PMC:5113056 / 20221-22719 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27599472-24108616-27784080","span":{"begin":974,"end":976},"obj":"24108616"}],"text":"Preventing translocation of infectious pathogens through anthropogenic activities, including the global pet trade, has the potential to reduce the frequency and magnitude of EIDs that can affect human health, food security and global biodiversity. However, the scale of legal trade in wildlife species alone was valued at $323 billion USD in 2009,37 and mitigation of unintended global translocations of exotic pathogens will require a multifaceted approach. An example of one strategy is the recently imposed ban on importation and interstate transport within the United States of salamander species that may harbor the fungal pathogen Bsal (50 CFR Part 16). Recognition of the serious threat presented by Bsal and actions taken to prevent this invasive pathogen from reaching North America represent a substantial advance in proactive response to EIDs. Although the 11 newt carcasses and 75 skin swabs collected from live newts in the same shipment were negative for Bsal,38 discovery of SVCV, a major finfish pathogen in an imported amphibian species, provides further support for the importation ban. However, such restriction can be controversial, having economic, political, conservation and cultural impacts. Furthermore, as demonstrated by this study in which viable SVCV was identified in a novel order of vertebrate hosts, banning translocation of host species known to harbor a certain pathogen does not guarantee that a different host will not harbor the same pathogen. Similarly, bans targeting pathogens of concern may fail to prevent the movement of cryptic infectious agents that are currently unrecognized because they do not cause disease in hosts within their native ranges. In such cases, agent-agnostic diagnostic tools, such as virus isolation and Next-Generation Sequencing, may be necessary to provide comprehensive pathogen surveillance. Coordinated surveillance systems together with increased understanding of potentially novel pathogens offer the ability to augment importation restrictions by facilitating early detection and eradication of pathogens should they be introduced. Overall, restrictions on movement of some host species, active surveillance, quarantine practices, screening for known pathogens, basic research aimed at identifying possible pathogens before they emerge and educational campaigns emphasizing potential risks associated with release of invasive species can together underpin an international strategy to reduce risks of pathogen introduction."}

{"project":"MyTest","denotations":[{"id":"27599472-24108616-27784080","span":{"begin":974,"end":977},"obj":"24108616"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/testbase"},{"prefix":"UniProtKB","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"},{"prefix":"uniprot","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/"}],"text":"Preventing translocation of infectious pathogens through anthropogenic activities, including the global pet trade, has the potential to reduce the frequency and magnitude of EIDs that can affect human health, food security and global biodiversity. However, the scale of legal trade in wildlife species alone was valued at $323 billion USD in 2009,37 and mitigation of unintended global translocations of exotic pathogens will require a multifaceted approach. An example of one strategy is the recently imposed ban on importation and interstate transport within the United States of salamander species that may harbor the fungal pathogen Bsal (50 CFR Part 16). Recognition of the serious threat presented by Bsal and actions taken to prevent this invasive pathogen from reaching North America represent a substantial advance in proactive response to EIDs. Although the 11 newt carcasses and 75 skin swabs collected from live newts in the same shipment were negative for Bsal,38 discovery of SVCV, a major finfish pathogen in an imported amphibian species, provides further support for the importation ban. However, such restriction can be controversial, having economic, political, conservation and cultural impacts. Furthermore, as demonstrated by this study in which viable SVCV was identified in a novel order of vertebrate hosts, banning translocation of host species known to harbor a certain pathogen does not guarantee that a different host will not harbor the same pathogen. Similarly, bans targeting pathogens of concern may fail to prevent the movement of cryptic infectious agents that are currently unrecognized because they do not cause disease in hosts within their native ranges. In such cases, agent-agnostic diagnostic tools, such as virus isolation and Next-Generation Sequencing, may be necessary to provide comprehensive pathogen surveillance. Coordinated surveillance systems together with increased understanding of potentially novel pathogens offer the ability to augment importation restrictions by facilitating early detection and eradication of pathogens should they be introduced. Overall, restrictions on movement of some host species, active surveillance, quarantine practices, screening for known pathogens, basic research aimed at identifying possible pathogens before they emerge and educational campaigns emphasizing potential risks associated with release of invasive species can together underpin an international strategy to reduce risks of pathogen introduction."}