PMC:4630240 / 14991-22559
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4630240","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4630240","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4630240","text":"Results\nRecordings from 47 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria yielded analysable VEP data. The two patient subgroups MA and MA+ did not differ in other clinical features (Table 1).\n\nTotal group of migraine with aura patients (MAtot)\nN1, P1 and N2 latencies were not significantly different between HV and MAtot (p \u003e 0.05) (Table 2).\nTable 2 Latencies (in milliseconds) of VEPs in healthy volunteers (HV), the total group of migraine with aura patients (MAtot) and its subgroups with pure visual aura (MA) or visual aura associated with paraesthesia and/or dysphasia (MA+). Data are expressed as means ± SD.\nElectrophysiological parameters (ms) HV (n = 30) MAtot (n = 47) MA (n = 27) MA+ (n = 20)\nN1 (N75) 76.5 ± 6.4 75.7 ± 5.2 75.4 ± 5.8 75.9 ± 4.6\nP1 (P100) 103.5 ± 5.9 103.1 ± 6.7 102.9 ± 5.7 103.4 ± 8.0\nN2 (145) 144.2 ± 10.4 141.7 ± 11.9 140.6 ± 9.6 142.6 ± 11.4\nTable 3 N1–P1 VEP component amplitude (μV) and habituation slope in healthy volunteers (HV), the total group of migraine with aura patients (MAtot) and its subgroups with pure visual aura (MA) or visual aura associated with paraesthesia and/or dysphasia (MA+). Data are expressed as means ± SD\nN1-P1 HV (n = 30) MAtot (n = 47) MA (n = 27) MA+ (n = 20)\n1st amplitude block (μV) 6.97 ± 2.90 7.28 ± 3.23 6.53 ± 3.36 8.27 ± 2.83\n2nd amplitude block (μV) 7.15 ± 3.02 7.39 ± 3.23 6.43 ± 3.29 8.69 ± 2.70\n3rd amplitude block (μV) 6.87 ± 2.79 7.40 ± 2.96 6.49 ± 2.83 8.64 ± 2.74\n4th amplitude block (μV) 6.55 ± 2.74 7.16 ± 3.17 6.12 ± 3.07 8.57 ± 2.81\n5th amplitude block (μV) 6.25 ± 2.57 7.34 ± 3.00 6.49 ± 2.97 8.49 ± 2.70\n6th amplitude block (μV) 5.97 ± 2.63 7.42 ± 3.02 6.65 ± 3.09 8.45 ± 2.64\nSlope −0.50 ± 0.36 +0.006 ± 0.40 +0.01 ± 0.30 +0.0049 ± 0.18\nTable 4 P1-N2 VEP component amplitude (μV) and habituation slope in healthy volunteers (HV), the total group of migraine with aura patients (MAtot) and its subgroups with pure visual aura (MA) or visual aura associated with paraesthesia and/or dysphasia (MA+). Data are expressed as means ± SD\nP1-N2 HV (n = 30) MAtot (n = 47) MA (n = 27) MA+ (n = 20)\n1st amplitude block (μV) 6.59 ± 3.16 7.00 ± 3.07 6.12 ± 2.65 8.18 ± 3.26\n2nd amplitude block (μV) 6.49 ± 3.03 6.87 ± 3.26 5.88 ± 2.55 8.20 ± 3.70\n3rd amplitude block (μV) 6.49 ± 2.94 6.62 ± 3.10 5.67 ± 2.66 7.91 ± 3.25\n4th amplitude block (μV) 5.99 ± 2.85 6.32 ± 2.88 5.37 ± 2.36 7.60 ± 3.08\n5th amplitude block (μV) 6.26 ± 2.59 6.84 ± 2.93 6.01 ± 2.45 7.96 ± 3.19\n6th amplitude block (μV) 5.61 ± 2.86 6.50 ± 2.78 5.78 ± 2.70 7.47 ± 2.64\nSlope −0.35 ± 0.73 −0.09 ± 0.42 −0.06 ± 0.47 −0.13 ± 0.35\nIn the rm-ANOVA model with N1–P1 peak-peak amplitude as dependent variable, multivariate test was significant for the “group” × “blocks” interaction effect (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.745, F5,71 = 4.862, p = 0.0007) (Table 3). After checking that the sphericity assumption was not violated (Mauchley Test: p = 0.104), univariate rm-ANOVAs for N1–P1 peak-peak amplitude confirmed the significant interaction factor effect (F5,375 = 5.261, p = 0.0001, partial η2 = 0.066, op = 0.988) observed (see above) at the multivariate test. Post-hoc analysis showed that VEP amplitudes differed between groups only in the last block (5.97 μV in HV vs. 7.42 μV in MAtot, p = 0.038, raw data are shown in Fig. 2). In HV, N1–P1 amplitude was significantly lower in the 6th compared to the 1st block (p = 0.0008). This was not so in MAtot, where this comparison did not reach the significance level (p = 0.994).\nFig. 2 Raw amplitudes (mean ± SEM) of N1-P1 (upper graphs) and P1-N2 (lower graphs) VEP components in 6 sequential blocks of 100 recordings. On the left healthy volunteers [HV, n = 30] are compared to the total group of migraine with aura patients [MAtot, n = 47]; on the right they are compared to the 2 subgroups of patients with pure visual aura [MA, n = 27] and patients with complex aura [MA+, n = 20]. ≠ p \u003c 0.05 MAtot vs HV; *p \u003c 0.05 MA+ vs MA; § p \u003c 0.05 MA+ vs HV\nIn the rm-ANOVA model with P1-N2 peak-peak amplitude as dependent variable, multivariate test was not significant for the “group” × “blocks” interaction effect (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.869, F5,71 = 2.149, p = 0.069) (Table 4).\nThe linear regression N1–P1 slope of VEP amplitudes over all blocks differed significantly between the two groups (F1,75 = 24.493, p \u003c 0.0001, partial η2 = 0.246, op = 0.998; raw data are shown in Fig. 3). The P1–N2 slope of the linear regression analysis was not different between groups (F1,75 = 3.312, p = 0.073, partial η2 = 0.042, op = 0.435; Fig. 3).\nFig. 3 Raw habituation slope of VEP N1-P1 and P1–N2 peak-to-peak amplitudes (mean ± SEM) over 6 sequential blocks of 100 averaged responses in healthy volunteers (HV, n = 30), patients with pure visual aura (MA, n = 27), patients with complex aura (MA+, n = 20) and the 2 latter groups combined (MAtot, n = 47)\nIn the MAtot group the N1–P1 amplitude slope correlated positively with the number of days elapsed since the last migraine attack (r = 0.351, p = 0.045). There were no other significant correlation between neurophysiological and clinical data.\n\nSubgroups of migraine with aura patients\nN1, P1 and N2 latencies were not significantly different between HV, MA or MA+ (P \u003e 0.05) (Table 2).\nIn the rm-ANOVA model with N1–P1 peak-peak amplitude as dependent variable, multivariate test was significant for the “group” × “blocks” interaction effect (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.711, F10,140 = 2.608, p = 0.006). After checking that the sphericity assumption was not violated (Mauchley Test: p = 0.126), univariate rm-ANOVAs for N1-P1 peak-peak amplitude confirmed the significant interaction factor effect (F10,370 = 3.025, p = 0.001, partial η2 = 0.076, op = 0.982) observed (see above) at the multivariate test. On post-hoc analysis there was a significant increase of N1-P1 VEP amplitude from the 2nd to the 6th block in MA+ compared with MA, and from the 4th to the 6th block in MA+ compared with HV (row data are shown in Fig. 2). In both MA and MA+, the comparison between the 6th and the 1st N1-P1 amplitude block did not reach the significance level (p \u003e 0.05).\nIn the rm-ANOVA model with P1–N2 peak-peak amplitude as dependent variable, multivariate test was not significant for the “group” × “blocks” interaction effect (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.834, F10,140 = 1.335, p = 0.218).\nThe linear regression N1–P1 slope of VEP amplitudes over all blocks differed significantly between the three groups (F2,74 = 12.219, p \u003c 0.0001, partial η2 = 0.248, op = 0.995; raw data are shown in Fig. 2). Post-hoc analysis showed that the slope of N1–P1 VEP amplitude changes over all 6 blocks was less steep in MA and in MA+ patients than in HV (p = 0.0001, p = 0.001 respectively, raw data are shown in Fig. 3), but it was equally steep between MA subgroups (p = 0.894).\nThe P1–N2 slope of the linear regression analysis was not different between groups (F2,74 = 1.720, p = 0.186, partial η2 = 0.044, op = 0.351; Fig. 3).\nIn MA+, Pearson’s test disclosed that the N1–P1 habituation slope correlated negatively with attack frequency (r = −0.489, p = 0.034) and positively with days elapsed since last attack (r = 0.578, p = 0.019), correlations that were not found in MA patients (Fig. 4).\nFig. 4 Correlation between the days elapsed between the recordings and the last migraine attack and the slope of N1–P1 VEP amplitude changes over 6 sequential blocks of averaged responses (linear regression: dashed line). This correlation was significant in the group of patients with complex aura (MA+, right panel), but not in patients with pure visual aura (MA, left 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