PMC:4632479 / 1561-3748 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"26539297-184-189-1452548","span":{"begin":184,"end":185},"obj":"[\"24499711\"]"},{"id":"26539297-237-242-1452549","span":{"begin":428,"end":429},"obj":"[\"11605842\"]"},{"id":"26539297-235-240-1452550","span":{"begin":545,"end":546},"obj":"[\"11587336\"]"},{"id":"26539297-142-147-1452551","span":{"begin":691,"end":692},"obj":"[\"24735555\"]"},{"id":"26539297-95-100-1452552","span":{"begin":915,"end":916},"obj":"[\"18396321\"]"},{"id":"26539297-98-104-1452553","span":{"begin":918,"end":920},"obj":"[\"16091289\"]"},{"id":"26539297-96-102-1452554","span":{"begin":1432,"end":1434},"obj":"[\"17628341\"]"},{"id":"26539297-146-152-1452555","span":{"begin":1779,"end":1781},"obj":"[\"17628341\"]"},{"id":"26539297-164-170-1452556","span":{"begin":1951,"end":1953},"obj":"[\"18774644\"]"},{"id":"26539297-141-147-1452557","span":{"begin":2179,"end":2181},"obj":"[\"16986843\"]"}],"text":"Tetracycline (TC) is extensively used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in human and veterinary medicine and as feed additives for promote growth in agriculture [1, 2]. Because of their extensive usage, their strongly hydrophilic feature, low volatility [2] and relatively long half-life [3], TC antibiotic has been frequently detected in different environmental matrices: surface waters (0.07-1.34 μg/L) [4], soils (86.2-198.7 μg/kg) [5], liquid manures (0.05-5.36 μg/kg) [5] and in 90 % of farm lagoon samples (\u003e3 μg/L) [6]. In addition to environmental contamination, the occurrence of TC in the aquatic environments would also increase antibiotic resistance genes [7]. However, due to the antibacterial nature of TC, they cannot effectively be removed by conventional biological processes [8]. In wastewater treatment plants, the TC removal efficiency varied in the range of 12 % to 80 % [9, 10]. For example, concentrations of TC residues have been detected in values of 0.97 to 2.37 μg/L in the final effluent from wastewater treatment plants [11]. Hence, the effort to develop new processes to minimize the tetracycline residues discharges into the environment is become essential. Physicochemical processes such as membrane filtration and adsorption using activated carbon have been used to removal of TC. These processes are not efficient enough, transfer the pollutant from one phase to another [12, 13]. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as (O3/H2O2, US/O3, UV/O3, UV/H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+, US-TiO2 and UV-TiO2) have been proposed as very effective alternatives to degrade tetracycline antibiotics. The primary of AOPs is production of hydroxyl radical in water, a much powerful oxidant in the degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants [12–15]. Recently, the application of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) to oxidation of biorefractory organics have attracted great interest [16, 17]. Persulfate (PS, S2O82−) is a powerful and stable oxidizing agent (E0 = 2.01 V vs. NHE), which has high aqueous solubility and high stability at room temperature as compared to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, E0 = 1.77 V vs. NHE) [18, 19]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"26539297-24499711-59009387","span":{"begin":184,"end":185},"obj":"24499711"},{"id":"26539297-11605842-59009388","span":{"begin":428,"end":429},"obj":"11605842"},{"id":"26539297-11587336-59009389","span":{"begin":545,"end":546},"obj":"11587336"},{"id":"26539297-24735555-59009390","span":{"begin":691,"end":692},"obj":"24735555"},{"id":"26539297-18396321-59009391","span":{"begin":915,"end":916},"obj":"18396321"},{"id":"26539297-16091289-59009392","span":{"begin":918,"end":920},"obj":"16091289"},{"id":"26539297-17628341-59009393","span":{"begin":1432,"end":1434},"obj":"17628341"},{"id":"26539297-17628341-59009394","span":{"begin":1779,"end":1781},"obj":"17628341"},{"id":"26539297-18774644-59009395","span":{"begin":1951,"end":1953},"obj":"18774644"},{"id":"26539297-16986843-59009396","span":{"begin":2179,"end":2181},"obj":"16986843"}],"text":"Tetracycline (TC) is extensively used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in human and veterinary medicine and as feed additives for promote growth in agriculture [1, 2]. Because of their extensive usage, their strongly hydrophilic feature, low volatility [2] and relatively long half-life [3], TC antibiotic has been frequently detected in different environmental matrices: surface waters (0.07-1.34 μg/L) [4], soils (86.2-198.7 μg/kg) [5], liquid manures (0.05-5.36 μg/kg) [5] and in 90 % of farm lagoon samples (\u003e3 μg/L) [6]. In addition to environmental contamination, the occurrence of TC in the aquatic environments would also increase antibiotic resistance genes [7]. However, due to the antibacterial nature of TC, they cannot effectively be removed by conventional biological processes [8]. In wastewater treatment plants, the TC removal efficiency varied in the range of 12 % to 80 % [9, 10]. For example, concentrations of TC residues have been detected in values of 0.97 to 2.37 μg/L in the final effluent from wastewater treatment plants [11]. Hence, the effort to develop new processes to minimize the tetracycline residues discharges into the environment is become essential. Physicochemical processes such as membrane filtration and adsorption using activated carbon have been used to removal of TC. These processes are not efficient enough, transfer the pollutant from one phase to another [12, 13]. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as (O3/H2O2, US/O3, UV/O3, UV/H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+, US-TiO2 and UV-TiO2) have been proposed as very effective alternatives to degrade tetracycline antibiotics. The primary of AOPs is production of hydroxyl radical in water, a much powerful oxidant in the degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants [12–15]. Recently, the application of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) to oxidation of biorefractory organics have attracted great interest [16, 17]. Persulfate (PS, S2O82−) is a powerful and stable oxidizing agent (E0 = 2.01 V vs. NHE), which has high aqueous solubility and high stability at room temperature as compared to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, E0 = 1.77 V vs. NHE) [18, 19]."}