PMC:4502368 / 38743-40571 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25911227-21798195-43383360","span":{"begin":375,"end":379},"obj":"21798195"},{"id":"25911227-21782845-43383361","span":{"begin":476,"end":480},"obj":"21782845"},{"id":"25911227-11197203-43383362","span":{"begin":747,"end":751},"obj":"11197203"},{"id":"25911227-11994402-43383363","span":{"begin":766,"end":770},"obj":"11994402"},{"id":"25911227-18952571-43383364","span":{"begin":941,"end":945},"obj":"18952571"},{"id":"25911227-18650913-43383365","span":{"begin":1197,"end":1201},"obj":"18650913"},{"id":"25911227-23990626-43383366","span":{"begin":1230,"end":1234},"obj":"23990626"}],"text":"Inflammation/immunity\nWe saw several indications of an inflammatory response as well as an increase in innate immune activity, particularly in the 25° group of fish (two-fold to 67-fold). Acute thermal stress has been shown to induce the classic vertebrate inflammatory response in other fish species, such as the Antarctic plunderfish, Harpagifer antarcticus (Thorne et al. 2010), and innate immune activity increases following acute stress events in many fish species (Tort 2011). Expression of a number of classic inflammatory mediators was upregulated, such as the cytokines chemokine (C-C-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and the cellular transducer of interleukin signaling gene STAT3 (Van Damme et al. 1985; Mukaida 2000; Levy and Lee 2002). The COX2 gene was also upregulated, which codes for a member of the biosynthetic pathway that produces inflammatory thromboxanes and prostaglandins (Rouzer and Marnett 2009). There is a large degree of overlap between inflammatory and innate immune responses. Many of the molecular players are functionally intertwined and the full extent of the relationship between the two responses is not yet fully understood (Medzhitov 2008; Muralidharan and Mandrekar 2013). The upregulated gene CEBPB, coding for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, increases expression of both immune and inflammatory proteins such as NF-κB and cycloxygenase 2 (Mercurio and Manning 1999; Zhu et al. 2002; Park et al. 2010). IRAK1, also upregulated, plays a central role in mediating the immune response and is activated by the inflammatory cytokine IL1 (Gottipatti et al. 2008). Several genes coding for antimicrobial proteins were upregulated, including CAMP and the antiviral compound-coding genes GPB1 and IFITM2 (Anderson et al. 1999; Wang et al. 2008; Siegrist et al. 2011)."}