PMC:6705340 / 1306-4645 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"31433001-28636832-392762","span":{"begin":355,"end":356},"obj":"28636832"},{"id":"31433001-12448398-392763","span":{"begin":543,"end":544},"obj":"12448398"},{"id":"31433001-13198079-392764","span":{"begin":704,"end":705},"obj":"13198079"},{"id":"31433001-27087477-392765","span":{"begin":706,"end":707},"obj":"27087477"},{"id":"31433001-20880129-392766","span":{"begin":822,"end":823},"obj":"20880129"},{"id":"31433001-28636832-392767","span":{"begin":1088,"end":1089},"obj":"28636832"},{"id":"31433001-26421246-392768","span":{"begin":1228,"end":1229},"obj":"26421246"},{"id":"31433001-20350267-392769","span":{"begin":1371,"end":1372},"obj":"20350267"},{"id":"31433001-21979398-392769","span":{"begin":1371,"end":1372},"obj":"21979398"},{"id":"31433001-28636832-392769","span":{"begin":1371,"end":1372},"obj":"28636832"},{"id":"31433001-29560648-392769","span":{"begin":1371,"end":1372},"obj":"29560648"},{"id":"31433001-18701613-392770","span":{"begin":1408,"end":1410},"obj":"18701613"},{"id":"31433001-22005281-392771","span":{"begin":1460,"end":1462},"obj":"22005281"},{"id":"31433001-15300187-392772","span":{"begin":1544,"end":1546},"obj":"15300187"},{"id":"31433001-1996606-392773","span":{"begin":2587,"end":2589},"obj":"1996606"},{"id":"31433001-19705025-392773","span":{"begin":2587,"end":2589},"obj":"19705025"},{"id":"31433001-20703838-392773","span":{"begin":2587,"end":2589},"obj":"20703838"},{"id":"31433001-18623167-392774","span":{"begin":2776,"end":2778},"obj":"18623167"},{"id":"31433001-19705025-392775","span":{"begin":3041,"end":3043},"obj":"19705025"},{"id":"31433001-18797685-392776","span":{"begin":3044,"end":3046},"obj":"18797685"},{"id":"31433001-20877947-392777","span":{"begin":3047,"end":3049},"obj":"20877947"},{"id":"31433001-12570825-392778","span":{"begin":3332,"end":3334},"obj":"12570825"},{"id":"31433001-28402523-392779","span":{"begin":3335,"end":3337},"obj":"28402523"}],"text":"Obesity is a global epidemic1, and in adulthood, it is a major risk factor for the world’s leading causes of poor health and early death, including cardiovascular disease, several common cancers, diabetes and osteoarthritis2. The burden of disease generated from the high prevalence and consequences of obesity makes it a true global public health concern3. The only proven long-term treatment for severe obesity on a population level is the surgical modification of the gastrointestinal anatomy to induce weight loss, termed bariatric surgery4. Bariatric surgery, also called weight loss surgery or metabolic surgery, was introduced 50 years ago to provide drastic weight loss in morbidly obese patients5,6, and its use is currently increasing to treat patients with high adiposity, or occasionally for metabolic benefits7. The most successful types of bariatric surgery involve limiting the absorption of nutrients (malabsorption), reducing the size of the stomach to decrease the total nutrient intake (restriction), and reducing hunger and satiety by altering gut hormones (metabolic)3. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), gastric bypass, gastric banding, and gastric plication (GP) are the most common procedures used to treat obesity8. However, recent studies have suggested serious complications that may result from weight reduction surgery, such as nutritional deficiencies9-13, the acceleration of nephropathy14, modification of the hippocampus cytoarchitecture15, changes in gene expression for subcutaneous fat and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus16and modifications in bone metabolism, accelerating the process of osteoporosis17. A body weight loss of 15% or more is associated with the loss of 20% of the body’s protein18. Recently, authors have reported constipation after bariatric surgery with diet, due to decreased bowel motility and prolonged bowel movement19. Restrictive diets and bariatric surgery related to nutrient deficiency rather than weight loss surgery reduce the microbial abundance and promote changes in the microbial composition that could have long-term, detrimental effects on the colon20. Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. The tissue content and pattern of mucin expression in goblet cells change in patients with colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, intestinal infections, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and diversion colitis21-23. Disruption in the intestinal homeostasis results in a defective mucus barrier with increased permeability, which results in inflammation and injury of the intestinal mucosal cells24,25. Studies in experimental models have demonstrated that a deficiency in the supply of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the colon, devoid of transit, can modify proteins related to the intercellular junction systems, allowing the development of exclusion colitis22,26,27. SCFAs influence colonic health through various mechanisms. In vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that SCFAs have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in colonocytes, and protect colonocytes from external harm28,29 ."}