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PMC:7047369 / 54-9783 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
18 104-112 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
5 8-16 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
14 114-124 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
15 289-301 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
16 434-444 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
17 496-504 Species denotes SARS CoV Tax:694009
19 144-148 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
20 219-223 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
21 228-232 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
27 695-704 Species denotes mammalian Tax:9606
28 768-774 Species denotes mammal Tax:9606
29 823-834 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
30 906-916 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
31 1027-1033 Species denotes mammal Tax:9606
52 1389-1397 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
53 1526-1534 Species denotes children Tax:9606
54 1673-1681 Species denotes children Tax:9606
55 1697-1701 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
56 1712-1717 Species denotes women Tax:9606
57 1060-1068 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
58 1073-1078 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
59 1080-1089 Disease denotes dry cough MESH:D003371
60 1091-1098 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
61 1118-1129 Disease denotes sore throat MESH:D010608
62 1134-1143 Disease denotes diarrhoea MESH:D003967
63 1360-1368 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
64 2015-2023 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
65 2033-2052 Disease denotes respiratory disease MESH:D012140
66 2054-2066 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
67 2072-2078 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
68 2093-2098 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
69 2102-2121 Disease denotes respiratory failure MESH:D012131
70 2123-2128 Disease denotes shock MESH:D012769
71 2132-2154 Disease denotes multiple organ failure MESH:D009102
74 2174-2180 Species denotes people Tax:9606
75 2165-2173 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
78 2395-2401 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
79 2688-2694 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
81 3233-3241 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
87 3814-3820 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
88 3913-3918 Species denotes human Tax:9606
89 3922-3927 Species denotes human Tax:9606
90 4288-4296 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
91 4100-4109 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
95 4641-4649 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
96 4698-4706 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
97 4489-4498 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
104 5886-5894 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
105 6185-6192 Species denotes persons Tax:9606
106 5832-5836 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
107 5960-5969 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
108 6198-6207 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
109 6258-6263 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
112 6400-6404 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
113 6493-6501 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
115 9047-9052 Species denotes human Tax:9606
121 9317-9327 Chemical denotes nucleoside MESH:D009705
122 9342-9352 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
123 9354-9363 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
124 9396-9415 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
125 9485-9496 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T90 2333-2346 CHEBI:52217;CHEBI:52217 denotes pharmacologic
T89 2531-2542 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T88 3118-3127 CHEBI:35718;CHEBI:35718 denotes Antiviral
T87 3128-3133 CHEBI:36044;CHEBI:36044 denotes drugs
T83 82-87 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T82 104-112 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T81 114-124 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T80 136-143 NCBITaxon:species denotes species
T79 144-148 SP_10 denotes SARS
T78 154-160 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes corona
T77 161-168 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T76 219-223 SP_10;NCBITaxon:10633 denotes SARS
T75 228-232 SP_9;NCBITaxon:8088 denotes MERS
T74 233-240 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T73 285-288 SP_2 denotes bat
T72 289-295 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes corona
T71 296-301 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T70 344-349 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T69 375-386 SP_2;NCBITaxon:7729 denotes Rhinolophus
T68 387-390 SP_2 denotes bat
T67 406-416 SO:0000853 denotes homologous
T66 434-444 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T65 445-450 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T64 467-477 SO:0000853 denotes homologous
T63 496-504 SP_10 denotes SARS CoV
T62 529-533 SO:0000704 denotes gene
T61 635-642 NCBITaxon:species denotes species
T60 695-704 NCBITaxon:40674 denotes mammalian
T59 729-738 SP_1 denotes Pangolins
T58 757-760 NCBITaxon:6101 denotes ant
T57 761-767 GO:0007631 denotes eating
T56 768-774 NCBITaxon:40674 denotes mammal
T55 823-834 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T54 844-852 SO:0000853 denotes homology
T53 878-884 SO:0000417 denotes domain
T52 906-916 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T51 978-986 SP_1 denotes pangolin
T50 1027-1033 NCBITaxon:40674 denotes mammal
T49 1060-1068 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T48 1084-1089 UBERON:0002048 denotes cough
T47 1100-1105 UBERON:0000004 denotes nasal
T46 1123-1129 UBERON:0000341 denotes throat
T45 1360-1368 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T44 1518-1524 UBERON:0007023 denotes adults
T43 1703-1711 GO:0007565 denotes pregnant
T42 1999-2013 UBERON:0004535 denotes cardiovascular
T41 2033-2044 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T40 2093-2098 GO:0016265 denotes death
T39 2102-2113 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T38 2141-2146 UBERON:0000062 denotes organ
T104 3859-3865 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T103 3913-3918 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T102 3922-3927 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T101 4125-4132 GO:0065007 denotes control
T100 4513-4518 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T99 4821-4835 UBERON:0000467 denotes health systems
T142 9306-9315 CHEBI:35222;CHEBI:35222 denotes inhibitor
T141 9317-9327 CHEBI:60783;CHEBI:60783 denotes nucleoside
T140 9342-9352 DG_28 denotes remdesivir
T139 9354-9363 DG_29 denotes ribavirin
T138 9396-9405 DG_23;CHEBI:31781;CHEBI:31781 denotes lopinavir
T137 9406-9415 DG_30 denotes ritonavir
T136 9485-9496 CHEBI:3638;DG_10;CHEBI:3638 denotes chloroquine
T135 9518-9533 CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 denotes Corticosteroids
T134 9568-9574 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T133 9584-9588 UBERON:0002048 denotes lung
T132 9710-9716 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes corona
T131 9717-9724 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T124 5697-5703 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes person
T123 5707-5713 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes person
T122 5832-5836 SP_10 denotes SARS
T121 5970-5977 GO:0065007 denotes control
T120 6119-6126 GO:0065007 denotes control
T119 6185-6192 NCBITaxon:1 denotes persons
T118 6400-6404 SP_10 denotes SARS
T117 6493-6501 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T116 6585-6596 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T115 6740-6745 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T106 3791-3796 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T105 3814-3820 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes humans
T145 9029-9043 BV_15 denotes immunogenicity
T144 9047-9052 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T143 9146-9166 CHEBI:52217;CHEBI:52217 denotes pharmaceutical agent

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 529-533 Body_part denotes gene http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402
T2 1123-1129 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T3 2141-2146 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T4 4005-4009 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T5 4013-4017 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T6 8048-8052 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T7 9298-9305 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T8 9501-9516 Body_part denotes immunoglobulins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T9 9584-9588 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 1123-1129 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T2 2141-2146 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T3 4005-4009 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T4 4013-4017 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T5 8048-8052 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T6 9584-9588 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T2 8-16 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 104-112 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 114-122 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T5 144-148 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T6 208-217 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T7 219-223 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T8 434-442 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 496-500 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T10 906-914 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T11 1060-1068 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 1118-1129 Disease denotes sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002258
T13 1134-1143 Disease denotes diarrhoea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T14 1360-1368 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T15 2015-2023 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T16 2033-2052 Disease denotes respiratory disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005087
T17 2054-2066 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T18 2072-2078 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T19 2102-2121 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T20 2132-2154 Disease denotes multiple organ failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043726
T21 4100-4109 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T22 5832-5836 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T23 5960-5969 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T24 6198-6207 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T25 6385-6394 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T26 6400-6404 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T27 6493-6501 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T2 82-87 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3 161-168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T4 233-240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T5 265-266 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 283-284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 285-288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397 denotes bat
T8 296-301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T9 342-343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 344-349 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T11 387-390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397 denotes bat
T12 445-450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T13 529-533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes gene
T14 599-602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T15 624-625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 757-767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9349 denotes ant-eating
T17 821-822 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 859-860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 932-935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T20 1224-1227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000990 denotes CDC
T21 1897-1898 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 2141-2146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organ
T23 2633-2634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 2821-2829 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes Membrane
T25 2994-3000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T26 3145-3146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 3245-3246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 3560-3561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29 3738-3750 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T30 3783-3784 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 3791-3796 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T32 3814-3820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T33 3913-3918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T34 3922-3927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T35 4005-4009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T36 4013-4017 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T37 4243-4244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 4326-4329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001343 denotes aim
T39 4487-4488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 4513-4518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T41 4559-4560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 5184-5185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43 6285-6291 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T44 6740-6745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T45 6754-6755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46 6838-6842 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 4, 5
T47 7191-7204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organisations
T48 7360-7361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 7802-7810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T50 7834-7844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activities
T51 8162-8165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T52 8204-8205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 8253-8254 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 8387-8388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 8444-8445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T56 8982-8983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T57 9047-9052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T58 9290-9291 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T59 9584-9588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T60 9584-9588 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T61 9717-9724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 154-160 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T2 289-295 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T3 2395-2401 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T4 2688-2694 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T5 3128-3133 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T6 9146-9160 Chemical denotes pharmaceutical http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52217
T7 9265-9275 Chemical denotes antivirals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T8 9298-9305 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T9 9306-9315 Chemical denotes inhibitor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T10 9317-9337 Chemical denotes nucleoside analogues http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60783
T11 9317-9327 Chemical denotes nucleoside http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33838
T12 9342-9352 Chemical denotes remdesivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145994
T13 9354-9363 Chemical denotes ribavirin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580
T14 9368-9387 Chemical denotes protease inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37670|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60258
T16 9377-9387 Chemical denotes inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T17 9396-9415 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924
T18 9396-9405 Chemical denotes lopinavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781
T19 9406-9415 Chemical denotes ritonavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409
T20 9473-9483 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T21 9485-9496 Chemical denotes chloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638
T22 9710-9716 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 761-767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1073-1078 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T2 1080-1089 Phenotype denotes dry cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246
T3 1091-1098 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T4 1100-1116 Phenotype denotes nasal congestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001742
T5 1118-1129 Phenotype denotes sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033050
T6 1134-1143 Phenotype denotes diarrhoea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T7 2054-2066 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T8 2072-2078 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T9 2102-2121 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T10 2123-2128 Phenotype denotes shock http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273
T11 6258-6263 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T3 0-77 Sentence denotes What is COVID-19, and what do we know so far about its clinical presentation?
T4 78-169 Sentence denotes The virus responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is in the species SARS-like corona viruses.
T5 170-241 Sentence denotes At 125 nm, it is slightly larger than influenza, SARS and MERS viruses.
T6 242-326 Sentence denotes It is almost certainly a descendant from a bat corona virus of which there are many.
T7 327-451 Sentence denotes The closest is a virus that originated from the Rhinolophus bat which is > 96% homologous with the current SARS-CoV-2 virus.
T8 452-509 Sentence denotes It is only 79% homologous with the original SARS CoV [1].
T9 510-917 Sentence denotes The near identical gene sequences of 90 analysed cases from outside of China suggests it has likely emerged after a solitary species jump in early December 2019 from an unknown (likely mammalian) intermediate host [2]. Pangolins are an endangered ant-eating mammal from which scientists in Guangzhou have shown a coronavirus with 99% homology, with a receptor binding domain identical to that of SARS-CoV-2.
T10 918-1043 Sentence denotes However, this has not been confirmed, and, in addition, the pangolin's rarity means this may not be the only mammal involved.
T11 1044-1144 Sentence denotes The symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, fatigue, nasal congestion, sore throat and diarrhoea.
T12 1145-1334 Sentence denotes On February 14th, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) published the first details of 44,672 confirmed cases, in the biggest study since the outbreak began [3].
T13 1335-1444 Sentence denotes Their findings show that COVID-19 was mild for 81% of patients and had an overall case fatality rate of 2.3%.
T14 1445-1505 Sentence denotes Of those confirmed cases, only 2.2% were under 20 years old.
T15 1506-1588 Sentence denotes Compared to adults, children generally present with much milder clinical symptoms.
T16 1589-1682 Sentence denotes It is likely that future serological studies will show much asymptomatic disease in children.
T17 1683-1771 Sentence denotes As opposed to H1N1, pregnant women do not appear to be at higher risk of severe disease.
T18 1772-1933 Sentence denotes The severity of the disease appears to be associated with age, with the elderly most at risk; those over 80 years of age had a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 14.8%.
T19 1934-2079 Sentence denotes The CFR was also increased in those with comorbidities including cardiovascular, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, and cancer.
T20 2080-2155 Sentence denotes The cause of death is respiratory failure, shock or multiple organ failure.
T21 2157-2195 Sentence denotes How are infected people being treated?
T22 2196-2305 Sentence denotes There is no proven treatment at this early stage but we will doubtless have more information about this soon.
T23 2306-2426 Sentence denotes It can be assumed that non-pharmacologic approaches are effective such as fluid support, oxygen and ventilatory support.
T24 2427-2626 Sentence denotes Most recently the national data suggests that 17.7%, 10.4% and 7.0% of all cases have disease requiring respiratory support in Wuhan, Hubei (not including Wuhan) and the rest of China (respectively).
T25 2627-2708 Sentence denotes About a quarter of all require ventilation while 75% require oxygen support only.
T26 2709-2804 Sentence denotes The variation in severity rates probably reflects the outcomes in an overwhelmed health system.
T27 2805-3117 Sentence denotes Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is potentially of benefit and we will know more particularly when cities with higher technology health systems become affected and ECMO is truly tested in the most severely ill. ECMO is currently being used in China, however, its effectiveness is yet to be determined.
T28 3118-3267 Sentence denotes Antiviral drugs as well as a variety of other putative treatments are typically being prescribed for deteriorating patients on a compassionate basis.
T29 3268-3452 Sentence denotes Clinicians would be well aware of such situations but assurance is required that their safety and efficacy are being scientifically assessed so that meaning is brought to bear quickly.
T30 3453-3712 Sentence denotes Coordination of clinical trials to avoid duplication and ensure that results are rapidly available will be a challenge but the case numbers should facilitate rapid definitive results. (see What is in the pipeline for vaccine development and/or therapeutics?).
T31 3714-3779 Sentence denotes Why is the World Health Organization (WHO) so concerned about it?
T32 3780-3897 Sentence denotes As a novel virus newly emerged in humans, the world’s population is completely immune-naïve and therefore vulnerable.
T33 3898-4163 Sentence denotes There is clear human-to-human transmission in family clusters in China and beyond, transmission from close face-to-face social contact, especially in small enclosed spaces, and transmission from failed infection prevention and control measures in health facilities.
T34 4164-4313 Sentence denotes In addition, the experience in Wuhan shows that transmission can be massive in a short period of time with thousands of new patients diagnosed daily.
T35 4314-4463 Sentence denotes The current aim of the global response is to flatten the epidemic curve so that transmission is slowed, and to interrupt transmission where possible.
T36 4464-4684 Sentence denotes While there is clearly a mortality linked to the virus, the most concerning problem will be if a health system is overwhelmed in the wake of rapid transmission so that affected patients cannot receive the care they need.
T37 4685-4794 Sentence denotes Furthermore, patients with other urgent medical conditions are at risk of not obtaining their necessary care.
T38 4795-4864 Sentence denotes Countries with vulnerable health systems are particularly of concern.
T39 4865-4991 Sentence denotes Recently, there have been outbreaks in newly affected countries including Italy and Iran where the index case is unidentified.
T40 4992-5081 Sentence denotes Furthermore affected countries have very large clusters emerging such as Korea and Japan.
T41 5082-5412 Sentence denotes There is no reason to believe that the global community is ready for this emerging pandemic; ready in a way that can see drastic public health intervention implemented within days, including aggressive and massive contact tracing, monitoring (or quarantine) and early detection and isolation in an attempt to slow the progression.
T42 5414-5447 Sentence denotes How are health agencies reacting?
T43 5448-5714 Sentence denotes There is uncertainty regarding transmissibility and severity – more information is emerging about the spectrum of disease, especially mild disease, which is not identified using many current case definitions, and about the ease of transmission from person to person.
T44 5715-5817 Sentence denotes Health agencies are unsure how to model this and estimates vary depending on the variables being used.
T45 5818-6013 Sentence denotes For instance, SARS was essentially spread later in the disease from patients with more significant clinical pictures, and it was contained by infection control measures particularly in hospitals.
T46 6014-6318 Sentence denotes The limited spread to family members of health workers and the community was contained by usual outbreak control measures including early identification and management of persons with infection, tracing of contacts with monitoring for onset of fever and/or symptoms, and active engagement of communities.
T47 6319-6618 Sentence denotes Most modelling suggests that the severity of illness is more like influenza than SARS, and there is concern among the public health community because the transmissibility of COVID-19 is not yet fully understood, and the potential for it to become endemic like other respiratory pathogens is unknown.
T48 6619-6844 Sentence denotes Because of the many unknowns, the initial reaction by health agencies is still valid: to brace for the first wave as the virus reaches a completely naïve population and to make maximum effort to interrupt transmission [4, 5].
T49 6845-6927 Sentence denotes Experience with managing this outbreak will be very heterogenous across the world.
T50 6928-7016 Sentence denotes Countries closely connected with China, such as Singapore, will be ahead in this regard.
T51 7017-7148 Sentence denotes As the outbreak moves across regions, there is opportunity to support those affected later both in terms of readiness and response.
T52 7149-7332 Sentence denotes Mechanisms available to outbreak response organisations, particularly through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), can be valuable in skills- and knowledge-sharing.
T53 7333-7459 Sentence denotes Therefore, there should be a deliberate effort to utilise knowledge from early affected countries in later affected countries.
T54 7461-7533 Sentence denotes What measures are likely to be successful in curbing its further spread?
T55 7534-7652 Sentence denotes On January 23rd, Hubei province in Central China was locked down with all movement in and out of the province blocked.
T56 7653-7811 Sentence denotes Travel across China was discouraged and the number of scheduled flights and train journeys available considerably reduced to perhaps 10% of previous activity.
T57 7812-7939 Sentence denotes Commercial and social activities became negligible, with schools, restaurants, other entertainment spots and most shops closed.
T58 7940-8038 Sentence denotes Migrant workers were prevented from returning to work after the extended Chinese New Year Holiday.
T59 8039-8227 Sentence denotes Frequent hand hygiene when in public and staying at home became the norm. This unprecedented public health effort by China has afforded the rest China and the world a lead time to prepare.
T60 8228-8421 Sentence denotes The lockdown resulted in a downward trend in national and provincial epidemic curves, however, these measures are not sustainable and eventually there will be a strategy to return to normality.
T61 8422-8543 Sentence denotes Should this result in a second wave of cases, and more international spread, countries around the world must be prepared.
T62 8544-8646 Sentence denotes Early identification, and isolation or cohorting of positive cases to designated sites is at the core.
T63 8647-8836 Sentence denotes In order to achieve this, hospitals, quarantine services, laboratories, together with epidemiology and communication teams will need to be scaled up to provide effective and efficient care.
T64 8838-8906 Sentence denotes What is in the pipeline for vaccine development and/or therapeutics?
T65 8907-8998 Sentence denotes It appears that no vaccine will be available for at least one year, likely a little longer.
T66 8999-9092 Sentence denotes Phase 1 trials for safety and immunogenicity in human populations are likely within 3 months.
T67 9093-9167 Sentence denotes In terms of therapeutics there is no known effective pharmaceutical agent.
T68 9168-9240 Sentence denotes There are over 200 registered clinical trials registered in China alone.
T69 9241-9416 Sentence denotes Putative agents include antivirals; Griffithsin, a spike protein inhibitor, nucleoside analogues eg. remdesivir, ribavirin and protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir.
T70 9417-9517 Sentence denotes Immunomodulatory and other host targeted agents include interferon, chloroquine and immunoglobulins.
T71 9518-9630 Sentence denotes Corticosteroids will potentially have benefit for immune mediated lung damage late in the course of disease [6].
T72 9631-9729 Sentence denotes Much of the theory stems from what we have learnt from limited trials in other corona viruses [7].