PMC:4331679 / 12689-14652 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25707537-19180116-14870720","span":{"begin":295,"end":297},"obj":"19180116"},{"id":"25707537-22485198-14870721","span":{"begin":298,"end":300},"obj":"22485198"},{"id":"25707537-22504301-14870722","span":{"begin":669,"end":671},"obj":"22504301"},{"id":"25707537-7626804-14870723","span":{"begin":981,"end":983},"obj":"7626804"},{"id":"25707537-11350724-14870724","span":{"begin":1434,"end":1436},"obj":"11350724"},{"id":"25707537-14967141-14870725","span":{"begin":1618,"end":1620},"obj":"14967141"},{"id":"25707537-16940186-14870726","span":{"begin":1844,"end":1846},"obj":"16940186"},{"id":"25707537-20221256-14870727","span":{"begin":1960,"end":1961},"obj":"20221256"}],"text":"Beclin-1 is an autophagy protein that interacts with Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, and they form a complex, to facilitate a switch from autophagy to apoptosis and vice-versa. The activity of Beclin-1, owing to the complex formation of Bcl-2:Beclin-1 complex, is suppressed by Bcl-2 protein [11,12]. STAT3 is an important gene due to its roles in regulating cell fate including cell survival and cell growth. Experimental results have shown that a decreased level of STAT3 leads to a reduced level of Bcl-2 [13]. Activation of STAT3 gene stimulates transcription of quite a few cell fate controlling genes, which include some of the members of Bcl-2 protein family [14]. The proteins Wee1 and Cdk1 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) play very important roles in regulating cell cycle. During mitosis, the size of a cell is controlled by the inhibition of Cdk1 by Wee1 which prevents the cell from going into mitosis. The suppression of Cdk1 by Wee1 is done by phosphorylation of Cdk1 [15]. Cdk1 in turn phosphorylates Bcl-2 and suppresses its activity [16]. The EGF receptor (EGFR) is a cell membrane protein receptor with high affinity for several specific proteins (ligands) including Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). EGFR further activates many targets including Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Mutation in EGFR may lead to its uncontrolled expression which can potentially cause uncontrolled cell growth, which is a hall mark of cancer [17]. The Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), another member protein from Bcl-2 group of proteins, is highly pro-apoptotic. JNK can inhibit apoptosis by phosphorylating BAD protein [18]. Trimeric Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) activates multiple signalling pathways which in turn lead to apoptosis. TNF interacts with death domain (DD) protein TRADD. TRADD in turn has been shown to have high affinity for RIP [19]. Casp3 mediates cleavage of multiple proteins and causes DNA fragmentation which eventually leads to apoptosis [2]."}