PMC:5126056 / 36132-40862 JSONTXT

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-25263831-246650","span":{"begin":97,"end":101},"obj":"25263831"},{"id":"27965528-10556637-246651","span":{"begin":306,"end":310},"obj":"10556637"},{"id":"27965528-19549926-246652","span":{"begin":349,"end":353},"obj":"19549926"},{"id":"27965528-25263831-246653","span":{"begin":364,"end":368},"obj":"25263831"},{"id":"27965528-19723028-246654","span":{"begin":509,"end":513},"obj":"19723028"},{"id":"27965528-10556637-246655","span":{"begin":550,"end":554},"obj":"10556637"},{"id":"27965528-16503924-246656","span":{"begin":574,"end":578},"obj":"16503924"},{"id":"27965528-22001787-246657","span":{"begin":597,"end":601},"obj":"22001787"},{"id":"27965528-21616109-246658","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"21616109"},{"id":"27965528-24287340-246659","span":{"begin":742,"end":746},"obj":"24287340"},{"id":"27965528-21600944-246660","span":{"begin":978,"end":982},"obj":"21600944"},{"id":"27965528-18816789-246661","span":{"begin":1177,"end":1181},"obj":"18816789"},{"id":"27965528-22226758-246662","span":{"begin":1438,"end":1442},"obj":"22226758"},{"id":"27965528-20305645-246663","span":{"begin":1577,"end":1581},"obj":"20305645"},{"id":"27965528-24573274-246664","span":{"begin":1647,"end":1651},"obj":"24573274"},{"id":"27965528-23305930-246665","span":{"begin":1752,"end":1756},"obj":"23305930"},{"id":"27965528-27468955-246666","span":{"begin":1808,"end":1812},"obj":"27468955"},{"id":"27965528-27717774-246667","span":{"begin":1866,"end":1870},"obj":"27717774"},{"id":"27965528-21600944-246668","span":{"begin":1938,"end":1942},"obj":"21600944"},{"id":"27965528-21698794-246669","span":{"begin":1970,"end":1974},"obj":"21698794"},{"id":"27965528-17434256-246670","span":{"begin":2044,"end":2048},"obj":"17434256"},{"id":"27965528-22226758-246671","span":{"begin":2158,"end":2162},"obj":"22226758"},{"id":"27965528-21192941-246672","span":{"begin":2259,"end":2263},"obj":"21192941"},{"id":"27965528-21616109-246673","span":{"begin":2295,"end":2299},"obj":"21616109"},{"id":"27965528-23305930-246674","span":{"begin":2344,"end":2348},"obj":"23305930"},{"id":"27965528-27468955-246675","span":{"begin":2374,"end":2378},"obj":"27468955"},{"id":"27965528-27717774-246676","span":{"begin":2401,"end":2405},"obj":"27717774"},{"id":"27965528-20685285-246677","span":{"begin":2503,"end":2507},"obj":"20685285"},{"id":"27965528-22233495-246678","span":{"begin":2542,"end":2546},"obj":"22233495"},{"id":"27965528-22561338-246679","span":{"begin":2693,"end":2697},"obj":"22561338"},{"id":"27965528-17434256-246680","span":{"begin":2842,"end":2846},"obj":"17434256"},{"id":"27965528-25151310-246681","span":{"begin":2957,"end":2961},"obj":"25151310"},{"id":"27965528-26096763-246683","span":{"begin":3604,"end":3608},"obj":"26096763"},{"id":"27965528-17027984-246684","span":{"begin":3961,"end":3965},"obj":"17027984"},{"id":"27965528-24138942-246685","span":{"begin":4144,"end":4148},"obj":"24138942"},{"id":"27965528-25169954-246686","span":{"begin":4427,"end":4431},"obj":"25169954"},{"id":"27965528-20875823-246687","span":{"begin":4567,"end":4571},"obj":"20875823"}],"text":"Orexin\nOrexins (also called hypocretins) are neuropeptides originally isolated in rats (Sakurai, 2014), that have since been identified in several fish species. The first direct evidence of an orexigenic action of orexins was shown via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections in goldfish (Volkoff et al., 1999). As in mammals (Tsujino and Sakurai, 2009; Sakurai, 2014), orexins increase not only appetite and feeding behavior but also locomotor activity and reward-seeking/foraging behavior in fish (Panula, 2010).\nIn both goldfish (Volkoff et al., 1999; Nakamachi et al., 2006; Facciolo et al., 2011) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Yokobori et al., 2011) (Cypriniformes), and cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) (Characiforme) (Penney and Volkoff, 2014), orexin injections increase searching/feeding behaviors. In orange-spotted grouper (Perciforme), intraperitoneal (IP) orexin injections increase hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of NPY, a major appetite stimulator (Yan et al., 2011), further suggesting an orexigenic role. However, in ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo) (Perciforme), orexin IP injections induce increases in locomotion but decreases in feeding (Facciolo et al., 2009), suggesting that the major role of orexin might be induction of hyperactivity rather than increasing food ingestion. Indeed, in goldfish, hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression levels peak when fish are active prior to a scheduled meal (Hoskins and Volkoff, 2012) and in zebrafish, increased locomotor activity is associated with increased activity of hypothalamic orexin neurons (Naumann et al., 2010) and larvae overexpressing orexin are hyperactive (Woods et al., 2014). Similarly, orexin expression decreases post-feeding in Characiformes [cavefish (Wall and Volkoff, 2013), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) (Volkoff et al., 2016) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) (Volkoff et al., 2017)] and is higher at mealtime in orange-spotted grouper (Yan et al., 2011) and tilapia (Chen et al., 2011) (Perciformes), as well as Atlantic cod (Gadiforme) (Xu and Volkoff, 2007). In cod, orexin levels are also higher during daylight hours, when animals are active (Hoskins and Volkoff, 2012).\nFasting increases orexin brain mRNA expression in Cypriniformes (goldfish Abbott and Volkoff, 2011 and zebrafish Yokobori et al., 2011), Characiformes (cavefish Wall and Volkoff, 2013, dourado Volkoff et al., 2016, pacu Volkoff et al., 2017, and red-bellied piranha Volkoff, 2014a), and Pleuronectiformes (winter flounder Buckley et al., 2010 and Barfin flounder Amiya et al., 2012). In the mouth-brooding Astatotilapia burtoni (Perciforme), brain orexin mRNA levels increase in non-feeding females carrying eggs (Grone et al., 2012). In Atlantic cod (Gadiforme), orexin brain expression levels are higher in fish fed low rations than in fish fed high rations (Xu and Volkoff, 2007) or in fish fed the 30% camelina (plant) meal diet compared to fish fed a control (fish) diet (Tuziak et al., 2014), suggesting an effect of food quality and quantity on orexin expression. However, torpid cunner (Peciforme, labridae) undergoing a long-term fasting have low brain and gut orexin expression levels (Babichuk and Volkoff, 2013; Hayes and Volkoff, 2014), but this decrease might be due to a toprpor-induced general metabolic shutdown.\nAnatomical studies provide further evidence for a role of orexin in nutrient digestion/abrorption and growth. In several fish species, e.g., pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) (Characiforme) (Volkoff, 2015a), cunner (Perciforme) (Hayes and Volkoff, 2014) and rainbow trout (Salmoniforme) (Varricchio et al., 2015), orexin mRNA/protein expression is high in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting a role of the orexin system in regulating feeding and digestive processes. Among Perciformes, in Japanese sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus), orexin-like ir is present in pituitary GH-containing cells, suggesting a control of growth by the orexin system (Suzuki et al., 2007) and in Cichlasoma dimerus, orexin-ir fibers are present in both hypothalamus and in pituitary, suggesting a neuroendocrine control of pituitary secretions (Pérez Sirkin et al., 2013).\nIn addition to teleosts, orexin has been examined in the primitive bony fish birchir Polypterus senegalus and rope fish Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Chondrosteans, Polypteriformes) for which the brain orexin ir patterns are similar to that of other fish examined (López et al., 2014) and in the Chondrichthyan winter skate (Rajiforme), in which fasting increases hypothalamic orexin expression (MacDonald and Volkoff, 2010).\nOverall, it appears that in all fish species studied to date, orexin is related to both food intake and appetitive/searching behavior and perhaps to growth."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27965528-25263831-38190584","span":{"begin":97,"end":101},"obj":"25263831"},{"id":"27965528-10556637-38190585","span":{"begin":306,"end":310},"obj":"10556637"},{"id":"27965528-19549926-38190586","span":{"begin":349,"end":353},"obj":"19549926"},{"id":"27965528-25263831-38190587","span":{"begin":364,"end":368},"obj":"25263831"},{"id":"27965528-19723028-38190588","span":{"begin":509,"end":513},"obj":"19723028"},{"id":"27965528-10556637-38190589","span":{"begin":550,"end":554},"obj":"10556637"},{"id":"27965528-16503924-38190590","span":{"begin":574,"end":578},"obj":"16503924"},{"id":"27965528-22001787-38190591","span":{"begin":597,"end":601},"obj":"22001787"},{"id":"27965528-21616109-38190592","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"21616109"},{"id":"27965528-24287340-38190593","span":{"begin":742,"end":746},"obj":"24287340"},{"id":"27965528-21600944-38190594","span":{"begin":978,"end":982},"obj":"21600944"},{"id":"27965528-18816789-38190595","span":{"begin":1177,"end":1181},"obj":"18816789"},{"id":"27965528-22226758-38190596","span":{"begin":1438,"end":1442},"obj":"22226758"},{"id":"27965528-20305645-38190597","span":{"begin":1577,"end":1581},"obj":"20305645"},{"id":"27965528-24573274-38190598","span":{"begin":1647,"end":1651},"obj":"24573274"},{"id":"27965528-23305930-38190599","span":{"begin":1752,"end":1756},"obj":"23305930"},{"id":"27965528-27468955-38190600","span":{"begin":1808,"end":1812},"obj":"27468955"},{"id":"27965528-27717774-38190601","span":{"begin":1866,"end":1870},"obj":"27717774"},{"id":"27965528-21600944-38190602","span":{"begin":1938,"end":1942},"obj":"21600944"},{"id":"27965528-21698794-38190603","span":{"begin":1970,"end":1974},"obj":"21698794"},{"id":"27965528-17434256-38190604","span":{"begin":2044,"end":2048},"obj":"17434256"},{"id":"27965528-22226758-38190605","span":{"begin":2158,"end":2162},"obj":"22226758"},{"id":"27965528-21192941-38190606","span":{"begin":2259,"end":2263},"obj":"21192941"},{"id":"27965528-21616109-38190607","span":{"begin":2295,"end":2299},"obj":"21616109"},{"id":"27965528-23305930-38190608","span":{"begin":2344,"end":2348},"obj":"23305930"},{"id":"27965528-27468955-38190609","span":{"begin":2374,"end":2378},"obj":"27468955"},{"id":"27965528-27717774-38190610","span":{"begin":2401,"end":2405},"obj":"27717774"},{"id":"27965528-20685285-38190611","span":{"begin":2503,"end":2507},"obj":"20685285"},{"id":"27965528-22233495-38190612","span":{"begin":2542,"end":2546},"obj":"22233495"},{"id":"27965528-22561338-38190613","span":{"begin":2693,"end":2697},"obj":"22561338"},{"id":"27965528-17434256-38190614","span":{"begin":2842,"end":2846},"obj":"17434256"},{"id":"27965528-25151310-38190615","span":{"begin":2957,"end":2961},"obj":"25151310"},{"id":"27965528-26096763-38190617","span":{"begin":3604,"end":3608},"obj":"26096763"},{"id":"27965528-17027984-38190618","span":{"begin":3961,"end":3965},"obj":"17027984"},{"id":"27965528-24138942-38190619","span":{"begin":4144,"end":4148},"obj":"24138942"},{"id":"27965528-25169954-38190620","span":{"begin":4427,"end":4431},"obj":"25169954"},{"id":"27965528-20875823-38190621","span":{"begin":4567,"end":4571},"obj":"20875823"}],"text":"Orexin\nOrexins (also called hypocretins) are neuropeptides originally isolated in rats (Sakurai, 2014), that have since been identified in several fish species. The first direct evidence of an orexigenic action of orexins was shown via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections in goldfish (Volkoff et al., 1999). As in mammals (Tsujino and Sakurai, 2009; Sakurai, 2014), orexins increase not only appetite and feeding behavior but also locomotor activity and reward-seeking/foraging behavior in fish (Panula, 2010).\nIn both goldfish (Volkoff et al., 1999; Nakamachi et al., 2006; Facciolo et al., 2011) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Yokobori et al., 2011) (Cypriniformes), and cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) (Characiforme) (Penney and Volkoff, 2014), orexin injections increase searching/feeding behaviors. In orange-spotted grouper (Perciforme), intraperitoneal (IP) orexin injections increase hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of NPY, a major appetite stimulator (Yan et al., 2011), further suggesting an orexigenic role. However, in ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo) (Perciforme), orexin IP injections induce increases in locomotion but decreases in feeding (Facciolo et al., 2009), suggesting that the major role of orexin might be induction of hyperactivity rather than increasing food ingestion. Indeed, in goldfish, hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression levels peak when fish are active prior to a scheduled meal (Hoskins and Volkoff, 2012) and in zebrafish, increased locomotor activity is associated with increased activity of hypothalamic orexin neurons (Naumann et al., 2010) and larvae overexpressing orexin are hyperactive (Woods et al., 2014). Similarly, orexin expression decreases post-feeding in Characiformes [cavefish (Wall and Volkoff, 2013), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) (Volkoff et al., 2016) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) (Volkoff et al., 2017)] and is higher at mealtime in orange-spotted grouper (Yan et al., 2011) and tilapia (Chen et al., 2011) (Perciformes), as well as Atlantic cod (Gadiforme) (Xu and Volkoff, 2007). In cod, orexin levels are also higher during daylight hours, when animals are active (Hoskins and Volkoff, 2012).\nFasting increases orexin brain mRNA expression in Cypriniformes (goldfish Abbott and Volkoff, 2011 and zebrafish Yokobori et al., 2011), Characiformes (cavefish Wall and Volkoff, 2013, dourado Volkoff et al., 2016, pacu Volkoff et al., 2017, and red-bellied piranha Volkoff, 2014a), and Pleuronectiformes (winter flounder Buckley et al., 2010 and Barfin flounder Amiya et al., 2012). In the mouth-brooding Astatotilapia burtoni (Perciforme), brain orexin mRNA levels increase in non-feeding females carrying eggs (Grone et al., 2012). In Atlantic cod (Gadiforme), orexin brain expression levels are higher in fish fed low rations than in fish fed high rations (Xu and Volkoff, 2007) or in fish fed the 30% camelina (plant) meal diet compared to fish fed a control (fish) diet (Tuziak et al., 2014), suggesting an effect of food quality and quantity on orexin expression. However, torpid cunner (Peciforme, labridae) undergoing a long-term fasting have low brain and gut orexin expression levels (Babichuk and Volkoff, 2013; Hayes and Volkoff, 2014), but this decrease might be due to a toprpor-induced general metabolic shutdown.\nAnatomical studies provide further evidence for a role of orexin in nutrient digestion/abrorption and growth. In several fish species, e.g., pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) (Characiforme) (Volkoff, 2015a), cunner (Perciforme) (Hayes and Volkoff, 2014) and rainbow trout (Salmoniforme) (Varricchio et al., 2015), orexin mRNA/protein expression is high in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting a role of the orexin system in regulating feeding and digestive processes. Among Perciformes, in Japanese sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus), orexin-like ir is present in pituitary GH-containing cells, suggesting a control of growth by the orexin system (Suzuki et al., 2007) and in Cichlasoma dimerus, orexin-ir fibers are present in both hypothalamus and in pituitary, suggesting a neuroendocrine control of pituitary secretions (Pérez Sirkin et al., 2013).\nIn addition to teleosts, orexin has been examined in the primitive bony fish birchir Polypterus senegalus and rope fish Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Chondrosteans, Polypteriformes) for which the brain orexin ir patterns are similar to that of other fish examined (López et al., 2014) and in the Chondrichthyan winter skate (Rajiforme), in which fasting increases hypothalamic orexin expression (MacDonald and Volkoff, 2010).\nOverall, it appears that in all fish species studied to date, orexin is related to both food intake and appetitive/searching behavior and perhaps to growth."}