PMC:4627622 / 6212-8731 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"26512021-60-66-1479090","span":{"begin":1396,"end":1398},"obj":"[\"8955268\"]"}],"text":"Animals\nThe experimental protocol was approved by the local Ethical Committee for Animal Research (M38-13). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35) (Taconic Copenhagen, Denmark) were used to investigate the brain water content and the permeability-surface area product (PS) for [51Cr]-EDTA. There was a reversed 12–12 light cycle, with darkness during the day. The animals were treated in accordance with the national guidelines for laboratory animals (publications DFS 2004:4, the Swedish Board of Agriculture)\nThe animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, Pentobarbitalnatrium, vet.APL, 60 mg/ml, APL, Stockholm) and then placed on a heating pad and in a stereotactic head holder. Body core temperature was kept at 37 °C by a feedback circuit controlled by continuous measurement of rectal temperature. A parasagittal craniotomy, with a diameter of 6 mm, was performed in the left parietal bone between the coronal and lambdoid sutures with the center approximately 5 mm from the coronal suture and 5 mm from the sagittal suture, after a scalp incision. The animals were randomly assigned to three different solutions applied to the surface of the exposed dura in a volume of 10 μL; i) vehicle (saline), ii) CFA used as stock solution (Sigma Aldrich, Life Science, US), and iii) an IS. The recipe of IS was adapted from Strassman and colleagues [29] and contains 10 μM each of bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin E2, 100 μM histamine at a pH of 5.0 (all obtained from Sigma Aldrich). After 15 min CFA or IS was removed by flushing with saline. Surgical staples were used to close the scalp incision and the animals were moved to another heating pad for recovering. At 2, 24 or 48 h following application to the dura, the animals were re-anesthetized. Anesthesia was induced by placing the rat in a covered glass-container with a continuous supply of isoflurane (Isofluran Baxter, Baxter Medical, Stockholm, Sweden). After tracheostomy, the rat was connected to a ventilator and anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of 1.4–1.7 % of isoflurane in room air. End tidal pCO2 was monitored continuously with a capnograph (CapnoTrue AMP, bluepoint MEDICAl, GmbH, Selmsdorf, Germany). The left femoral artery was canulated for measurement of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and to obtain arterial blood samples used for measurement of the physiological parameters pH, pCO2, pO2, hematocrit and electrolytes. The left femoral vein was canulated and used for infusions."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"26512021-8955268-60534732","span":{"begin":1396,"end":1398},"obj":"8955268"}],"text":"Animals\nThe experimental protocol was approved by the local Ethical Committee for Animal Research (M38-13). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35) (Taconic Copenhagen, Denmark) were used to investigate the brain water content and the permeability-surface area product (PS) for [51Cr]-EDTA. There was a reversed 12–12 light cycle, with darkness during the day. The animals were treated in accordance with the national guidelines for laboratory animals (publications DFS 2004:4, the Swedish Board of Agriculture)\nThe animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, Pentobarbitalnatrium, vet.APL, 60 mg/ml, APL, Stockholm) and then placed on a heating pad and in a stereotactic head holder. Body core temperature was kept at 37 °C by a feedback circuit controlled by continuous measurement of rectal temperature. A parasagittal craniotomy, with a diameter of 6 mm, was performed in the left parietal bone between the coronal and lambdoid sutures with the center approximately 5 mm from the coronal suture and 5 mm from the sagittal suture, after a scalp incision. The animals were randomly assigned to three different solutions applied to the surface of the exposed dura in a volume of 10 μL; i) vehicle (saline), ii) CFA used as stock solution (Sigma Aldrich, Life Science, US), and iii) an IS. The recipe of IS was adapted from Strassman and colleagues [29] and contains 10 μM each of bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin E2, 100 μM histamine at a pH of 5.0 (all obtained from Sigma Aldrich). After 15 min CFA or IS was removed by flushing with saline. Surgical staples were used to close the scalp incision and the animals were moved to another heating pad for recovering. At 2, 24 or 48 h following application to the dura, the animals were re-anesthetized. Anesthesia was induced by placing the rat in a covered glass-container with a continuous supply of isoflurane (Isofluran Baxter, Baxter Medical, Stockholm, Sweden). After tracheostomy, the rat was connected to a ventilator and anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of 1.4–1.7 % of isoflurane in room air. End tidal pCO2 was monitored continuously with a capnograph (CapnoTrue AMP, bluepoint MEDICAl, GmbH, Selmsdorf, Germany). The left femoral artery was canulated for measurement of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and to obtain arterial blood samples used for measurement of the physiological parameters pH, pCO2, pO2, hematocrit and electrolytes. The left femoral vein was canulated and used for infusions."}