PMC:6194691 / 178629-180332 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/6194691","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"6194691","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/6194691","text":"Table 6 Overview of efflux routes showing clearance values for substances leaving the brain parenchyma from ISF\nSubstances Features Clearance/µL g−1 min−1\nPassive, non-specific transfer across the blood–brain barrier\n H2Oa, CO2b, O2c, NH3c Very small molecules 1000–7000a, \u003e 6500 largeb\n Methanol, ethanol, antipyrine, isopropanol Highly lipid soluble moleculesd \u003e 100\n Glycerol, ethylene glycol, butyric acid Moderately lipid solubled 100 \u003e CL \u003e 10\nTransfer across the blood–brain barrier by specific transporters\n Glucosee Via GLUT1 50–100\n Lactatef Via MCT1 60–100\n Many substratesg Via Slc22 and Slco transporters 11–364\n Amino acidsh Via L, A, ASC, N, y+, EAAT and others Seeh\n K+i Via several routes including the Na+ pump and NKCC1i 11.3\nEfflux via blood–brain barrier and perivascular fluxes\n Amyloid-βk Primarily across blood–brain barrier ~10k\n Na+ j, Cl− j mannitoll Via both blood–brain barrier and perivascular routes c. 1–2\nEfflux via perivascular routes only\n Sucrose, inulin, albumin, larger dextrans and PEGsm Used as markers for perivascular efflux c. 1\nValues substantially greater than ~ 1 µL g−1 min−1 imply that clearance is primarily across the blood–brain barrier rather than via perivascular efflux\naSee Sect. 5.1\nbSee Sect. 5.2\ncClearance known to be large but difficult to measure\ndSee Fig. 8\neSee Sect. 5.3 and Appendix D\nfSee Sect. 5.4\ngSee Table 1\nhNet fluxes at blood–brain barrier 1–20 nmol g−1 min−1, perivascular effluxes (except glutamine) ~ 0.1 nmol g−1 min−1, glutamine ~ 1 nmol g−1 min−1\niSee Appendix E, NKCC1 is the Na+, K+, 2Cl−—cotransporter; jsee Appendix E\nkSee Sect. 5.7.3\nlSee Appendix B\nmNegligible blood–brain barrier clearance, see Sect. 3 and Appendix B","divisions":[{"label":"label","span":{"begin":0,"end":7}},{"label":"caption","span":{"begin":8,"end":111}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":8,"end":111}},{"label":"table","span":{"begin":112,"end":1071}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":112,"end":154}},{"label":"th","span":{"begin":112,"end":122}},{"label":"th","span":{"begin":123,"end":131}},{"label":"th","span":{"begin":132,"end":154}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":155,"end":216}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":155,"end":216}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":217,"end":286}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":217,"end":239}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":240,"end":260}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":261,"end":286}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":287,"end":368}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":287,"end":330}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":331,"end":362}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":363,"end":368}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":369,"end":449}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":369,"end":409}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":410,"end":435}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":436,"end":449}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":450,"end":514}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":450,"end":514}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":515,"end":541}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":515,"end":524}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":525,"end":534}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":535,"end":541}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":542,"end":567}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":542,"end":551}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":552,"end":560}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":561,"end":567}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":568,"end":624}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":568,"end":585}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":586,"end":617}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":618,"end":624}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":625,"end":681}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":625,"end":638}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":639,"end":676}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":677,"end":681}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":682,"end":744}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":682,"end":686}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":687,"end":739}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":740,"end":744}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":745,"end":799}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":745,"end":799}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":800,"end":853}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":800,"end":811}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":812,"end":848}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":849,"end":853}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":854,"end":937}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":854,"end":877}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":878,"end":930}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":931,"end":937}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":938,"end":973}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":938,"end":973}},{"label":"tr","span":{"begin":974,"end":1071}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":974,"end":1026}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":1027,"end":1066}},{"label":"td","span":{"begin":1067,"end":1071}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1072,"end":1223}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1224,"end":1238}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1253}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1254,"end":1307}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1308,"end":1319}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1349}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1364}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1365,"end":1377}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1378,"end":1525}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1526,"end":1600}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1601,"end":1617}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1618,"end":1633}}],"tracks":[]}