PMC:4630263 / 22087-23883 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"26527349-129-135-1499026","span":{"begin":247,"end":249},"obj":"[\"23676003\"]"},{"id":"26527349-133-139-1499027","span":{"begin":251,"end":253},"obj":"[\"19692938\"]"},{"id":"26527349-137-143-1499028","span":{"begin":255,"end":257},"obj":"[\"19486179\"]"},{"id":"26527349-143-149-1499029","span":{"begin":403,"end":405},"obj":"[\"11929575\"]"},{"id":"26527349-147-153-1499030","span":{"begin":407,"end":409},"obj":"[\"24148215\"]"},{"id":"26527349-90-96-1499031","span":{"begin":502,"end":504},"obj":"[\"14694041\"]"},{"id":"26527349-94-100-1499032","span":{"begin":506,"end":508},"obj":"[\"11357959\"]"},{"id":"26527349-131-137-1499033","span":{"begin":822,"end":824},"obj":"[\"23676003\"]"},{"id":"26527349-231-237-1499034","span":{"begin":1085,"end":1087},"obj":"[\"25415464\"]"},{"id":"26527349-149-155-1499035","span":{"begin":1425,"end":1427},"obj":"[\"24814847\"]"},{"id":"26527349-153-159-1499036","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1431},"obj":"[\"23918837\"]"},{"id":"26527349-113-119-1499037","span":{"begin":1547,"end":1549},"obj":"[\"24662323\"]"}],"text":"Various vestibular function test studies have been conducted on patients with migraines during the interictal period. Several works reported vestibular abnormalities in the form of involvement of peripheral or central vestibular pathways or both [18, 19, 33]. One study reported dysfunction in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, whereas another indicated underlying dysfunction in the vestibulospinal system [21, 34]. Other reports showed interictal dysfunction of vestibulocerebellar origin in migraineurs [20, 35]. These findings suggest that migraineurs without vestibular symptoms exhibit vestibular abnormalities, generally indicating subclinical vestibulopathies in patients with migraines. Additionally, the distribution between central and peripheral vestibular findings did not differ between VM and migraine patients [18]. More recently, in a report evaluating cVEMP and oVEMP pathways in patients with VM, the rates of abnormal oVEMPs were significantly higher without cVEMP abnormalities, similar to our study, although the subjects suffered symptoms on the same day of testing [14]. Thus, subclinical vestibular dysfunction may be an integral part of migraine pathophysiology and could be related to fundamental pathophysiological similarities between migraine and VM. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have demonstrated thalamo-cortical involvement or increased thalamic activation in VM patients [36, 37]. Additionally, voxel-based morphometry studies have identified gray matter volume reductions in patients with VM [38]. These functional and structural alterations in patients with VM resemble those previously described in patients with migraine. VM likely represents the pathophysiological paradigm of a connection between migraine and the vestibular system [39]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"26527349-23676003-60553908","span":{"begin":247,"end":249},"obj":"23676003"},{"id":"26527349-19692938-60553909","span":{"begin":251,"end":253},"obj":"19692938"},{"id":"26527349-19486179-60553910","span":{"begin":255,"end":257},"obj":"19486179"},{"id":"26527349-11929575-60553911","span":{"begin":403,"end":405},"obj":"11929575"},{"id":"26527349-24148215-60553912","span":{"begin":407,"end":409},"obj":"24148215"},{"id":"26527349-14694041-60553913","span":{"begin":502,"end":504},"obj":"14694041"},{"id":"26527349-11357959-60553914","span":{"begin":506,"end":508},"obj":"11357959"},{"id":"26527349-23676003-60553915","span":{"begin":822,"end":824},"obj":"23676003"},{"id":"26527349-25415464-60553916","span":{"begin":1085,"end":1087},"obj":"25415464"},{"id":"26527349-24814847-60553917","span":{"begin":1425,"end":1427},"obj":"24814847"},{"id":"26527349-23918837-60553918","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1431},"obj":"23918837"},{"id":"26527349-24662323-60553919","span":{"begin":1547,"end":1549},"obj":"24662323"}],"text":"Various vestibular function test studies have been conducted on patients with migraines during the interictal period. Several works reported vestibular abnormalities in the form of involvement of peripheral or central vestibular pathways or both [18, 19, 33]. One study reported dysfunction in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, whereas another indicated underlying dysfunction in the vestibulospinal system [21, 34]. Other reports showed interictal dysfunction of vestibulocerebellar origin in migraineurs [20, 35]. These findings suggest that migraineurs without vestibular symptoms exhibit vestibular abnormalities, generally indicating subclinical vestibulopathies in patients with migraines. Additionally, the distribution between central and peripheral vestibular findings did not differ between VM and migraine patients [18]. More recently, in a report evaluating cVEMP and oVEMP pathways in patients with VM, the rates of abnormal oVEMPs were significantly higher without cVEMP abnormalities, similar to our study, although the subjects suffered symptoms on the same day of testing [14]. Thus, subclinical vestibular dysfunction may be an integral part of migraine pathophysiology and could be related to fundamental pathophysiological similarities between migraine and VM. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have demonstrated thalamo-cortical involvement or increased thalamic activation in VM patients [36, 37]. Additionally, voxel-based morphometry studies have identified gray matter volume reductions in patients with VM [38]. These functional and structural alterations in patients with VM resemble those previously described in patients with migraine. VM likely represents the pathophysiological paradigm of a connection between migraine and the vestibular system [39]."}