PMC:5126056 / 67342-71661 JSONTXT

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-25107740-246899","span":{"begin":314,"end":318},"obj":"25107740"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-246900","span":{"begin":456,"end":460},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-246901","span":{"begin":509,"end":513},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-18342861-246902","span":{"begin":531,"end":535},"obj":"18342861"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-246903","span":{"begin":594,"end":598},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-23087673-246904","span":{"begin":691,"end":695},"obj":"23087673"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-246905","span":{"begin":938,"end":942},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-23087673-246907","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1166},"obj":"23087673"},{"id":"27965528-26130238-246909","span":{"begin":1932,"end":1936},"obj":"26130238"},{"id":"27965528-17210738-246910","span":{"begin":2065,"end":2069},"obj":"17210738"},{"id":"27965528-26896564-246911","span":{"begin":2087,"end":2091},"obj":"26896564"},{"id":"27965528-16741144-246912","span":{"begin":2535,"end":2539},"obj":"16741144"},{"id":"27965528-25426099-246913","span":{"begin":2929,"end":2933},"obj":"25426099"},{"id":"27965528-27225429-246914","span":{"begin":3109,"end":3113},"obj":"27225429"},{"id":"27965528-27225429-246915","span":{"begin":3434,"end":3438},"obj":"27225429"},{"id":"27965528-26105807-246916","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3694},"obj":"26105807"},{"id":"27965528-19428995-246917","span":{"begin":3784,"end":3788},"obj":"19428995"},{"id":"27965528-27164487-246918","span":{"begin":4130,"end":4134},"obj":"27164487"}],"text":"Reproductive hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis\n\nGonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)\nGnRH is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn stimulate the release of gonadal steroids. Three major forms of GnRH are present in fish, GnRH 1, 2, and 3 (Roch et al., 2014). GnRH appears to act as an anorexigenic hormone, as in goldfish, ICV injections with GnRH2 not only stimulate spawning (Hoskins et al., 2008) but also decrease food intake (Hoskins et al., 2008; Matsuda et al., 2008) and hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression (Hoskins et al., 2008). Similarly, in zebrafish, ICV injections of GnRH2 decrease food intake (Nishiguchi et al., 2012). In addition, in goldfish, treatment with orexin stimulate feeding, inhibit spawning behavior, and decrease brain GnRH2 expression, suggesting a coordinated control of feeding and reproduction by the orexin and GnRH systems (Hoskins et al., 2008).\nIn winter flounder, fasting reduces both brain GnRH2 and GnRH3, but not GnRH1, mRNA expression levels (Tuziak and Volkoff, 2013b) and in zebrafish, GnRH2 brain mRNA levels increase in overfed fish (Nishiguchi et al., 2012). However, in Atlantic cod, neither GnRH2 nor GnRH3 brain transcripts are influenced by food deprivation (Tuziak and Volkoff, 2013a), suggesting that the role of GnRHs in the regulation of feeding might be species- and form-specific.\n\nRFamides\nRFamide peptides, first isolated in invertebrate species in the late 1970's and later found in vertebrates, act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In vertebrates, the RFamide peptide family consists of PRL-releasing peptides (PrRP), PQRFamide peptides (neuropeptide FF, NPFF), pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide (QRFP)/26RFamides, LPXRFamide peptides (gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, GnIH, in lower vertebrates, RFamide-related peptide-3, RFRP-3, in mammals) and kisspeptins (Tsutsui and Ubuka, 2013; Osugi et al., 2016). RFamides have been shown to regulate several physiological functions in vertebrates, including feeding (Bechtold and Luckman, 2007; Quillet et al., 2016). A number of RFamides have been identified in fish, although most have been examined for their role in reproduction and are not yet well characterized with regards to their potential role as feeding regulators.\nIn goldfish, IP or ICV administration of PrRP decrease food intake, and hypothalamic PrRP mRNA expression increases post-prandially and after food deprivation, suggesting an anorexigenic role for PrRP in goldfish (Kelly and Peter, 2006). In line with this hypothesis, in the euryhaline fish mudskipper (Periophthalmus modestus, Perciforme, gobidae), freshwater fish have lower food intake/growth rates than saltwater fish and higher brain and intestine PrRP mRNA expressions, suggesting that PrRP is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis in this species (Sakamoto et al., 2002; Tachibana and Sakamoto, 2014).\nTwo neuropeptide FF receptor 1 (NPFFR1) genes have been identified in carp and shown to display variations in expression associated with growth-related traits (Peng et al., 2016). As NPFF1 is receptor for neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and the LPXRFamide peptide RFamide-related peptide (RFRP), which are involved in control of feeding behavior in both invertebrates and vertebrates, these data suggest that NPFFR1s might be related to the regulation of growth and body weight in common carp (Peng et al., 2016). Similarly, in seabass, LPXRFamide-ir cells and/or fibers are present in feeding, gustatory, sensory, and behavioral centers of the brain, suggesting that it could be involved in the regulation of foraging/feeding behavior (Paullada-Salmerón et al., 2016).\nIn goldfish, hypothalamic expression of 26RFa increases in fasted animals (Liu et al., 2009) and IP injections of human RFRP-3 decrease food intake (Mawhinney, 2007), indicating that these neuropeptides might regulate food intake and energy balance in cyprinid fish.\nIn sea bass, food-restricted male fish display an increase in both kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor expressions in both pituitary and hypothalamus (Escobar et al., 2016), suggesting the kisspeptin system is affected by nutritional status. However, in goldfish, IP injections of mammalian kisspeptin appear to have no effect on feeding (Mawhinney, 2007)."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-25107740-38190833","span":{"begin":314,"end":318},"obj":"25107740"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-38190834","span":{"begin":456,"end":460},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-38190835","span":{"begin":509,"end":513},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-18342861-38190836","span":{"begin":531,"end":535},"obj":"18342861"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-38190837","span":{"begin":594,"end":598},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-23087673-38190838","span":{"begin":691,"end":695},"obj":"23087673"},{"id":"27965528-18544455-38190839","span":{"begin":938,"end":942},"obj":"18544455"},{"id":"27965528-23087673-38190841","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1166},"obj":"23087673"},{"id":"27965528-26130238-38190843","span":{"begin":1932,"end":1936},"obj":"26130238"},{"id":"27965528-17210738-38190844","span":{"begin":2065,"end":2069},"obj":"17210738"},{"id":"27965528-26896564-38190845","span":{"begin":2087,"end":2091},"obj":"26896564"},{"id":"27965528-16741144-38190846","span":{"begin":2535,"end":2539},"obj":"16741144"},{"id":"27965528-25426099-38190847","span":{"begin":2929,"end":2933},"obj":"25426099"},{"id":"27965528-27225429-38190848","span":{"begin":3109,"end":3113},"obj":"27225429"},{"id":"27965528-27225429-38190849","span":{"begin":3434,"end":3438},"obj":"27225429"},{"id":"27965528-26105807-38190850","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3694},"obj":"26105807"},{"id":"27965528-19428995-38190851","span":{"begin":3784,"end":3788},"obj":"19428995"},{"id":"27965528-27164487-38190852","span":{"begin":4130,"end":4134},"obj":"27164487"}],"text":"Reproductive hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis\n\nGonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)\nGnRH is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn stimulate the release of gonadal steroids. Three major forms of GnRH are present in fish, GnRH 1, 2, and 3 (Roch et al., 2014). GnRH appears to act as an anorexigenic hormone, as in goldfish, ICV injections with GnRH2 not only stimulate spawning (Hoskins et al., 2008) but also decrease food intake (Hoskins et al., 2008; Matsuda et al., 2008) and hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression (Hoskins et al., 2008). Similarly, in zebrafish, ICV injections of GnRH2 decrease food intake (Nishiguchi et al., 2012). In addition, in goldfish, treatment with orexin stimulate feeding, inhibit spawning behavior, and decrease brain GnRH2 expression, suggesting a coordinated control of feeding and reproduction by the orexin and GnRH systems (Hoskins et al., 2008).\nIn winter flounder, fasting reduces both brain GnRH2 and GnRH3, but not GnRH1, mRNA expression levels (Tuziak and Volkoff, 2013b) and in zebrafish, GnRH2 brain mRNA levels increase in overfed fish (Nishiguchi et al., 2012). However, in Atlantic cod, neither GnRH2 nor GnRH3 brain transcripts are influenced by food deprivation (Tuziak and Volkoff, 2013a), suggesting that the role of GnRHs in the regulation of feeding might be species- and form-specific.\n\nRFamides\nRFamide peptides, first isolated in invertebrate species in the late 1970's and later found in vertebrates, act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In vertebrates, the RFamide peptide family consists of PRL-releasing peptides (PrRP), PQRFamide peptides (neuropeptide FF, NPFF), pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide (QRFP)/26RFamides, LPXRFamide peptides (gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, GnIH, in lower vertebrates, RFamide-related peptide-3, RFRP-3, in mammals) and kisspeptins (Tsutsui and Ubuka, 2013; Osugi et al., 2016). RFamides have been shown to regulate several physiological functions in vertebrates, including feeding (Bechtold and Luckman, 2007; Quillet et al., 2016). A number of RFamides have been identified in fish, although most have been examined for their role in reproduction and are not yet well characterized with regards to their potential role as feeding regulators.\nIn goldfish, IP or ICV administration of PrRP decrease food intake, and hypothalamic PrRP mRNA expression increases post-prandially and after food deprivation, suggesting an anorexigenic role for PrRP in goldfish (Kelly and Peter, 2006). In line with this hypothesis, in the euryhaline fish mudskipper (Periophthalmus modestus, Perciforme, gobidae), freshwater fish have lower food intake/growth rates than saltwater fish and higher brain and intestine PrRP mRNA expressions, suggesting that PrRP is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis in this species (Sakamoto et al., 2002; Tachibana and Sakamoto, 2014).\nTwo neuropeptide FF receptor 1 (NPFFR1) genes have been identified in carp and shown to display variations in expression associated with growth-related traits (Peng et al., 2016). As NPFF1 is receptor for neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and the LPXRFamide peptide RFamide-related peptide (RFRP), which are involved in control of feeding behavior in both invertebrates and vertebrates, these data suggest that NPFFR1s might be related to the regulation of growth and body weight in common carp (Peng et al., 2016). Similarly, in seabass, LPXRFamide-ir cells and/or fibers are present in feeding, gustatory, sensory, and behavioral centers of the brain, suggesting that it could be involved in the regulation of foraging/feeding behavior (Paullada-Salmerón et al., 2016).\nIn goldfish, hypothalamic expression of 26RFa increases in fasted animals (Liu et al., 2009) and IP injections of human RFRP-3 decrease food intake (Mawhinney, 2007), indicating that these neuropeptides might regulate food intake and energy balance in cyprinid fish.\nIn sea bass, food-restricted male fish display an increase in both kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor expressions in both pituitary and hypothalamus (Escobar et al., 2016), suggesting the kisspeptin system is affected by nutritional status. However, in goldfish, IP injections of mammalian kisspeptin appear to have no effect on feeding (Mawhinney, 2007)."}