PMC:7068984 / 3280-5905 JSONTXT

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    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"133","span":{"begin":1753,"end":1761},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"134","span":{"begin":2092,"end":2123},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"135","span":{"begin":2125,"end":2129},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"136","span":{"begin":2033,"end":2034},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"137","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1265},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"138","span":{"begin":1311,"end":1324},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"139","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1381},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"140","span":{"begin":1383,"end":1391},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"141","span":{"begin":1408,"end":1418},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"142","span":{"begin":1508,"end":1514},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"143","span":{"begin":1603,"end":1613},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"144","span":{"begin":1667,"end":1678},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"145","span":{"begin":2051,"end":2061},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"146","span":{"begin":2234,"end":2244},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"147","span":{"begin":2444,"end":2450},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"148","span":{"begin":2494,"end":2504},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"149","span":{"begin":2393,"end":2402},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"181","span":{"begin":1075,"end":1106},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"182","span":{"begin":1108,"end":1112},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"183","span":{"begin":4,"end":14},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"184","span":{"begin":20,"end":33},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"185","span":{"begin":152,"end":165},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"186","span":{"begin":167,"end":170},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"187","span":{"begin":223,"end":226},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"188","span":{"begin":235,"end":240},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"189","span":{"begin":284,"end":287},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"190","span":{"begin":326,"end":330},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"191","span":{"begin":355,"end":360},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"192","span":{"begin":394,"end":398},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"193","span":{"begin":399,"end":408},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"194","span":{"begin":413,"end":422},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"195","span":{"begin":430,"end":434},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"196","span":{"begin":435,"end":444},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"197","span":{"begin":449,"end":458},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"198","span":{"begin":577,"end":581},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"199","span":{"begin":583,"end":591},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"200","span":{"begin":596,"end":604},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"201","span":{"begin":717,"end":727},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"202","span":{"begin":756,"end":759},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"203","span":{"begin":804,"end":812},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"204","span":{"begin":942,"end":952},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"205","span":{"begin":1025,"end":1031},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"206","span":{"begin":1054,"end":1064},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"207","span":{"begin":1136,"end":1144},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"208","span":{"begin":1160,"end":1166},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"209","span":{"begin":494,"end":514},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"210","span":{"begin":535,"end":539},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"211","span":{"begin":642,"end":670},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A133","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"133","obj":"Gene:43740578"},{"id":"A134","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"134","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A135","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"135","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A136","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"136","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A137","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"137","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A138","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"138","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A139","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"139","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A140","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"140","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A141","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"141","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A142","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"142","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A143","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"143","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A144","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"144","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A145","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"145","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A146","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"146","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A147","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"147","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A148","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"148","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A149","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"149","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A181","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"181","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A182","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"182","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A183","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"183","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A184","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"184","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A185","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"185","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A186","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"186","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A187","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"187","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A188","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"188","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A189","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"189","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A190","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"190","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A191","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"191","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A192","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"192","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A193","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"193","obj":"Tax:11137"},{"id":"A194","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"194","obj":"Tax:277944"},{"id":"A195","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"195","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A196","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"196","obj":"Tax:290028"},{"id":"A197","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"197","obj":"Tax:31631"},{"id":"A198","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"198","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A199","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"199","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A200","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"200","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A201","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"201","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A202","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"202","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A203","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"203","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A204","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"204","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A205","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"205","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A206","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"206","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A207","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"207","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A208","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"208","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A209","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"209","obj":"MESH:D012818"},{"id":"A210","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"210","obj":"MESH:D000067390"},{"id":"A211","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"211","obj":"MESH:D012141"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":83,"end":86},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":642,"end":659},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":698,"end":704},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":829,"end":835},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1655,"end":1658},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1700,"end":1703},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1789,"end":1797},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1833,"end":1839},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1874,"end":1882},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1904,"end":1916},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1937,"end":1944},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1957,"end":1964},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1987,"end":1994},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2023,"end":2031},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2035,"end":2047},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":2076,"end":2080},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":2288,"end":2296},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A6","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma265130"},{"id":"A7","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116"},{"id":"A8","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116"},{"id":"A9","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A10","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A11","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A12","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116"},{"id":"A13","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A14","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A15","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A16","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A17","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A18","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A19","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A20","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A21","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":642,"end":659},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":4,"end":12},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":528,"end":539},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":583,"end":591},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":642,"end":670},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":717,"end":725},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":804,"end":812},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":942,"end":950},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1054,"end":1062},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1136,"end":1144},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1263},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1369},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":1383,"end":1391},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":1408,"end":1416},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":1603,"end":1611},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":2051,"end":2059},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":2234,"end":2242},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":2393,"end":2402},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":2494,"end":2502},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005709"},{"id":"A34","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A35","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024355"},{"id":"A36","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A37","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T37","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A38","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A39","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A40","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A41","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A42","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A43","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A44","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A45","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T45","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A46","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T46","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A47","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T47","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A48","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T48","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A49","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T49","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":18,"end":19},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":87,"end":92},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":355,"end":360},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":373,"end":378},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":526,"end":527},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":750,"end":751},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":752,"end":755},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":823,"end":828},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":882,"end":885},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":886,"end":889},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":924,"end":929},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":979,"end":983},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1025,"end":1031},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1160,"end":1166},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1267,"end":1271},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1293,"end":1294},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1399,"end":1406},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1438,"end":1442},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1508,"end":1514},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":1516,"end":1521},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":1760,"end":1761},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":1827,"end":1832},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":2076,"end":2080},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":2140,"end":2141},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":2160,"end":2165},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":2208,"end":2216},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":2282,"end":2287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":1075,"end":1086},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1789,"end":1797},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1874,"end":1882},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1904,"end":1916},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1937,"end":1944},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1957,"end":1964},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1987,"end":1994},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":2023,"end":2031},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":2035,"end":2047},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":2092,"end":2103},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":2186,"end":2195},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":2288,"end":2296},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433"},{"id":"A6","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A7","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A8","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17089"},{"id":"A9","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A10","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A11","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A12","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A13","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17089"},{"id":"A14","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433"},{"id":"A15","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"A16","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1251},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":1516,"end":1539},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019048"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":2208,"end":2229},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0010324"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":2245,"end":2256},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006897"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":2315,"end":2327},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":0,"end":151},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":152,"end":309},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":310,"end":554},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":555,"end":675},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":676,"end":813},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":814,"end":1032},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1033,"end":1189},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1190,"end":1266},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1267,"end":1407},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1408,"end":1515},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1516,"end":1575},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1576,"end":1588},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1589,"end":1602},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1603,"end":1679},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1680,"end":1805},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1806,"end":2032},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":2033,"end":2172},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":2173,"end":2275},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":2276,"end":2328},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":2329,"end":2427},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2428,"end":2550},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":2551,"end":2625},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":642,"end":670},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":2375,"end":2402},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A10","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947"},{"id":"A11","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002719"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}

    2_test

    {"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32169119-31978945-70132188","span":{"begin":148,"end":149},"obj":"31978945"},{"id":"32169119-29052924-70132189","span":{"begin":672,"end":673},"obj":"29052924"},{"id":"32169119-32015507-70132190","span":{"begin":1146,"end":1147},"obj":"32015507"}],"text":"The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) [6]. Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals, while γ- and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. Previously, six CoVs have been identified as human-susceptible virus, among which α-CoVs HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and β-CoVs HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity, cause mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold, respectively. The other two known β-CoVs, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV lead to severe and potentially fatal respiratory tract infections [7]. It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV [8], to infect humans (upper panel, Fig. 1).\nFig. 1 Viral and host factors that influence the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Bats are the reservoir of a wide variety of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) -like viruses. SARS-CoV-2 may originate from bats or unknown intermediate hosts and cross the species barrier into humans. Virus-host interactions affect viral entry and replication. Upper panel: Viral factor. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) coronavirus. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first open reading frame (ORF 1a/b), encodes 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S) glycoprotein, small envelope (E) protein, matrix (M) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several accessory proteins. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. The possible molecules facilitated membrane invagination for SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis are still unclear. Other virus proteins may contribute to pathogenesis. Host factors (Lower panel) can also influence susceptibility to infection and disease progression. The elderly and people with underlying disease are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and tend to develop into critical conditions. RBD, receptor-binding domain; HR1, heptad repeats 1; HR2, heptad repeats 2"}