PMC:5374364 / 1335-4853
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/5374364","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"5374364","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/5374364","text":"1. Introduction\nHerbal medicine is an important part of the medical practices in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and consists of a variety of plant species [1,2]. While the effectiveness of herbal medicine has sometimes been considered doubtful [3,4], this could be due in part to the difficulty of controlling the quality of herbs and the amounts of their effective components. Thus, various methods have been used to confirm their efficacy and identify the effective components [5]. Modern technologies, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), have been continually developed and utilized to replace conventional technologies for the comprehensive and cost-effective quality control of herbal medicine [6]. Although recent progress in the human and other genome projects and the development of a variety of omics technologies—such as genomics and transcriptomics—have contributed to the identification and utilization of effective components and quality control/authentication of medicinal plants [7,8,9,10,11], we are still searching for the best strategy for the maximum utilization of herbal medicine. This review focuses on DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling, a key technology in transcriptomics, and shows how researchers used this technology for the screening and characterization of TCM. In particular, cross-examination of the data on TCMs, and their constituent herbs, mushrooms, and dietary plants, has become quite important to evaluate the knowledge accumulated and to assess the advantages/disadvantages of TCM and its effective applications.\nTCM includes practices such as acupuncture, moxibustion, Chinese herbal medicine, tui na, dietary therapy, tai chi, and qi gong, which is rooted in the ancient philosophy of Taoism and is more than 2500 years old [12]. The original TCM has been further developed and modified to adapt it to people of various nationalities and genetic backgrounds (giving rise to different types of health problems, dietary and nutritional customs/practices, and ways of thinking and beliefs about medicine), based on variations in the types of herbs and their ingredients in countries such as Japan and Korea, where Kampo and traditional Korean medicine (TKM), respectively, were developed. Therefore, herbal medicine includes a number of plant species and ways of processing them. Furthermore, herbal medicine is often used with other constituents such as mushrooms and dietary plants, and thus their extracts and effective chemicals are also discussed here.\nDNA microarrays are a type of biotechnological device used to detect alterations in genomic DNA and mRNA and to monitor genes and their expressions associated with various functions; thus, they have been widely used in basic research and industrial research/development (reviewed by Kiyama \u0026 Zhu [13]). DNA microarray assay (DMA) has been used to screen and characterize useful materials among mixtures of chemicals and extracts of natural resources including plants. DMA has advantages and disadvantages compared with other technologies. It has been used as a diagnostic device, such as for the genotyping of drug-metabolizing genes and predicting the metastatic risk of breast cancer, which is attributable to its unique characteristic of providing sufficient complexity to differentiate the variations needed for diagnosis and the reliability needed to predict genotypes/gene expression profiles accurately.","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":15}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"28146102-17602184-69475369","span":{"begin":252,"end":253},"obj":"17602184"},{"id":"28146102-17307317-69475370","span":{"begin":799,"end":800},"obj":"17307317"},{"id":"28146102-16979861-69475371","span":{"begin":1094,"end":1095},"obj":"16979861"},{"id":"28146102-21058240-69475372","span":{"begin":1096,"end":1097},"obj":"21058240"},{"id":"28146102-20883193-69475373","span":{"begin":1098,"end":1099},"obj":"20883193"},{"id":"28146102-24716122-69475374","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1102},"obj":"24716122"},{"id":"28146102-25264574-69475375","span":{"begin":1103,"end":1105},"obj":"25264574"},{"id":"28146102-24399289-69475376","span":{"begin":2905,"end":2907},"obj":"24399289"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"28146102-17602184-69475369","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-17307317-69475370","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-16979861-69475371","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-21058240-69475372","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-20883193-69475373","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-24716122-69475374","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-25264574-69475375","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"28146102-24399289-69475376","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#a7ec93","default":true}]}]}}