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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 14-22 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
11 113-121 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
12 136-183 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
13 185-195 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
14 413-421 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
15 463-473 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
16 122-130 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
17 204-218 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
18 289-311 Disease denotes coronavirus disease-19 MESH:C000657245
19 398-412 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
21 914-922 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
31 2064-2069 Species denotes women Tax:9606
32 4957-4964 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
33 1820-1829 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
34 2081-2100 Disease denotes respiratory illness MESH:D012140
35 2148-2157 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
36 2977-2986 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
37 3066-3071 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
38 5419-5452 Disease denotes tracheostomy Psychological stress MESH:D000079225
39 6096-6103 Disease denotes empathy
41 1783-1791 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
48 1114-1122 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
49 1610-1615 Species denotes women Tax:9606
50 1128-1136 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
51 1177-1186 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
52 1380-1388 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
53 1464-1473 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
62 6299-6307 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
63 6555-6563 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
64 6284-6298 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
65 6479-6494 Disease denotes viral pneumonia
66 6546-6554 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
67 6799-6808 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
68 6896-6903 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
69 6930-6939 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
72 7070-7079 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
73 7286-7294 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 2192-2196 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 2192-2196 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 14-22 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 136-183 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 136-169 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T4 185-193 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T5 279-287 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 463-471 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T7 914-922 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 1069-1073 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 1128-1136 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T10 1177-1186 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T11 1464-1473 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 1783-1791 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 1820-1829 Disease denotes Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T14 2148-2157 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T15 2977-2986 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T16 6479-6494 Disease denotes viral pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006012
T17 6485-6494 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T18 6546-6554 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 6799-6808 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T20 6896-6903 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T22 6930-6939 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T23 7070-7079 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T24 7286-7294 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T25 7558-7561 Disease denotes WTS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010665
T26 7679-7682 Disease denotes KCS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006818

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 102-103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 377-378 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 826-827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 1331-1340 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized
T5 2258-2259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T6 2624-2627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes a 2
T7 2624-2627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001563 denotes a 2
T8 3086-3087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 3142-3150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T10 4856-4857 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 4872-4878 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes Airway
T12 4923-4924 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T13 5858-5867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000033 denotes heads and
T14 5858-5867 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000964 denotes heads and
T15 6150-6158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T16 6440-6448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T17 6592-6593 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 1312-1317 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T2 4621-4626 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T3 7550-7556 Chemical denotes Letter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6446
T4 7601-7607 Chemical denotes Letter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6446
T5 7619-7621 Chemical denotes GM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74120
T6 7661-7667 Chemical denotes Letter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6446
T7 7719-7725 Chemical denotes Letter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6446

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 2081-2100 Phenotype denotes respiratory illness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002086
T2 3066-3071 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T3 6485-6494 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T4 6896-6903 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-81 Sentence denotes Preparing for COVID-19: early experience from an intensive care unit in Singapore
T2 83-95 Sentence denotes Dear Editor,
T3 96-271 Sentence denotes About a third of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) become critically ill and require intensive care unit (ICU) admission [1].
T4 272-478 Sentence denotes As the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-19) outbreak spreads [2], ICUs outside of China need to prepare for a potential surge of critically ill patients and counter the high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 [3].
T5 479-640 Sentence denotes Liu et al. have described their important preparations [4], and we would like to expand on their good advice by sharing lessons learnt from our early experience.
T6 641-789 Sentence denotes By 17 February 2020, Singapore recorded the highest number of confirmed cases outside of mainland China with several clusters of local transmission.
T7 790-950 Sentence denotes All healthcare institutions adopted a common strategy of containment, with isolation of all suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 in negative-pressure rooms.
T8 951-1082 Sentence denotes We were fortunate that most ICU beds were single rooms—this infrastructure was put in place following the outbreak of SARS in 2003.
T9 1083-1169 Sentence denotes We realized preparing ICUs for patients with COVID-19 had numerous other requirements.
T10 1170-1327 Sentence denotes First, infection control not only involved strict adherence to personal protective equipment for the individual, but also involved changes in group dynamics.
T11 1328-1452 Sentence denotes We organized our ICU to mitigate the effects of any infected staff by avoiding potential spread between teams (see Table 1).
T12 1453-1616 Sentence denotes Related to infection control, the medical ICU was given the task to cohort suspect or confirmed cases, including with peri- and post-partum care of pregnant women.
T13 1617-1735 Sentence denotes Second, evolving information necessitated rapid and regular communications with large, disparate groups of clinicians.
T14 1736-1791 Sentence denotes Table 1 Critical care issues and solutions for COVID-19
T15 1792-1819 Sentence denotes Issues Principles Solutions
T16 1820-1840 Sentence denotes Infection control 1.
T17 1841-1883 Sentence denotes Avoidance of cross-contamination among HCW
T18 1884-1886 Sentence denotes 2.
T19 1887-1991 Sentence denotes Education and re-education on personal protective equipment and use of powered air-purifying respirators
T20 1992-1994 Sentence denotes 3.
T21 1995-2118 Sentence denotes Provision for workflows to cater to special groups, such as pregnant women with acute respiratory illness who are in labour
T22 2119-2121 Sentence denotes 4.
T23 2122-2164 Sentence denotes Enhanced surveillance for infection in HCW
T24 2165-2167 Sentence denotes 5.
T25 2168-2212 Sentence denotes Strong emphasis on good hand hygiene for all
T26 2213-2215 Sentence denotes 6.
T27 2216-2347 Sentence denotes Robust visitor screening and management • A dedicated roster to segregate “clean” and isolation teams, and to provide for stand-bys
T28 2348-2452 Sentence denotes • Provision of clean scrubs for HCW to change into before duty; showering facilities at the end of shift
T29 2453-2591 Sentence denotes • Education and re-education on personal protective equipment and use of powered air-purifying respirators, especially for isolation teams
T30 2592-2733 Sentence denotes • Allow isolation teams to have a 2-week off-duty observation period (“wash-out” period), after every period of ward cover if manpower allows
T31 2734-2804 Sentence denotes • Mandatory reporting of twice daily temperature monitoring by all HCW
T32 2805-2861 Sentence denotes • Advance declaration of leave and overseas trips by HCW
T33 2862-3003 Sentence denotes • Screening questions are regularly updated as case definitions evolve over time, especially for known clusters of infection in the community
T34 3004-3071 Sentence denotes • Provision of thermal scanners at the doorstep to screen for fever
T35 3072-3177 Sentence denotes • Maintaining a hospital visitor log to allow for contact tracing and activity mapping of confirmed cases
T36 3178-3216 Sentence denotes Dissemination of information to HCW 1.
T37 3217-3299 Sentence denotes Robust system of dissemination of information (changing policies, workflows, etc.)
T38 3300-3302 Sentence denotes 2.
T39 3303-3391 Sentence denotes Email and meetings alone are insufficient to operationalize urgent changes on the ground
T40 3392-3394 Sentence denotes 3.
T41 3395-3643 Sentence denotes Clinical discussions of confirmed cases within the ICU community • Utilization of secure and approved platforms such as institutional email and messaging applications to inform various job groups and teams of rapidly evolving workflows and policies
T42 3644-3779 Sentence denotes • Utilization of secure videoconferencing applications to hold inter-institution and inter-department meetings and educational sessions
T43 3780-3953 Sentence denotes • Utilization of secure and approved applications such as messaging and videoconferencing applications to conduct clinical discussions of cases and the sharing of experience
T44 3954-3993 Sentence denotes Resuscitation and code blue response 1.
T45 3994-4147 Sentence denotes Provide clear guidelines on personal protective equipment and use of powered air-purifying respirators in ISO wards and normal wards during resuscitation
T46 4148-4150 Sentence denotes 2.
T47 4151-4428 Sentence denotes Provide inter-professional simulation of resuscitation scenarios for suspected or confirmed cases • Simulation practice with personal protective equipment and use of powered air-purifying respirators will help identify gaps in the wards and prepare ISO teams for such scenarios
T48 4429-4588 Sentence denotes • Simulation with limited team members per scenario, for example, 4 members per team, to allow acclimatization of HCW to perform resuscitation in smaller teams
T49 4589-4768 Sentence denotes • Checklists for preparation of drugs and pre-prepared trolleys for equipment, for intubation, line setting and other procedures, to minimize staff movement and enhance efficiency
T50 4769-5061 Sentence denotes • Creative ways to improve communications during resuscitation, such as utilization of a printed “Call Airway Team” card for difficult intubations, using a communication whiteboard in the patient room and using walkie-talkies to relay messages to staff outside the room for equipment and help
T51 5062-5086 Sentence denotes Advanced ICU services 1.
T52 5087-5160 Sentence denotes To provide clear thresholds for transfers of deteriorating cases for ECMO
T53 5161-5163 Sentence denotes 2.
T54 5164-5278 Sentence denotes To provide efficient and safe delivery of ICU bronchoscopy • Early transfer of deteriorating cases is recommended.
T55 5279-5350 Sentence denotes Provision of thresholds for transfer and workflows for non-ECMO centres
T56 5351-5431 Sentence denotes • Use of disposable bronchoscopes for bronchoscopy and percutaneous tracheostomy
T57 5432-5474 Sentence denotes Psychological stress and burnout of HCW 1.
T58 5475-5542 Sentence denotes To provide emotional support, encouragement and appreciation to HCW
T59 5543-5545 Sentence denotes 2.
T60 5546-5701 Sentence denotes Reduce stigmatization of HCW by ill-informed members of the public • Special provision of meals and drinks to boost morale; laundry service for used scrubs
T61 5702-5811 Sentence denotes • Provision of regular updates of the local situation and status by the government and institution leadership
T62 5812-5970 Sentence denotes • Frequent encouragement of HCW by divisional heads and senior leaders via emails, messaging apps and social media platforms, allowing staff to remain engaged
T63 5971-6030 Sentence denotes • Timely articles and courageous stories of frontline staff
T64 6031-6129 Sentence denotes • Appropriate media coverage of HCW at the frontline to increase empathy and reduce stigmatization
T65 6130-6219 Sentence denotes ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, HCW healthcare workers, ICU intensive care unit
T66 6220-6361 Sentence denotes Third, we had to train non-ICU acute medical staff dealing with critically ill patients prior to ICU admission, especially for resuscitation.
T67 6362-6413 Sentence denotes Fourth, we had to re-examine specific ICU services.
T68 6414-6661 Sentence denotes Given that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe viral pneumonia is well-established [5], we prepared to cohort all COVID-19 patients in the medical ICU and have a satellite team from the cardiothoracic ICU manage the ECMO circuit.
T69 6662-7036 Sentence denotes Lastly, we realized staff morale took an early hit due to multiple factors, including increased workload due to implementation of strict infection control measures, uncertainty over the effectiveness of personal protective equipment, anxiety over the lethality of any infection, concern for the well-being of their family members and stigmatization by members of the public.
T70 7037-7309 Sentence denotes To address the various issues of infection control, information flow, resuscitation training, advanced ICU services and psychological well-being of staff, we formulated several principles and solutions, which we hope can help other ICUs prepare for COVID-19 (see Table 1).
T71 7311-7327 Sentence denotes Publisher’s Note
T72 7328-7446 Sentence denotes Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T73 7448-7464 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T74 7465-7479 Sentence denotes Not applicable
T75 7481-7503 Sentence denotes Authors’ contributions
T76 7504-7557 Sentence denotes MFL drafted and revised the main table in the Letter.
T77 7558-7618 Sentence denotes WTS revised and proof-read contents of the Letter and table.
T78 7619-7678 Sentence denotes GM revised and proof-read contents of the Letter and table.
T79 7679-7726 Sentence denotes KCS drafted and conceptualized the main Letter.
T80 7727-7778 Sentence denotes All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
T81 7780-7787 Sentence denotes Funding
T82 7788-7802 Sentence denotes Not applicable
T83 7804-7838 Sentence denotes Availability of data and materials
T84 7839-7853 Sentence denotes Not applicable
T85 7855-7897 Sentence denotes Ethics approval and consent to participate
T86 7898-7912 Sentence denotes Not applicable
T87 7914-7937 Sentence denotes Consent for publication
T88 7938-7952 Sentence denotes Not applicable
T89 7954-7973 Sentence denotes Competing interests
T90 7974-8032 Sentence denotes The authors declare that they have no competing interests.