PMC:6610326 / 55444-56986
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/6610326","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"6610326","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/6610326","text":"Astrocytes perform multiple homeostatic functions in the CNS; they regulate the plasticity of synapses and synthesis of neurotransmitters (Ullian et al., 2004; Volterra and Meldolesi, 2005; Sloan and Barres, 2014), they maintain the blood brain barrier, and they provide neurotrophic support to MNs by releasing glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) amongst others. Like microglia, during the neurodegenerative process, astrocytes can exist in two states, either reactive or activated, and activated astrocytes lose their neuroprotective functions and become neurotoxic during disease (Yamanaka et al., 2008; Ilieva et al., 2009; Valori et al., 2014; Das and Svendsen, 2015). Also, like microglia, astrocytes are implicated in the progression rather than onset of ALS. Deletion of SOD1 from astrocytes slowed disease progression, but not disease onset, in SOD1G93A mice (Yamanaka et al., 2008; Wang L. et al., 2011), whereas deletion of mutant SOD1 from MNs did delay onset (Boillée et al., 2006a; Wang L. et al., 2009). Furthermore, gene expression changes in MNs, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes start just before disease onset in SOD1G37R mice, but these alterations are first observed in MNs (Sun et al., 2015). Recently, two different subsets of reactive astrocytes were described in the adult CNS, A1 and A2 (Liddelow et al., 2017; Clarke et al., 2018; Miller, 2018) and the A1 reactive astrocytes were associated with the death of both neurons and oligodendrocytes (Liddelow et al., 2017).","tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"31316328-15252809-38515649","span":{"begin":154,"end":158},"obj":"15252809"},{"id":"31316328-16025096-38515650","span":{"begin":184,"end":188},"obj":"16025096"},{"id":"31316328-24694749-38515651","span":{"begin":208,"end":212},"obj":"24694749"},{"id":"31316328-18246065-38515652","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"18246065"},{"id":"31316328-19951898-38515653","span":{"begin":670,"end":674},"obj":"19951898"},{"id":"31316328-23912896-38515654","span":{"begin":691,"end":695},"obj":"23912896"},{"id":"31316328-25443290-38515655","span":{"begin":715,"end":719},"obj":"25443290"},{"id":"31316328-18246065-38515656","span":{"begin":934,"end":938},"obj":"18246065"},{"id":"31316328-20962037-38515657","span":{"begin":956,"end":960},"obj":"20962037"},{"id":"31316328-19442735-38515659","span":{"begin":1060,"end":1064},"obj":"19442735"},{"id":"31316328-26621731-38515660","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1259},"obj":"26621731"},{"id":"31316328-28099414-38515661","span":{"begin":1378,"end":1382},"obj":"28099414"},{"id":"31316328-29437957-38515662","span":{"begin":1399,"end":1403},"obj":"29437957"},{"id":"31316328-28099414-38515663","span":{"begin":1536,"end":1540},"obj":"28099414"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"31316328-15252809-38515649","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-16025096-38515650","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-24694749-38515651","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-18246065-38515652","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-19951898-38515653","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-23912896-38515654","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-25443290-38515655","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-18246065-38515656","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-20962037-38515657","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-19442735-38515659","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-26621731-38515660","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-28099414-38515661","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-29437957-38515662","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"31316328-28099414-38515663","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]},{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"31316328-15252809-631106","span":{"begin":154,"end":158},"obj":"15252809"},{"id":"31316328-16025096-631107","span":{"begin":184,"end":188},"obj":"16025096"},{"id":"31316328-24694749-631108","span":{"begin":208,"end":212},"obj":"24694749"},{"id":"31316328-18246065-631109","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"18246065"},{"id":"31316328-19951898-631110","span":{"begin":670,"end":674},"obj":"19951898"},{"id":"31316328-23912896-631111","span":{"begin":691,"end":695},"obj":"23912896"},{"id":"31316328-25443290-631112","span":{"begin":715,"end":719},"obj":"25443290"},{"id":"31316328-18246065-631113","span":{"begin":934,"end":938},"obj":"18246065"},{"id":"31316328-20962037-631114","span":{"begin":956,"end":960},"obj":"20962037"},{"id":"31316328-19442735-631116","span":{"begin":1060,"end":1064},"obj":"19442735"},{"id":"31316328-26621731-631117","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1259},"obj":"26621731"},{"id":"31316328-28099414-631118","span":{"begin":1378,"end":1382},"obj":"28099414"},{"id":"31316328-29437957-631119","span":{"begin":1399,"end":1403},"obj":"29437957"},{"id":"31316328-28099414-631120","span":{"begin":1536,"end":1540},"obj":"28099414"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"31316328-15252809-631106","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-16025096-631107","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-24694749-631108","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-18246065-631109","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-19951898-631110","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-23912896-631111","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-25443290-631112","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-18246065-631113","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-20962037-631114","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-19442735-631116","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-26621731-631117","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-28099414-631118","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-29437957-631119","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"31316328-28099414-631120","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#93ecd2","default":true},{"id":"0_colil","color":"#ecb893"}]}]}}