the combination of anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy of medical staff act on their sleep quality. Anxiety affects sleep quality because anxious people often find it difficult to fall asleep and may wake up frequently during sleep [27]. Also, the combination of anxiety with sleep disorders may make it difficult to fall asleep [28]. The fact that stress is closely related to sleep quality has been confirmed by a previous study [29]. Increased stress can increase the levels of vigilance regarding the environment, which will reduce sleep quality [30]. However, self-efficacy is a positive mental state that may enhance sleep quality [31]. People with high self-efficacy can maintain relatively stable emotions even under pressure, and they may experience fewer episodes of night waking, sleep anxiety, and sleep onset delay [32]. Self-efficacy also increases concentration and self-control [33]. Even though all medical staff experience pressure at work, people who have high self-efficacy are able to control their emotions and try to sleep regularly after work. Therefore, with high self-efficacy, medical staff may have good sleep quality. Anxiety has been shown to increase sensitivity to work pressure and the working environment and has a negative effect on self-efficacy because it reduces positive behaviors and initiative [34,35].\nThe findings from this study may provide support for the implementation of measures to improve the social support of medical staff during increased demands associated with COVID-19 infection at this time. For example, professional psychotherapy teams should take the initiative to support the mental health of medical staff and provide individually targeted interventions. Hospital managers should provide logistic support for medical staff, and support groups for medical staff should be established. However, this study had several limitations. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study with a small sample size, and definitive causal relationships remain to be established. For example, anxiety may increase stress, and stress may increase anxiety [36]. However, anxiety has been shown to result in impaired sleep, and poor sleep quality increases anxiety [37]. Therefore, cohort studies with larger samples are needed to investigate the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who are working with increased levels of stress and increased workloads, as with the COVID-19 infection epidemic in Wuhan, China. Also, this study used subjective self-reported questionnaires to obtain the data. Future studies should include objective indicators of stress, such as measurements of serum cortisol level with the questionnaire [38]."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":398,"end":401},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051568"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":693,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":1764,"end":1766},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":1995,"end":1996},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":2335,"end":2336},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":2876,"end":2878},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":3035,"end":3038},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":3057,"end":3058},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":3225,"end":3226},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":3798,"end":3801},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":3886,"end":3889},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":3890,"end":3891},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":4552,"end":4553},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":4581,"end":4582},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":4739,"end":4741},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":4761,"end":4764},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":5243,"end":5252},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study used the structural equation model (SEM) to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1–3] in January and February 2020 in Wuhan, China. The levels of anxiety, self-efficacy, stress, sleep quality, and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction (SASR) questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. The findings from this study showed that the sleep quality of the medical staff was low with a mean PSQI score of 8.583. Compared with the normal Chinese PSQI score of 7 points, the sleep quality of medical staff who treated COVID-19 was relatively low. There were several factors that may have resulted in reduced sleep quality in the medical staff. Doctors and nurses had to wear protective clothing every day, including hazardous materials (HazMat) suits. The staff worked continuously in the isolation wards with high work intensity and under pressure. Also, some of the patients could not be cured, and infection with COVID-19 is associated with patient mortality [1–3].\nThe findings from this study showed that social support of the medical staff did not directly affect their sleep quality, but had an indirect through several paths or steps. Firstly, social support reduces anxiety and stress, and improves self-efficacy. Social support can help medical staff reduce anxiety levels, as friends or family members provide social and emotional support and share empathy [21]. Social interactions reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and can improve mood [22]. Currently, with the increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection in China, front-line medical staff are required to wear protective masks and protective clothing, which may cause added stress. When medical staff have a wide social network, social support can help to reduce stress by reducing the perception of the threat of stressful events and the physiological response and inappropriate behavior that can result from stress [23]. Social support contributes to improving self-efficacy, leading to more understanding, respect, encouragement, courage, and a sense of professional achievement [24]. Self-efficacy results in increased confidence to do the job well, and when combined with social support, members of the medical profession suffer less from loneliness and might be more optimistic, which improves coping mechanisms when under stress [25,26].\nSecondly, the combination of anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy of medical staff act on their sleep quality. Anxiety affects sleep quality because anxious people often find it difficult to fall asleep and may wake up frequently during sleep [27]. Also, the combination of anxiety with sleep disorders may make it difficult to fall asleep [28]. The fact that stress is closely related to sleep quality has been confirmed by a previous study [29]. Increased stress can increase the levels of vigilance regarding the environment, which will reduce sleep quality [30]. However, self-efficacy is a positive mental state that may enhance sleep quality [31]. People with high self-efficacy can maintain relatively stable emotions even under pressure, and they may experience fewer episodes of night waking, sleep anxiety, and sleep onset delay [32]. Self-efficacy also increases concentration and self-control [33]. Even though all medical staff experience pressure at work, people who have high self-efficacy are able to control their emotions and try to sleep regularly after work. Therefore, with high self-efficacy, medical staff may have good sleep quality. Anxiety has been shown to increase sensitivity to work pressure and the working environment and has a negative effect on self-efficacy because it reduces positive behaviors and initiative [34,35].\nThe findings from this study may provide support for the implementation of measures to improve the social support of medical staff during increased demands associated with COVID-19 infection at this time. For example, professional psychotherapy teams should take the initiative to support the mental health of medical staff and provide individually targeted interventions. Hospital managers should provide logistic support for medical staff, and support groups for medical staff should be established. However, this study had several limitations. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study with a small sample size, and definitive causal relationships remain to be established. For example, anxiety may increase stress, and stress may increase anxiety [36]. However, anxiety has been shown to result in impaired sleep, and poor sleep quality increases anxiety [37]. Therefore, cohort studies with larger samples are needed to investigate the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who are working with increased levels of stress and increased workloads, as with the COVID-19 infection epidemic in Wuhan, China. Also, this study used subjective self-reported questionnaires to obtain the data. Future studies should include objective indicators of stress, such as measurements of serum cortisol level with the questionnaire [38]."}

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":5305,"end":5313},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A12","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17650"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study used the structural equation model (SEM) to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1–3] in January and February 2020 in Wuhan, China. The levels of anxiety, self-efficacy, stress, sleep quality, and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction (SASR) questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. The findings from this study showed that the sleep quality of the medical staff was low with a mean PSQI score of 8.583. Compared with the normal Chinese PSQI score of 7 points, the sleep quality of medical staff who treated COVID-19 was relatively low. There were several factors that may have resulted in reduced sleep quality in the medical staff. Doctors and nurses had to wear protective clothing every day, including hazardous materials (HazMat) suits. The staff worked continuously in the isolation wards with high work intensity and under pressure. Also, some of the patients could not be cured, and infection with COVID-19 is associated with patient mortality [1–3].\nThe findings from this study showed that social support of the medical staff did not directly affect their sleep quality, but had an indirect through several paths or steps. Firstly, social support reduces anxiety and stress, and improves self-efficacy. Social support can help medical staff reduce anxiety levels, as friends or family members provide social and emotional support and share empathy [21]. Social interactions reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and can improve mood [22]. Currently, with the increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection in China, front-line medical staff are required to wear protective masks and protective clothing, which may cause added stress. When medical staff have a wide social network, social support can help to reduce stress by reducing the perception of the threat of stressful events and the physiological response and inappropriate behavior that can result from stress [23]. Social support contributes to improving self-efficacy, leading to more understanding, respect, encouragement, courage, and a sense of professional achievement [24]. Self-efficacy results in increased confidence to do the job well, and when combined with social support, members of the medical profession suffer less from loneliness and might be more optimistic, which improves coping mechanisms when under stress [25,26].\nSecondly, the combination of anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy of medical staff act on their sleep quality. Anxiety affects sleep quality because anxious people often find it difficult to fall asleep and may wake up frequently during sleep [27]. Also, the combination of anxiety with sleep disorders may make it difficult to fall asleep [28]. The fact that stress is closely related to sleep quality has been confirmed by a previous study [29]. Increased stress can increase the levels of vigilance regarding the environment, which will reduce sleep quality [30]. However, self-efficacy is a positive mental state that may enhance sleep quality [31]. People with high self-efficacy can maintain relatively stable emotions even under pressure, and they may experience fewer episodes of night waking, sleep anxiety, and sleep onset delay [32]. Self-efficacy also increases concentration and self-control [33]. Even though all medical staff experience pressure at work, people who have high self-efficacy are able to control their emotions and try to sleep regularly after work. Therefore, with high self-efficacy, medical staff may have good sleep quality. Anxiety has been shown to increase sensitivity to work pressure and the working environment and has a negative effect on self-efficacy because it reduces positive behaviors and initiative [34,35].\nThe findings from this study may provide support for the implementation of measures to improve the social support of medical staff during increased demands associated with COVID-19 infection at this time. For example, professional psychotherapy teams should take the initiative to support the mental health of medical staff and provide individually targeted interventions. Hospital managers should provide logistic support for medical staff, and support groups for medical staff should be established. However, this study had several limitations. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study with a small sample size, and definitive causal relationships remain to be established. For example, anxiety may increase stress, and stress may increase anxiety [36]. However, anxiety has been shown to result in impaired sleep, and poor sleep quality increases anxiety [37]. Therefore, cohort studies with larger samples are needed to investigate the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who are working with increased levels of stress and increased workloads, as with the COVID-19 infection epidemic in Wuhan, China. Also, this study used subjective self-reported questionnaires to obtain the data. Future studies should include objective indicators of stress, such as measurements of serum cortisol level with the questionnaire [38]."}

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

LitCovid-sentences

LitCovid-PD-HP

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32132521-30104910-69227853","span":{"begin":1764,"end":1766},"obj":"30104910"},{"id":"32132521-25774079-69227854","span":{"begin":2207,"end":2209},"obj":"25774079"},{"id":"32132521-25855158-69227855","span":{"begin":2372,"end":2374},"obj":"25855158"},{"id":"32132521-20512713-69227856","span":{"begin":2626,"end":2628},"obj":"20512713"},{"id":"32132521-23814343-69227857","span":{"begin":2876,"end":2878},"obj":"23814343"},{"id":"32132521-25040302-69227858","span":{"begin":3194,"end":3196},"obj":"25040302"},{"id":"32132521-23574289-69227859","span":{"begin":3281,"end":3283},"obj":"23574289"},{"id":"32132521-30207750-69227860","span":{"begin":3538,"end":3540},"obj":"30207750"},{"id":"32132521-16563155-69227861","span":{"begin":3979,"end":3981},"obj":"16563155"},{"id":"32132521-26835467-69227862","span":{"begin":4739,"end":4741},"obj":"26835467"},{"id":"32132521-29222620-69227863","span":{"begin":4847,"end":4849},"obj":"29222620"},{"id":"32132521-14662557-69227864","span":{"begin":5344,"end":5346},"obj":"14662557"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study used the structural equation model (SEM) to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1–3] in January and February 2020 in Wuhan, China. The levels of anxiety, self-efficacy, stress, sleep quality, and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction (SASR) questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. The findings from this study showed that the sleep quality of the medical staff was low with a mean PSQI score of 8.583. Compared with the normal Chinese PSQI score of 7 points, the sleep quality of medical staff who treated COVID-19 was relatively low. There were several factors that may have resulted in reduced sleep quality in the medical staff. Doctors and nurses had to wear protective clothing every day, including hazardous materials (HazMat) suits. The staff worked continuously in the isolation wards with high work intensity and under pressure. Also, some of the patients could not be cured, and infection with COVID-19 is associated with patient mortality [1–3].\nThe findings from this study showed that social support of the medical staff did not directly affect their sleep quality, but had an indirect through several paths or steps. Firstly, social support reduces anxiety and stress, and improves self-efficacy. Social support can help medical staff reduce anxiety levels, as friends or family members provide social and emotional support and share empathy [21]. Social interactions reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and can improve mood [22]. Currently, with the increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection in China, front-line medical staff are required to wear protective masks and protective clothing, which may cause added stress. When medical staff have a wide social network, social support can help to reduce stress by reducing the perception of the threat of stressful events and the physiological response and inappropriate behavior that can result from stress [23]. Social support contributes to improving self-efficacy, leading to more understanding, respect, encouragement, courage, and a sense of professional achievement [24]. Self-efficacy results in increased confidence to do the job well, and when combined with social support, members of the medical profession suffer less from loneliness and might be more optimistic, which improves coping mechanisms when under stress [25,26].\nSecondly, the combination of anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy of medical staff act on their sleep quality. Anxiety affects sleep quality because anxious people often find it difficult to fall asleep and may wake up frequently during sleep [27]. Also, the combination of anxiety with sleep disorders may make it difficult to fall asleep [28]. The fact that stress is closely related to sleep quality has been confirmed by a previous study [29]. Increased stress can increase the levels of vigilance regarding the environment, which will reduce sleep quality [30]. However, self-efficacy is a positive mental state that may enhance sleep quality [31]. People with high self-efficacy can maintain relatively stable emotions even under pressure, and they may experience fewer episodes of night waking, sleep anxiety, and sleep onset delay [32]. Self-efficacy also increases concentration and self-control [33]. Even though all medical staff experience pressure at work, people who have high self-efficacy are able to control their emotions and try to sleep regularly after work. Therefore, with high self-efficacy, medical staff may have good sleep quality. Anxiety has been shown to increase sensitivity to work pressure and the working environment and has a negative effect on self-efficacy because it reduces positive behaviors and initiative [34,35].\nThe findings from this study may provide support for the implementation of measures to improve the social support of medical staff during increased demands associated with COVID-19 infection at this time. For example, professional psychotherapy teams should take the initiative to support the mental health of medical staff and provide individually targeted interventions. Hospital managers should provide logistic support for medical staff, and support groups for medical staff should be established. However, this study had several limitations. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study with a small sample size, and definitive causal relationships remain to be established. For example, anxiety may increase stress, and stress may increase anxiety [36]. However, anxiety has been shown to result in impaired sleep, and poor sleep quality increases anxiety [37]. Therefore, cohort studies with larger samples are needed to investigate the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who are working with increased levels of stress and increased workloads, as with the COVID-19 infection epidemic in Wuhan, China. Also, this study used subjective self-reported questionnaires to obtain the data. Future studies should include objective indicators of stress, such as measurements of serum cortisol level with the questionnaire [38]."}

PMC:7075079 / 15768-21116 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7075079 / 15768-21116 JSON TXT