PMC:4310921 / 1481-3639
Annnotations
2_test
{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25670946-16517173-132849527","span":{"begin":105,"end":106},"obj":"16517173"},{"id":"25670946-852641-132849528","span":{"begin":352,"end":353},"obj":"852641"},{"id":"25670946-7002373-132849529","span":{"begin":354,"end":355},"obj":"7002373"},{"id":"25670946-21208572-132849530","span":{"begin":548,"end":549},"obj":"21208572"},{"id":"25670946-21876517-132849531","span":{"begin":550,"end":551},"obj":"21876517"},{"id":"25670946-14583740-132849532","span":{"begin":552,"end":553},"obj":"14583740"},{"id":"25670946-12544173-132849533","span":{"begin":896,"end":897},"obj":"12544173"},{"id":"25670946-18477620-132849534","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1023},"obj":"18477620"},{"id":"25670946-22472310-132849535","span":{"begin":1140,"end":1141},"obj":"22472310"},{"id":"25670946-20868350-132849536","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1233},"obj":"20868350"}],"text":"INTRODUCTION\nHyperprolactinemia is reportedly associated with abnormal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.1 Decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, increased lipid synthesis, and increased food intake have been demonstrated in patients with hyperprolactinemia, and hence long-term hyperprolactinemia is often accompanied by weight gain in humans.2,3 In particular, sustained elevation of prolactin, caused by either antipsychotic drugs or prolactinomas, leads to increased weight, which can be ameliorated by normalization of serum prolactin.4,5,6 In addition, there is increasing evidence that prolactin plays a role in whole-body insulin sensitivity by stimulating insulin release and regulating adipokine release.\nRisperidone has been used widely in children and adolescents with tic disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorders, and psychotic disorders,7 and has the potential to increase plasma prolactin levels, which can induce a range of short- and long-term adverse effects.8 The short-term adverse effects include galactorrhea, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, and sexual dysfunction.9 The reported long-term adverse effects are loss of bone density, weight gain, and tumors.10 However, among these adverse effects, the relationship between antipsychotic-induced hyperprolacti-nemia and weight gain or metabolic changes remains unclear, given that prolactin-sparing antipsychotics, including quetiapine, olanzapine, and clozapine can also induce weight gain without hyperprolactinemia.\nThe present study was designed to determine the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and metabolic changes in children and adolescents taking risperidone, by examining prolactin levels and metabolic profiles, such as weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG). While there have been many studies of short- and long-term antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia and metabolic changes in drug-naïve children and adolescents."}
NEUROSES
{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":1028,"end":1033},"obj":"PATO_0000574"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":1936,"end":1941},"obj":"PATO_0000574"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":985,"end":990},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":1028,"end":1033},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":1936,"end":1941},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":1128,"end":1139},"obj":"PATO_0001624"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":1198,"end":1205},"obj":"PATO_0001019"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1448,"end":1458},"obj":"CHEBI_8707"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":1460,"end":1470},"obj":"CHEBI_7735"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1476,"end":1485},"obj":"CHEBI_3766"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1546,"end":1553},"obj":"PATO_0000467"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":1775,"end":1779},"obj":"PATO_0000125"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1799,"end":1810},"obj":"CHEBI_16113"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1838,"end":1841},"obj":"CHEBI_39025"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1872},"obj":"CHEBI_39026"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":1879,"end":1891},"obj":"CHEBI_17855"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":2122,"end":2126},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":46,"end":61},"obj":"PATO_0001668"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":62,"end":70},"obj":"PATO_0000460"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":71,"end":83},"obj":"CHEBI_16646"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":88,"end":93},"obj":"CHEBI_18059"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":164,"end":169},"obj":"CHEBI_18059"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":107,"end":116},"obj":"PATO_0001997"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":117,"end":124},"obj":"CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":117,"end":124},"obj":"CHEBI_42758"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":117,"end":124},"obj":"CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":154,"end":163},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":185,"end":194},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":195,"end":199},"obj":"CHEBI_33290"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":277,"end":281},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":996,"end":1000},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":1155,"end":1159},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":1947,"end":1951},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":330,"end":336},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":1207,"end":1213},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":1343,"end":1349},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":1502,"end":1508},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":1762,"end":1768},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":381,"end":390},"obj":"PATO_0001687"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":394,"end":403},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":538,"end":547},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":601,"end":610},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":939,"end":948},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":1404,"end":1413},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":1713,"end":1722},"obj":"CHEBI_81580"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":619,"end":623},"obj":"CHEBI_50906"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":638,"end":645},"obj":"CHEBI_5931"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":673,"end":680},"obj":"CHEBI_5931"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":646,"end":657},"obj":"PATO_0000085"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":723,"end":734},"obj":"CHEBI_8871"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1698},"obj":"CHEBI_8871"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":985,"end":990},"obj":"PATO_0000574"}],"text":"INTRODUCTION\nHyperprolactinemia is reportedly associated with abnormal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.1 Decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, increased lipid synthesis, and increased food intake have been demonstrated in patients with hyperprolactinemia, and hence long-term hyperprolactinemia is often accompanied by weight gain in humans.2,3 In particular, sustained elevation of prolactin, caused by either antipsychotic drugs or prolactinomas, leads to increased weight, which can be ameliorated by normalization of serum prolactin.4,5,6 In addition, there is increasing evidence that prolactin plays a role in whole-body insulin sensitivity by stimulating insulin release and regulating adipokine release.\nRisperidone has been used widely in children and adolescents with tic disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorders, and psychotic disorders,7 and has the potential to increase plasma prolactin levels, which can induce a range of short- and long-term adverse effects.8 The short-term adverse effects include galactorrhea, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, and sexual dysfunction.9 The reported long-term adverse effects are loss of bone density, weight gain, and tumors.10 However, among these adverse effects, the relationship between antipsychotic-induced hyperprolacti-nemia and weight gain or metabolic changes remains unclear, given that prolactin-sparing antipsychotics, including quetiapine, olanzapine, and clozapine can also induce weight gain without hyperprolactinemia.\nThe present study was designed to determine the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and metabolic changes in children and adolescents taking risperidone, by examining prolactin levels and metabolic profiles, such as weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG). While there have been many studies of short- and long-term antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia and metabolic changes in drug-naïve children and adolescents."}