PMC:4502368 / 40573-42330 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25911227-12115905-43383367","span":{"begin":548,"end":552},"obj":"12115905"},{"id":"25911227-9454686-43383368","span":{"begin":1080,"end":1084},"obj":"9454686"},{"id":"25911227-20817733-43383369","span":{"begin":1216,"end":1220},"obj":"20817733"},{"id":"25911227-12014989-43383370","span":{"begin":1532,"end":1536},"obj":"12014989"},{"id":"25911227-18038217-43383371","span":{"begin":1547,"end":1551},"obj":"18038217"},{"id":"25911227-15922329-43383372","span":{"begin":1751,"end":1755},"obj":"15922329"}],"text":"Ion transport\nSeveral types of ion-linked transporters were upregulated in the 21° and 25° groups, which may be of interest for three reasons. First, increases in cellular ion concentrations, particularly of calcium, are important for the UPR. Second, a number of transporters are upregulated by immune/inflammatory genes and presumably play a role in those cellular responses. Third, gills are an important osmoregulatory organ for anadromous salmonids that adjust throughout different life stages to either fresh or saltwater environments (Evans 2002). Although salinity was not a factor in this experiment, the fish were nearing the age at which smoltification would typically begin and were therefore in a dynamic period of ion pump expression. Two genes coding for subunits of the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase were upregulated, ATNB233 and ATP1A1, along with a G-protein-activated inward potassium channel, KCNJ9. The upregulated gene SLC20A1 codes for a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter that is correlated with cytokine and IL-alpha increases (Sabatino et al. 1997). SLC20A1 is expressed in most cells and may play a separate role as a negative regulator of TNF-mediated apoptosis (Salaün et al. 2010). ATP2A2 (also known as SERCA2) expression was upregulated at both 21° and 25°. The sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump encoded by this gene is important for maintaining calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum and has been linked to the UPR and concurrent increased need for calcium ions (Okada et al. 2002; Schröder 2008). Upregulated gene SLC38A2 (also known as SNAT2) codes for a sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter that has been linked with recovery from hypertonic stress in human cells (Bevilacqua et al. 2005)."}