PMC:4300004 / 8721-10679 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4300004","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4300004","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4300004","text":"1.2 Anger processing\nWhile emotional facial expressions of fear and anger both constitute threat-relevant signals, angry faces are more appropriate than fearful faces for investigating emotional face processing in ASD. Processing of anger requires the understanding of social norms and context, topics with which individuals with ASD struggle (Berkowitz, 1999; Zeman \u0026 Garber, 1996). Angry facial expressions are also more likely to be produced in response to repeated aggravations rather than first-time behavioural transgressions (Averill, 1982). Given that individuals with ASD are often poor at recognizing others' mental states or social norms, they have likely encountered displays of anger without understanding the implications (Bal et al., 2010; Baron-Cohen et al., 1999; Begeer et al., 2006). Past studies have specifically noted atypical angry facial processing in individuals with ASD (Ashwin et al., 2006; Kuusikko et al., 2009; Rieff et al., 2007; Rump et al., 2009). Age-effects in anger processing have also been noted, as older children and adolescents are able to correctly identify angry faces more often than younger children, regardless of diagnosis (Lindner \u0026 Rosén, 2006). There are also sharp increases in anger-specific sensitivity from adolescence to adulthood, providing support for a later maturation of anger processing (Thomas et al., 2007).\nAn fMRI study contrasting activations elicited by fear and anger in typical individuals showed that while both emotions activated a network of regions similarly, including the amygdalae and insulae, anger specifically elicited neural activation in a wider set of regions including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior orbitofrontal cortex (Pichon et al., 2009). These areas have been implicated in behavioural regulation, supporting the idea that anger processing requires more resources and contextual information to adjust behaviour accordingly (Pichon et al., 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