PMC:4801059 / 11858-13741 JSONTXT

{"project":"MyTest","denotations":[{"id":"26884414-1576274-29787839","span":{"begin":222,"end":224},"obj":"1576274"},{"id":"26884414-23841730-29787840","span":{"begin":470,"end":472},"obj":"23841730"},{"id":"26884414-22337938-29787841","span":{"begin":775,"end":777},"obj":"22337938"},{"id":"26884414-11348697-29787842","span":{"begin":981,"end":983},"obj":"11348697"},{"id":"26884414-20969800-29787843","span":{"begin":1150,"end":1152},"obj":"20969800"},{"id":"26884414-12556435-29787844","span":{"begin":1154,"end":1156},"obj":"12556435"},{"id":"26884414-23841730-29787845","span":{"begin":1599,"end":1601},"obj":"23841730"},{"id":"26884414-16631551-29787846","span":{"begin":1838,"end":1840},"obj":"16631551"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/testbase"},{"prefix":"UniProtKB","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"},{"prefix":"uniprot","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/"}],"text":"RISK FACTORS OF BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA\nVarious other factors—including underlying medical conditions and smoking—can increase the risk of pneumonia by compromising pulmonary clearance mechanisms and the host immune response [47], potentially influencing the selection of pathogens in both the URT and LRT . Age plays a major role in pneumonia risk. In developed countries, such as the USA, the risk of pneumonia is highest in individuals who are 65 years or over (Fig. 1) [48]. The elevated risk in the elderly is likely due to impaired host defenses and an increase in comorbidities—heart failure, liver disease and underlying lung disease—which increase risk of aspiration pneumonia that can occur from dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (reviewed by Akgün et al. [49]). In developing countries, the burden of pneumonia is greatest in young children [2] due to their inability to physically remove and immunologically deal with bacterial pathogens (reviewed by Siegrist [50]). Very young children also have the greatest prevalence in the nasopharynx of common bacterial pneumonia pathogens: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis [23, 51]. Increased carriage may be an important risk factor for pneumonia if the URT bacterial community structure is a determinant of pneumonia etiology. Unfortunately, the majority of carriage studies have been conducted among children \u003c5 years of age, which limits our ability to establish the role of nasopharyngeal carriage in other age groups.\nFigure 1. Rate of hospitalization for pneumonia; the USA, 2007–2009. Adapted from Griffin et al. [48] Regardless of age, viral infection is an important risk factor for bacterial pneumonia. Viruses can lead to rapid, drastic increases in morbidity and mortality in all age groups as seen in historic influenza epidemics and pandemics [52], making it a major public health concern."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"26884414-1576274-29787839","span":{"begin":222,"end":224},"obj":"1576274"},{"id":"26884414-23841730-29787840","span":{"begin":470,"end":472},"obj":"23841730"},{"id":"26884414-22337938-29787841","span":{"begin":775,"end":777},"obj":"22337938"},{"id":"26884414-11348697-29787842","span":{"begin":981,"end":983},"obj":"11348697"},{"id":"26884414-20969800-29787843","span":{"begin":1150,"end":1152},"obj":"20969800"},{"id":"26884414-12556435-29787844","span":{"begin":1154,"end":1156},"obj":"12556435"},{"id":"26884414-23841730-29787845","span":{"begin":1599,"end":1601},"obj":"23841730"},{"id":"26884414-16631551-29787846","span":{"begin":1838,"end":1840},"obj":"16631551"}],"text":"RISK FACTORS OF BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA\nVarious other factors—including underlying medical conditions and smoking—can increase the risk of pneumonia by compromising pulmonary clearance mechanisms and the host immune response [47], potentially influencing the selection of pathogens in both the URT and LRT . Age plays a major role in pneumonia risk. In developed countries, such as the USA, the risk of pneumonia is highest in individuals who are 65 years or over (Fig. 1) [48]. The elevated risk in the elderly is likely due to impaired host defenses and an increase in comorbidities—heart failure, liver disease and underlying lung disease—which increase risk of aspiration pneumonia that can occur from dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (reviewed by Akgün et al. [49]). In developing countries, the burden of pneumonia is greatest in young children [2] due to their inability to physically remove and immunologically deal with bacterial pathogens (reviewed by Siegrist [50]). Very young children also have the greatest prevalence in the nasopharynx of common bacterial pneumonia pathogens: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis [23, 51]. Increased carriage may be an important risk factor for pneumonia if the URT bacterial community structure is a determinant of pneumonia etiology. Unfortunately, the majority of carriage studies have been conducted among children \u003c5 years of age, which limits our ability to establish the role of nasopharyngeal carriage in other age groups.\nFigure 1. Rate of hospitalization for pneumonia; the USA, 2007–2009. Adapted from Griffin et al. [48] Regardless of age, viral infection is an important risk factor for bacterial pneumonia. Viruses can lead to rapid, drastic increases in morbidity and mortality in all age groups as seen in historic influenza epidemics and pandemics [52], making it a major public health concern."}