PMC:5118433 / 2619-6755 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/5118433","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"5118433","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/5118433","text":"Introduction\nA diverse microbiota is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chickens, most predominant in the cecum (Mead, 1997; Videnska et al., 2014). The gut microbiota plays an essential role in nutrition, detoxification of certain compounds, growth performance and protection against pathogenic bacteria. The microbiota is crucial to strengthen the immune system, thereby affecting growth, health, and wellbeing of chicken. Generally, the gut microbiota modulates host responses to limit the colonization of pathogens (Rehman et al., 2007). There is little information about the diversity and function of the gut microbiota in chickens, its impact on the host and the impact of certain pathogens.\nDevelopment of the gut microbiota in chickens occurs immediately after hatching and is influenced by both genetic and external factors like diet and environment (Apajalahti et al., 2004). It was reported that disturbances in the intestinal microbiota leads to a delay in growth, weakens the host resistance and increases the susceptibility to various infectious diseases (Lan et al., 2004). Gong et al. (2002) demonstrated that the cecal microbiota protects chickens against bacterial infections, while microbiota in the small intestine contributes significantly to its function, including digestion and nutrient absorption, which significantly determines the growth rate of the bird. Studies on gut microbiota have mostly been performed with chickens older than 1 week of age due to the various influences in day-old birds. However, the composition of gut microbiota at the first day of life in newly hatched chickens is a matter of interest within a longitudinal study. Therefore, the focus of the actual study was to determine the diversity and community structures of the microbiota within the small and large intestine from hatch until 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, differences among the mucosa-associated and luminal content microbiota were determined for the first time.\nCampylobacter (C.) jejuni is the most common cause of food-borne bacterial enteritis worldwide (EFSA, 2011). C. jejuni infection of chickens had previously not been considered to influence bird health and it was thought that C. jejuni is part of the normal microbiota of birds (EFSA, 2011). Understanding how Campylobacter species, especially C. jejuni, establishes successful colonization in chickens remains a foremost research priority as this gastrointestinal pathogen not only overcomes the host's defense system, but also competes with the microbial community for space and nutrients.\nIt has been shown that Campylobacter requires numerous factors to successfully colonize the host, to translocate and to avoid clearance (Awad et al., 2014, 2015a,b, 2016; Humphrey et al., 2014). In addition, Awad et al. (2016) showed that Campylobacter had the ability to reduce butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate which might be due to the utilization of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as a carbon source (Masanta et al., 2013) or due to the reduction of butyric acid producing bacteria amongst the microbiota. In general, there is a complex interplay between microbiota composition and SCFAs concentration and it was found that the type and level of SCFAs in the gut can affect different members of the microbial community in various ways (Mon et al., 2015).\nIt is still unknown how C. jejuni affects the ecology of the chicken gut, a feature of high importance considering a possible detrimental effect on the health of birds associated with C. jejuni colonization. Haag et al. (2012) demonstrated that C. jejuni colonization in mice depends on the microbiota of the host and vice versa and Campylobacter colonization induces a shift of the intestinal microbiota. Thus, it can be hypothesized that Campylobacter colonization is associated with an alteration in the intestinal microbiota of chickens as well. Therefore, the second aim of the actual study was to investigate the dynamics of an experimental Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 12744 infection in 14–28 days old chickens and the consequences on the alteration of the gut microbiome.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":12}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":13,"end":715}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":716,"end":1992}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1993,"end":2583}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":2584,"end":3358}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27921008-25501990-32098685","span":{"begin":160,"end":164},"obj":"25501990"},{"id":"27921008-18030916-32098686","span":{"begin":553,"end":557},"obj":"18030916"},{"id":"27921008-15611608-32098687","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1104},"obj":"15611608"},{"id":"27921008-19709251-32098688","span":{"begin":1120,"end":1124},"obj":"19709251"},{"id":"27921008-27441839-32098689","span":{"begin":2095,"end":2099},"obj":"27441839"},{"id":"27921008-27441839-32098690","span":{"begin":2277,"end":2281},"obj":"27441839"},{"id":"27921008-24834798-32098691","span":{"begin":2734,"end":2738},"obj":"24834798"},{"id":"27921008-27143773-32098693","span":{"begin":2749,"end":2753},"obj":"27143773"},{"id":"27921008-24987092-32098694","span":{"begin":2772,"end":2776},"obj":"24987092"},{"id":"27921008-27143773-32098695","span":{"begin":2805,"end":2809},"obj":"27143773"},{"id":"27921008-24324507-32098696","span":{"begin":3021,"end":3025},"obj":"24324507"},{"id":"27921008-26664988-32098697","span":{"begin":3352,"end":3356},"obj":"26664988"},{"id":"27921008-22563475-32098698","span":{"begin":3580,"end":3584},"obj":"22563475"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"27921008-25501990-32098685","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-18030916-32098686","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-15611608-32098687","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-19709251-32098688","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-27441839-32098689","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-27441839-32098690","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-24834798-32098691","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-27143773-32098693","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-24987092-32098694","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-27143773-32098695","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-24324507-32098696","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-26664988-32098697","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"27921008-22563475-32098698","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]},{"project":"MyTest","denotations":[{"id":"27921008-25501990-32098685","span":{"begin":160,"end":164},"obj":"25501990"},{"id":"27921008-18030916-32098686","span":{"begin":553,"end":557},"obj":"18030916"},{"id":"27921008-15611608-32098687","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1104},"obj":"15611608"},{"id":"27921008-19709251-32098688","span":{"begin":1120,"end":1124},"obj":"19709251"},{"id":"27921008-27441839-32098689","span":{"begin":2095,"end":2099},"obj":"27441839"},{"id":"27921008-27441839-32098690","span":{"begin":2277,"end":2281},"obj":"27441839"},{"id":"27921008-24834798-32098691","span":{"begin":2734,"end":2738},"obj":"24834798"},{"id":"27921008-27143773-32098693","span":{"begin":2749,"end":2753},"obj":"27143773"},{"id":"27921008-24987092-32098694","span":{"begin":2772,"end":2776},"obj":"24987092"},{"id":"27921008-27143773-32098695","span":{"begin":2805,"end":2809},"obj":"27143773"},{"id":"27921008-24324507-32098696","span":{"begin":3021,"end":3025},"obj":"24324507"},{"id":"27921008-26664988-32098697","span":{"begin":3352,"end":3356},"obj":"26664988"},{"id":"27921008-22563475-32098698","span":{"begin":3580,"end":3584},"obj":"22563475"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/testbase"},{"prefix":"UniProtKB","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"},{"prefix":"uniprot","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"27921008-25501990-32098685","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-18030916-32098686","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-15611608-32098687","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-19709251-32098688","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-27441839-32098689","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-27441839-32098690","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-24834798-32098691","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-27143773-32098693","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-24987092-32098694","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-27143773-32098695","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-24324507-32098696","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-26664988-32098697","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"},{"subj":"27921008-22563475-32098698","pred":"source","obj":"MyTest"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#eca193","default":true},{"id":"MyTest","color":"#939fec"}]}]}}