PMC:5836408 / 17618-19231 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"29154293-101-107-1674411","span":{"begin":148,"end":150},"obj":"[\"25671103\"]"},{"id":"29154293-178-184-1674412","span":{"begin":331,"end":333},"obj":"[\"25681454\"]"},{"id":"29154293-147-153-1674413","span":{"begin":483,"end":485},"obj":"[\"25681454\"]"},{"id":"29154293-104-110-1674414","span":{"begin":707,"end":709},"obj":"[\"20668263\"]"},{"id":"29154293-134-140-1674415","span":{"begin":1092,"end":1094},"obj":"[\"17894337\"]"},{"id":"29154293-130-136-1674416","span":{"begin":1227,"end":1229},"obj":"[\"28215267\"]"},{"id":"29154293-182-188-1674417","span":{"begin":1279,"end":1281},"obj":"[\"20146689\"]"},{"id":"29154293-231-237-1674418","span":{"begin":1609,"end":1611},"obj":"[\"23904674\"]"}],"text":"RBD is another research focus of prodromal PD. Approximately 40% of PD patients have RBD and about a half may have developed prior to PD diagnosis [33]. Unlike olfactory impairment and other prodromal symptoms, clinically diagnosed RBD with polysomnography (PSG) confirmation is very specific to PD or related synucleinopathy [57, 58]. Clinical studies suggest up to 80% of PSG-confirmed RBD patients eventually develop PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy [57, 58]. The exact temporal relationship of RBD to PD is yet to be defined, but the leading time is likely beyond a decade. In an extreme example, evidence of RBD was found up to five decades before neurodegenerative diagnoses [59]. Although this clinical link has been solidly established, the contribution of RBD to PD in the general population is yet to be defined. Clinical diagnosis of RBD requires PSG evidence, which is often infeasible in large population-based studies. Several RBD screening questionnaires have been developed with high sensitivity and specificity in clinic-based validation studies [60–63]. However, when applied in the general population, they often gave a prevalence of 3–7% for the so-called “probable” RBD (pRBD) [64–67], much higher than the expected ∼1% for RBD [68, 69]. This may be largely attributed to false positives from obstructive sleep apnea or RBD mimics; on the other hand, it is also possible that RBD is underdiagnosed in the general population as patients with violent behaviors and physical injuries may be much more likely to end up in sleep clinics than those with mild symptoms [69]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"29154293-25671103-64049629","span":{"begin":148,"end":150},"obj":"25671103"},{"id":"29154293-25681454-64049630","span":{"begin":331,"end":333},"obj":"25681454"},{"id":"29154293-25681454-64049631","span":{"begin":483,"end":485},"obj":"25681454"},{"id":"29154293-20668263-64049632","span":{"begin":707,"end":709},"obj":"20668263"},{"id":"29154293-17894337-64049633","span":{"begin":1092,"end":1094},"obj":"17894337"},{"id":"29154293-28215267-64049634","span":{"begin":1227,"end":1229},"obj":"28215267"},{"id":"29154293-20146689-64049635","span":{"begin":1279,"end":1281},"obj":"20146689"},{"id":"29154293-23904674-64049636","span":{"begin":1609,"end":1611},"obj":"23904674"}],"text":"RBD is another research focus of prodromal PD. Approximately 40% of PD patients have RBD and about a half may have developed prior to PD diagnosis [33]. Unlike olfactory impairment and other prodromal symptoms, clinically diagnosed RBD with polysomnography (PSG) confirmation is very specific to PD or related synucleinopathy [57, 58]. Clinical studies suggest up to 80% of PSG-confirmed RBD patients eventually develop PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy [57, 58]. The exact temporal relationship of RBD to PD is yet to be defined, but the leading time is likely beyond a decade. In an extreme example, evidence of RBD was found up to five decades before neurodegenerative diagnoses [59]. Although this clinical link has been solidly established, the contribution of RBD to PD in the general population is yet to be defined. Clinical diagnosis of RBD requires PSG evidence, which is often infeasible in large population-based studies. Several RBD screening questionnaires have been developed with high sensitivity and specificity in clinic-based validation studies [60–63]. However, when applied in the general population, they often gave a prevalence of 3–7% for the so-called “probable” RBD (pRBD) [64–67], much higher than the expected ∼1% for RBD [68, 69]. This may be largely attributed to false positives from obstructive sleep apnea or RBD mimics; on the other hand, it is also possible that RBD is underdiagnosed in the general population as patients with violent behaviors and physical injuries may be much more likely to end up in sleep clinics than those with mild symptoms [69]."}