PMC:4927924 / 15924-17831 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4927924","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4927924","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4927924","text":"Constipation\nConstipation is common in PD affecting 28–61% of patients [46]. In the Honolulu-Asia Aging study men with bowel movement frequencies of less than once per day had a relative risk for incident PD of at least 2.7 compared to men with more frequent bowel function [10]. The brains of 245 subjects from this cohort were available for post-mortem examination and –consistent with the above finding –there was a significant association of constipation in life with the prevalence of incidental Lewy Bodies in the SN at post-mortem: 24.1% of those who had reported less than 1 bowel movement per day had this pathologic feature as compared to 6.5% of those with bowel movement frequencies of greater than 1 per day [65]. Interestingly, several studies have recently reported on findings of synuclein-immunostaining in the enteric nervous system of PD subjects using colonic biopsies providing a possible link between colonic dysmotility and synuclein-related neurodegeneration in PD [65, 66]. However, specificity for PD seems to be rather low (see below under tissue biomarkers).\nIntriguing as these associations are, none of the nonmotor symptoms discussed above in themselves have sufficient specificity to qualify for screening for PD risk in the population. While sensitivity for future PD can be as high as 80% for features like hyposmia or constipation, their specificity is low [47]. Although specificity and predictive value of idiopathic RBD for PD risk are much higher, sensitivity is quite low. In addition, for low prevalence disorders like PD, by definition positive predictive values of any of the features discussed are small and would only be in the order of 50% even for markers of 99% specificity [67]. Therefore, future screening tools to narrow down at-risk populations for PD will likely require the use of multiple markers potentially including imaging and molecular biomarkers.","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":12}}],"tracks":[{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"26485429-59-65-1671236","span":{"begin":72,"end":74},"obj":"[\"18353132\"]"},{"id":"26485429-198-204-1671237","span":{"begin":275,"end":277},"obj":"[\"11502913\"]"},{"id":"26485429-235-241-1671238","span":{"begin":722,"end":724},"obj":"[\"21878391\"]"},{"id":"26485429-236-242-1671239","span":{"begin":994,"end":996},"obj":"[\"21878391\"]"},{"id":"26485429-124-130-1671240","span":{"begin":1393,"end":1395},"obj":"[\"22508280\"]"},{"id":"26485429-210-216-1671241","span":{"begin":1723,"end":1725},"obj":"[\"22508279\"]"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"26485429-59-65-1671236","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"26485429-198-204-1671237","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"26485429-235-241-1671238","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"26485429-236-242-1671239","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"26485429-124-130-1671240","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"26485429-210-216-1671241","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"26485429-18353132-64047465","span":{"begin":72,"end":74},"obj":"18353132"},{"id":"26485429-11502913-64047466","span":{"begin":275,"end":277},"obj":"11502913"},{"id":"26485429-21878391-64047467","span":{"begin":722,"end":724},"obj":"21878391"},{"id":"26485429-21878391-64047468","span":{"begin":994,"end":996},"obj":"21878391"},{"id":"26485429-22508280-64047469","span":{"begin":1393,"end":1395},"obj":"22508280"},{"id":"26485429-22508279-64047470","span":{"begin":1723,"end":1725},"obj":"22508279"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"26485429-18353132-64047465","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"26485429-11502913-64047466","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"26485429-21878391-64047467","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"26485429-21878391-64047468","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"26485429-22508280-64047469","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"26485429-22508279-64047470","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"TEST0","color":"#93ece0","default":true},{"id":"2_test","color":"#ecc693"}]}]}}