PMC:4503824 / 16888-17944 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25498576-15530840-43267784","span":{"begin":103,"end":107},"obj":"15530840"},{"id":"25498576-25034237-43267785","span":{"begin":181,"end":185},"obj":"25034237"},{"id":"25498576-22422883-43267786","span":{"begin":339,"end":343},"obj":"22422883"},{"id":"25498576-18322216-43267787","span":{"begin":653,"end":657},"obj":"18322216"},{"id":"25498576-15714580-43267788","span":{"begin":844,"end":848},"obj":"15714580"},{"id":"25498576-16706798-43267788","span":{"begin":844,"end":848},"obj":"16706798"}],"text":"Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a highly conserved group of PRRs conserved across vertebrates (O’Neill, 2004). The TLR9 deficient mouse showed reduced CCL7 production (Cheng et al., 2014), and restoration of CCL7 over the first week of infection relieved the associated suppression of interferon gamma and recruited DC numbers (Qiu et al., 2012). However, restoration of CCL7 was insufficient to suppress increased fungal burden. How TLR9 is activated by cryptococci when it classically responds to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in prokaryotes is not known, although activation of TLR9 by other eukaryotic pathogens has been described (Nakamura et al., 2008). The roles of TLR2 and TLR4 have been investigated but currently their role appears minor in respect to overall control of cryptococcal infection (Biondo et al., 2005; Nakamura et al., 2006). Treatment of microglia cells with agonists to TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 increased pro inflammatory cytokines in response to cryptococci but the physiological relevance of this is not clear (Redlich et al., 2013)."}