PMC:4503824 / 44198-45870
Annnotations
{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4503824","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4503824","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4503824","text":"Clearance of cryptococcal cells within the central nervous system is possible, and requires Th1 cytokines, in addition to chemokines to attract cells required for degradation (Buchanan and Doyle, 2000; Hill and Aguirre, 1994; Huffnagle and McNeil, 1999). The immune phenotype observed in cryptococcal meningitis patients is not well understood. A recent study by Jarvis and colleagues has begun to address this area: By measuring both systemic and CNS cytokines and CD4+ responses, and comparing to M. tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus responses in the same samples. Using their method, the specificity and limitations of the immune response to CM could be delineated and associated with survival (Jarvis, seminar presentation 10.1, ICCC9; Jarvis et al., 2013). CD4+ cells specific to cryptococcal antigen showed little polyfunctionality and were dominated by MIP 1α producing cells with smaller but equal groups of IFNγ and TNFα producing cells. Surviving patients had higher proportions of IFNγ and TNFα producing cells. In contrast to animal models of cryptococcosis no imbalance of Th1 and Th2 responses was observed but rather it is the lack of Th1 responses that was more common with an unfavourable prognosis (Jarvis et al., 2013). However, it should be noted that Th2 responses should not always be categorised, as being detrimental or unnecessary in handling cryptococcal infection. Changes in polarisation are seen in mouse pulmonary models, where the M1 and M2 balance shifts over time (Davis et al., 2013). Therefore, Th2 responses may have important roles at different stages of human infection e.g. the resolution of inflammation after clearance of infection.","tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25498576-10639404-43267862","span":{"begin":248,"end":252},"obj":"10639404"},{"id":"25498576-7907637-43267862","span":{"begin":248,"end":252},"obj":"7907637"},{"id":"25498576-10190693-43267862","span":{"begin":248,"end":252},"obj":"10190693"},{"id":"25498576-23493728-43267863","span":{"begin":754,"end":758},"obj":"23493728"},{"id":"25498576-23493728-43267864","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1235},"obj":"23493728"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"25498576-10639404-43267862","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"25498576-7907637-43267862","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"25498576-10190693-43267862","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"25498576-23493728-43267863","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"25498576-23493728-43267864","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#93bdec","default":true}]}]}}