PMC:4875991 / 18203-19977 JSONTXT

{"project":"MyTest","denotations":[{"id":"27242911-17321756-29597007","span":{"begin":380,"end":383},"obj":"17321756"},{"id":"27242911-17180866-29597008","span":{"begin":385,"end":388},"obj":"17180866"},{"id":"27242911-18697882-29597009","span":{"begin":496,"end":499},"obj":"18697882"},{"id":"27242911-14706483-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"14706483"},{"id":"27242911-18832527-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"18832527"},{"id":"27242911-11923446-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"11923446"},{"id":"27242911-10862936-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"10862936"},{"id":"27242911-20347878-29597011","span":{"begin":1400,"end":1403},"obj":"20347878"},{"id":"27242911-20493267-29597012","span":{"begin":1426,"end":1429},"obj":"20493267"},{"id":"27242911-24214801-29597013","span":{"begin":1566,"end":1569},"obj":"24214801"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/testbase"},{"prefix":"UniProtKB","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"},{"prefix":"uniprot","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/"}],"text":"4.2.2. Demographic Characteristics of Participants\nSome demographic characteristics of participants including age, gender, race, and handedness should be defined in the inclusion criteria.\nThe changes of cerebral function and structure come with age. Some studies indicated that the cerebral glucose metabolism decreased unevenly and brain tissues began aging after 40 years old [182, 183]. Older age directly correlated with reduced gray matter volume in bilateral rostral and right dorsal ACC [184]. So the age range of participants should not be ignored in neuroimaging studies. However we found that most of these studies (101 studies) described the age range of participants, that the average age range of healthy subjects was 18.3 years old, and that the average age range of patients was 29 years old. Even in some studies, the age range was more than 50 years old. It is better to keep the age range within 20 years to reduce the effect of outlier.\nThe functional and structural differences in human brain induced by handedness have long been investigated [185–188], although the mechanism remains unclear. So the majority of the current studies (137 studies) choose right-hand participants.\nFurthermore, gender differences of the human brain are an important issue in neuroimaging studies. It has been identified that gender has significant influence on the regional neuronal activity [189, 190] and brain structure [191]. Race differences may lead to differences of brain function and structure. For example, it is reported that brain size varies by race [192]. In this study, we found that 14 studies (8.33%) described and restricted the race of the participants. Taking gender and race as covariates is needed when designing acupuncture-neuroimaging experiments."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"27242911-17321756-29597007","span":{"begin":380,"end":383},"obj":"17321756"},{"id":"27242911-17180866-29597008","span":{"begin":385,"end":388},"obj":"17180866"},{"id":"27242911-18697882-29597009","span":{"begin":496,"end":499},"obj":"18697882"},{"id":"27242911-14706483-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"14706483"},{"id":"27242911-18832527-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"18832527"},{"id":"27242911-11923446-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"11923446"},{"id":"27242911-10862936-29597010","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1068},"obj":"10862936"},{"id":"27242911-20347878-29597011","span":{"begin":1400,"end":1403},"obj":"20347878"},{"id":"27242911-20493267-29597012","span":{"begin":1426,"end":1429},"obj":"20493267"},{"id":"27242911-24214801-29597013","span":{"begin":1566,"end":1569},"obj":"24214801"}],"text":"4.2.2. Demographic Characteristics of Participants\nSome demographic characteristics of participants including age, gender, race, and handedness should be defined in the inclusion criteria.\nThe changes of cerebral function and structure come with age. Some studies indicated that the cerebral glucose metabolism decreased unevenly and brain tissues began aging after 40 years old [182, 183]. Older age directly correlated with reduced gray matter volume in bilateral rostral and right dorsal ACC [184]. So the age range of participants should not be ignored in neuroimaging studies. However we found that most of these studies (101 studies) described the age range of participants, that the average age range of healthy subjects was 18.3 years old, and that the average age range of patients was 29 years old. Even in some studies, the age range was more than 50 years old. It is better to keep the age range within 20 years to reduce the effect of outlier.\nThe functional and structural differences in human brain induced by handedness have long been investigated [185–188], although the mechanism remains unclear. So the majority of the current studies (137 studies) choose right-hand participants.\nFurthermore, gender differences of the human brain are an important issue in neuroimaging studies. It has been identified that gender has significant influence on the regional neuronal activity [189, 190] and brain structure [191]. Race differences may lead to differences of brain function and structure. For example, it is reported that brain size varies by race [192]. In this study, we found that 14 studies (8.33%) described and restricted the race of the participants. Taking gender and race as covariates is needed when designing acupuncture-neuroimaging experiments."}