PMC:5126056 / 49651-52145 JSONTXT

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-10604470-246759","span":{"begin":117,"end":121},"obj":"10604470"},{"id":"27965528-17453675-246760","span":{"begin":206,"end":210},"obj":"17453675"},{"id":"27965528-11115782-246761","span":{"begin":358,"end":362},"obj":"11115782"},{"id":"27965528-12115908-246762","span":{"begin":455,"end":459},"obj":"12115908"},{"id":"27965528-12239128-246763","span":{"begin":693,"end":697},"obj":"12239128"},{"id":"27965528-23557643-246764","span":{"begin":845,"end":849},"obj":"23557643"},{"id":"27965528-21760819-246765","span":{"begin":925,"end":929},"obj":"21760819"},{"id":"27965528-24681192-246766","span":{"begin":949,"end":953},"obj":"24681192"},{"id":"27965528-27287038-246768","span":{"begin":1031,"end":1035},"obj":"27287038"},{"id":"27965528-24129070-246769","span":{"begin":1072,"end":1076},"obj":"24129070"},{"id":"27965528-20700399-246770","span":{"begin":1175,"end":1179},"obj":"20700399"},{"id":"27965528-19896947-246771","span":{"begin":1464,"end":1468},"obj":"19896947"},{"id":"27965528-20878468-246772","span":{"begin":1580,"end":1584},"obj":"20878468"},{"id":"27965528-26459641-246774","span":{"begin":1985,"end":1989},"obj":"26459641"},{"id":"27965528-22366470-246776","span":{"begin":2284,"end":2288},"obj":"22366470"}],"text":"Ghrelin\nOriginally discovered in rat stomach as an endogenous ligand to the GH secretagogue-receptor (Kojima et al., 1999) ghrelin is the only known orexigenic factor in the GIT of mammals (Higgins et al., 2007). In the 2000's, a ghrelin-like peptide which stimulated GH release was first described in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus; Shepherd et al., 2000) and a ghrelin-ir peptide was first detected in burbot (Lota lota) plasma (Mustonen et al., 2002). Using goldfish as a model, Unniappan et al. provided the first fish ghrelin cDNA sequence and the first evidence of an orexigenic role for ghrelin in fish, as central injections of ghrelin stimulated food intake (Unniappan et al., 2002). Subsequent studies on several fish species reported sequences for ghrelin and confirmed its role as an appetite stimulator in fish (see Jönsson, 2013 for a review), including other Cypriniformes [e.g., goldfish (Kang et al., 2011; Nisembaum et al., 2014; Blanco et al., 2016a); gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (Zhou et al., 2016); Schizothorax davidi (Zhou et al., 2014)], Characiformes (red-bellied piranha Volkoff, 2015b), Perciformes (Nile tilapia Schwandt et al., 2010), for which fasting-induced and periprandial changes in expression/protein levels occur. In Salmoniformes, there is contradictory evidence. In rainbow trout, central ghrelin injections and long-term peripheral treatment both decrease food intake compared to controls (Jönsson et al., 2010) and in Atlantic salmon, ghrelin plasma levels are lower in fasted fish compared with fed fish (Hevrøy et al., 2011) and show no clear periprandial changes (Vikesa et al., 2015), suggesting that ghrelin might have little effect or an inhibitory effect on feeding of in salmonids. In contrast, in brown trout (Salmo truta), ghrelin treatment increases foraging activity (Tinoco et al., 2014a). In rainbow trout, ICV ghrelin injections induce changes in parameters related to hepatic lipid metabolism (Velasco et al., 2016), suggesting a role of ghrelin in metabolism and nutrient storage. In yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) (Siluriforme), although fasting increases ghrelin expression (Zhang et al., 2016a), no periprandial differences in plasma or stomach ghrelin expression are observed (Peterson et al., 2012).\nIt thus seems that the role of ghrelin in the regulation of feeding and metabolism of fish is still unclear, and might be species- and form-specific, so that further studies on more species are required."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-10604470-38190693","span":{"begin":117,"end":121},"obj":"10604470"},{"id":"27965528-17453675-38190694","span":{"begin":206,"end":210},"obj":"17453675"},{"id":"27965528-11115782-38190695","span":{"begin":358,"end":362},"obj":"11115782"},{"id":"27965528-12115908-38190696","span":{"begin":455,"end":459},"obj":"12115908"},{"id":"27965528-12239128-38190697","span":{"begin":693,"end":697},"obj":"12239128"},{"id":"27965528-23557643-38190698","span":{"begin":845,"end":849},"obj":"23557643"},{"id":"27965528-21760819-38190699","span":{"begin":925,"end":929},"obj":"21760819"},{"id":"27965528-24681192-38190700","span":{"begin":949,"end":953},"obj":"24681192"},{"id":"27965528-27287038-38190702","span":{"begin":1031,"end":1035},"obj":"27287038"},{"id":"27965528-24129070-38190703","span":{"begin":1072,"end":1076},"obj":"24129070"},{"id":"27965528-20700399-38190704","span":{"begin":1175,"end":1179},"obj":"20700399"},{"id":"27965528-19896947-38190705","span":{"begin":1464,"end":1468},"obj":"19896947"},{"id":"27965528-20878468-38190706","span":{"begin":1580,"end":1584},"obj":"20878468"},{"id":"27965528-26459641-38190708","span":{"begin":1985,"end":1989},"obj":"26459641"},{"id":"27965528-22366470-38190710","span":{"begin":2284,"end":2288},"obj":"22366470"}],"text":"Ghrelin\nOriginally discovered in rat stomach as an endogenous ligand to the GH secretagogue-receptor (Kojima et al., 1999) ghrelin is the only known orexigenic factor in the GIT of mammals (Higgins et al., 2007). In the 2000's, a ghrelin-like peptide which stimulated GH release was first described in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus; Shepherd et al., 2000) and a ghrelin-ir peptide was first detected in burbot (Lota lota) plasma (Mustonen et al., 2002). Using goldfish as a model, Unniappan et al. provided the first fish ghrelin cDNA sequence and the first evidence of an orexigenic role for ghrelin in fish, as central injections of ghrelin stimulated food intake (Unniappan et al., 2002). Subsequent studies on several fish species reported sequences for ghrelin and confirmed its role as an appetite stimulator in fish (see Jönsson, 2013 for a review), including other Cypriniformes [e.g., goldfish (Kang et al., 2011; Nisembaum et al., 2014; Blanco et al., 2016a); gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (Zhou et al., 2016); Schizothorax davidi (Zhou et al., 2014)], Characiformes (red-bellied piranha Volkoff, 2015b), Perciformes (Nile tilapia Schwandt et al., 2010), for which fasting-induced and periprandial changes in expression/protein levels occur. In Salmoniformes, there is contradictory evidence. In rainbow trout, central ghrelin injections and long-term peripheral treatment both decrease food intake compared to controls (Jönsson et al., 2010) and in Atlantic salmon, ghrelin plasma levels are lower in fasted fish compared with fed fish (Hevrøy et al., 2011) and show no clear periprandial changes (Vikesa et al., 2015), suggesting that ghrelin might have little effect or an inhibitory effect on feeding of in salmonids. In contrast, in brown trout (Salmo truta), ghrelin treatment increases foraging activity (Tinoco et al., 2014a). In rainbow trout, ICV ghrelin injections induce changes in parameters related to hepatic lipid metabolism (Velasco et al., 2016), suggesting a role of ghrelin in metabolism and nutrient storage. In yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) (Siluriforme), although fasting increases ghrelin expression (Zhang et al., 2016a), no periprandial differences in plasma or stomach ghrelin expression are observed (Peterson et al., 2012).\nIt thus seems that the role of ghrelin in the regulation of feeding and metabolism of fish is still unclear, and might be species- and form-specific, so that further studies on more species are required."}