PMC:7017878 / 29229-32351 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB","denotations":[{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":2258,"end":2267},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":2298,"end":2301},"obj":"SP_2"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":2309,"end":2320},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":2606,"end":2611},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":2848,"end":2857},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":43,"end":48},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":49,"end":55},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":216,"end":236},"obj":"GO:0016477"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":311,"end":317},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":444,"end":450},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":689,"end":694},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":699,"end":705},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1087},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":1191,"end":1195},"obj":"SP_2;NCBITaxon:9397"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":1200,"end":1207},"obj":"NCBITaxon:9989"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1296},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":1351,"end":1356},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1727},"obj":"NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":1729,"end":1737},"obj":"NCBITaxon:species"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1788,"end":1794},"obj":"NCBITaxon:33208"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1799,"end":1804},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":2115,"end":2120},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":2187,"end":2191},"obj":"SP_2;NCBITaxon:6960"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1410,"end":1414},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A11","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1410,"end":1414},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A15","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid_AGAC","denotations":[{"id":"p3028s32","span":{"begin":402,"end":411},"obj":"NegReg"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":140,"end":156},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":2403,"end":2419},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2690},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A38","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481"},{"id":"A39","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481"},{"id":"A40","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T362","span":{"begin":43,"end":48},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T363","span":{"begin":49,"end":55},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T364","span":{"begin":311,"end":317},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T365","span":{"begin":382,"end":383},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T366","span":{"begin":415,"end":425},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T367","span":{"begin":444,"end":450},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T368","span":{"begin":520,"end":521},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T369","span":{"begin":689,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T370","span":{"begin":699,"end":705},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T371","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1087},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T372","span":{"begin":1191,"end":1195},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T373","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1296},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T374","span":{"begin":1351,"end":1356},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T375","span":{"begin":1374,"end":1376},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000"},{"id":"T376","span":{"begin":1410,"end":1414},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456"},{"id":"T377","span":{"begin":1415,"end":1416},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T378","span":{"begin":1559,"end":1561},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313"},{"id":"T379","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1727},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T380","span":{"begin":1788,"end":1794},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T381","span":{"begin":1799,"end":1804},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T382","span":{"begin":2066,"end":2067},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T383","span":{"begin":2115,"end":2120},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T384","span":{"begin":2121,"end":2131},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T385","span":{"begin":2187,"end":2191},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T386","span":{"begin":2296,"end":2297},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T387","span":{"begin":2298,"end":2301},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T388","span":{"begin":2495,"end":2500},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985"},{"id":"T389","span":{"begin":2606,"end":2611},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T390","span":{"begin":2817,"end":2818},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":0,"end":10},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":11,"end":215},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":216,"end":873},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":874,"end":1114},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1115,"end":1561},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":1562,"end":1752},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":1753,"end":2018},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":2019,"end":2201},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":2202,"end":2326},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":2327,"end":2532},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":2533,"end":2723},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":2724,"end":3122},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"450","span":{"begin":43,"end":48},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"451","span":{"begin":689,"end":694},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"452","span":{"begin":140,"end":156},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"453","span":{"begin":858,"end":866},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"458","span":{"begin":975,"end":987},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"459","span":{"begin":1351,"end":1356},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"460","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1042},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"461","span":{"begin":1226,"end":1234},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"468","span":{"begin":2298,"end":2301},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"469","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1727},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"470","span":{"begin":1799,"end":1804},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"471","span":{"begin":2115,"end":2120},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"472","span":{"begin":2258,"end":2267},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"473","span":{"begin":2309,"end":2320},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"478","span":{"begin":2606,"end":2611},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"479","span":{"begin":2848,"end":2857},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"480","span":{"begin":2403,"end":2419},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"481","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2682},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A450","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"450","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A451","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"451","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A452","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"452","obj":"MESH:D015047"},{"id":"A453","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"453","obj":"MESH:D015047"},{"id":"A458","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"458","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A459","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"459","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A460","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"460","obj":"MESH:D015047"},{"id":"A461","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"461","obj":"MESH:D015047"},{"id":"A468","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"468","obj":"Gene:570"},{"id":"A469","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"469","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A470","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"470","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A471","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"471","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A472","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"472","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A473","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"473","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A478","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"478","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A479","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"479","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A480","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"480","obj":"MESH:D015047"},{"id":"A481","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"481","obj":"MESH:D015047"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32040190-17880024-48103173","span":{"begin":1559,"end":1561},"obj":"17880024"},{"id":"T35620","span":{"begin":1559,"end":1561},"obj":"17880024"}],"text":"Discussion\nThis study provided evidence of human–animal interactions in rural communities of southern China that increase the potential for zoonotic disease emergence and suggested opportunities for risk mitigation. Population migration from rural communities to urban areas for employment, as well as the wild animal protection policy changes in China in recent years, have led to a perceived overall reduction in activities such as household animal raising and wildlife trade.30,31 Protective attitudes, knowledge and a supportive social environment for disease prevention were reportedly being developed within the community.31 Existing local preliminary programmes and policies around human and animal health, community development and conservation are considered effective resources to begin or continue developing cost-effective strategies to mitigate zoonotic risks.\nIn spite of these positive changes over the long term, there is little understanding within enrolled participants of the transmission mechanisms and ecology of zoonotic pathogens that currently circulate in animal populations in the region. This is of particular concern in rural communities where close contact with bats and rodents was reported, and zoonotic pathogens have been detected in the widely distributed animal populations with the potential to spill over into the human population.20,32–35 In addition, rural residents may face a higher risk because of their limited access to quality healthcare facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment compared with urban residents.36\nEnforcement of current wildlife protection policy and continued community infrastructure development appears to significantly reduce high-risk contact between humans, wildlife and livestock. Closer collaboration between local animal and human health authorities within the current epidemic disease prevention programmes will provide educational and training opportunities to promote risk-mitigation knowledge, skills and best practice in local communities. For example, cave monitoring and management is a low-cost and efficient method to help restrict human activities (e.g. recreation and mining) that lead to contact with bats in caves. This is of particular importance given the emergence of 2019-nCoV, which appears likely to be a bat-origin coronavirus.10,11\nAs the first qualitative study in southern China to assess risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence, our scope was limited by current knowledge, only allowing us to focus on known presumed risk factors. With further urbanization, and subsequent increased interactions between human populations and the changing ecosystems, new risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission will likely emerge. This might include changes to the wildlife trade following the temporary ban put in place as a response to the emergence of 2019-nCoV.9,10 Further research to identify the risk factors among different populations will help develop more locally-relevant and fine-tuned risk mitigation strategies and address the social and ecological bias to identifying recommendations for other community settings."}