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PMC:4300004 JSONTXT

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2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
25610782-5542557-75666099 2370-2374 5542557 denotes 1971
25610782-17741897-75666100 2394-2398 17741897 denotes 1977
25610782-10097995-75666101 3105-3109 10097995 denotes 1999
25610782-18311514-75666102 3176-3180 18311514 denotes 2008
25610782-16806312-75666103 3223-3227 16806312 denotes 2007
25610782-11006968-75666104 3244-3248 11006968 denotes 2000
25610782-12199131-75666105 3267-3271 12199131 denotes 2002
25610782-19205857-75666106 3349-3353 19205857 denotes 2009
25610782-11244548-75666107 3409-3413 11244548 denotes 2001
25610782-16828256-75666108 3434-3438 16828256 denotes 2007
25610782-10208355-75666109 3458-3462 10208355 denotes 1999
25610782-16155058-75666110 3474-3478 16155058 denotes 2005
25610782-20464465-75666111 3494-3498 20464465 denotes 2011
25610782-10355673-75666112 3710-3714 10355673 denotes 1999
25610782-19949718-75666113 3735-3739 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-10688157-75666114 3758-3762 10688157 denotes 1999
25610782-16854439-75666115 3788-3792 16854439 denotes 2007
25610782-8938120-75666116 4006-4010 8938120 denotes 1996
25610782-7895011-75666117 4029-4033 7895011 denotes 1995
25610782-19949718-75666118 4054-4058 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-20486013-75666119 4106-4110 20486013 denotes 2010
25610782-11275483-75666120 4132-4136 11275483 denotes 2001
25610782-9849722-75666121 4155-4159 9849722 denotes 1998
25610782-11239901-75666122 4176-4180 11239901 denotes 2001
25610782-10355673-75666123 4348-4352 10355673 denotes 1999
25610782-7895011-75666124 4371-4375 7895011 denotes 1995
25610782-19949718-75666125 4396-4400 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-11275483-75666126 4454-4458 11275483 denotes 2001
25610782-10688157-75666127 4658-4662 10688157 denotes 1999
25610782-10688157-75666128 4839-4843 10688157 denotes 1999
25610782-17095252-75666129 4857-4861 17095252 denotes 2007
25610782-12894812-75666130 4878-4882 12894812 denotes 2001
25610782-19949718-75666131 4911-4915 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-16806312-75666132 5123-5127 16806312 denotes 2007
25610782-11050021-75666133 5238-5242 11050021 denotes 2000
25610782-17400195-75666134 5442-5446 17400195 denotes 2007
25610782-15187809-75666135 5637-5641 15187809 denotes 2004
25610782-15187809-75666136 5888-5892 15187809 denotes 2004
25610782-16157377-75666137 6200-6204 16157377 denotes 2006
25610782-10355673-75666138 6399-6403 10355673 denotes 1999
25610782-8598908-75666139 6418-6422 8598908 denotes 1996
25610782-10934265-75666140 6440-6444 10934265 denotes 2000
25610782-15134840-75666141 6453-6457 15134840 denotes 2004
25610782-15939408-75666142 6476-6480 15939408 denotes 2005
25610782-16414281-75666143 6547-6551 16414281 denotes 2006
25610782-11438606-75666144 6569-6573 11438606 denotes 2001
25610782-19665877-75666145 6787-6791 19665877 denotes 2009
25610782-11050021-75666146 6811-6815 11050021 denotes 2000
25610782-21458825-75666147 7267-7271 21458825 denotes 2011
25610782-15595374-75666148 7288-7292 15595374 denotes 2004
25610782-15335344-75666149 7313-7317 15335344 denotes 2004
25610782-16009478-75666150 7336-7340 16009478 denotes 2005
25610782-18702712-75666151 7355-7359 18702712 denotes 2008
25610782-22684525-75666152 7524-7528 22684525 denotes 2013
25610782-22684525-75666153 7737-7741 22684525 denotes 2013
25610782-23245216-75666154 7883-7887 23245216 denotes 2013
25610782-20392277-75666155 8329-8333 20392277 denotes 2010
25610782-22859975-75666156 8483-8487 22859975 denotes 2012
25610782-8706538-75666157 9099-9103 8706538 denotes 1996
25610782-19885725-75666158 9471-9475 19885725 denotes 2010
25610782-10587887-75666159 9497-9501 10587887 denotes 1999
25610782-16522709-75666160 9518-9522 16522709 denotes 2006
25610782-18633799-75666161 9635-9639 18633799 denotes 2006
25610782-19205857-75666162 9658-9662 19205857 denotes 2009
25610782-16868846-75666163 9678-9682 16868846 denotes 2007
25610782-19765010-75666164 9697-9701 19765010 denotes 2009
25610782-16639533-75666165 9911-9915 16639533 denotes 2006
25610782-17683341-75666166 10087-10091 17683341 denotes 2007
25610782-19371787-75666167 10465-10469 19371787 denotes 2009
25610782-19371787-75666168 10673-10677 19371787 denotes 2009
25610782-11050021-75666169 11105-11109 11050021 denotes 2000
25610782-9849722-75666170 11238-11242 9849722 denotes 1998
25610782-22958650-75666171 11361-11365 22958650 denotes 2012
25610782-16472321-75666172 11760-11764 16472321 denotes 2006
25610782-1389123-75666173 11779-11783 1389123 denotes 1992
25610782-11992203-75666174 11877-11881 11992203 denotes 2002
25610782-19371787-75666175 11898-11902 19371787 denotes 2009
25610782-22182768-75666176 12047-12051 22182768 denotes 2012
25610782-18633805-75666177 12079-12083 18633805 denotes 2007
25610782-14527602-75666178 12098-12102 14527602 denotes 2003
25610782-11239901-75666179 12119-12123 11239901 denotes 2001
25610782-17577713-75666180 12338-12342 17577713 denotes 2007
25610782-10817843-75666181 12552-12556 10817843 denotes 2000
25610782-7872731-75666182 12659-12663 7872731 denotes 1995
25610782-18452757-75666183 12678-12682 18452757 denotes 2008
25610782-10784084-75666184 12842-12846 10784084 denotes 2000
25610782-16868846-75666185 12863-12867 16868846 denotes 2007
25610782-19765010-75666186 13071-13075 19765010 denotes 2009
25610782-1400699-75666187 13203-13207 1400699 denotes 1992
25610782-11708387-75666188 13276-13280 11708387 denotes 2001
25610782-17180461-75666189 13407-13411 17180461 denotes 2007
25610782-16522709-75666190 13632-13636 16522709 denotes 2006
25610782-16868846-75666191 13653-13657 16868846 denotes 2007
25610782-11055457-75666192 15265-15269 11055457 denotes 2000
25610782-11055457-75666193 16252-16256 11055457 denotes 2000
25610782-19564050-75666194 17408-17412 19564050 denotes 2009
25610782-21828900-75666195 19875-19879 21828900 denotes 2011
25610782-21484951-75666196 21218-21222 21484951 denotes 2011
25610782-23603349-75666197 21531-21535 23603349 denotes 2013
25610782-10912591-75666198 21555-21559 10912591 denotes 2000
25610782-16407774-75666199 22005-22009 16407774 denotes 2006
25610782-11239901-75666200 22026-22030 11239901 denotes 2001
25610782-8812068-75666201 23351-23355 8812068 denotes 1996
25610782-19205857-75666202 28296-28300 19205857 denotes 2009
25610782-20102666-75666203 28317-28321 20102666 denotes 2010
25610782-15831407-75666204 29296-29300 15831407 denotes 2005
25610782-15215213-75666205 29315-29319 15215213 denotes 2004
25610782-1477524-75666206 30173-30177 1477524 denotes 1992
25610782-1477524-75666207 30406-30410 1477524 denotes 1992
25610782-9247387-75666208 30535-30539 9247387 denotes 1997
25610782-19590881-75666209 30555-30559 19590881 denotes 2009
25610782-22182768-75666210 30931-30935 22182768 denotes 2012
25610782-1477524-75666211 31345-31349 1477524 denotes 1992
25610782-15862220-75666212 31513-31517 15862220 denotes 2005
25610782-10355673-75666213 32049-32053 10355673 denotes 1999
25610782-8598908-75666214 32068-32072 8598908 denotes 1996
25610782-10934265-75666215 32090-32094 10934265 denotes 2000
25610782-15134840-75666216 32103-32107 15134840 denotes 2004
25610782-15939408-75666217 32126-32130 15939408 denotes 2005
25610782-14985269-75666218 32268-32272 14985269 denotes 2004
25610782-17337237-75666219 32470-32474 17337237 denotes 2007
25610782-10587887-75666220 32556-32560 10587887 denotes 1999
25610782-16639533-75666221 33229-33233 16639533 denotes 2009
25610782-22547530-75666222 33864-33868 22547530 denotes 2013
25610782-15862220-75666223 34398-34402 15862220 denotes 2005
25610782-19501062-75666224 34440-34444 19501062 denotes 2009
25610782-10827446-75666225 34881-34885 10827446 denotes 2000
25610782-3442998-75666226 35731-35735 3442998 denotes 1987
25610782-16899333-75666227 35936-35940 16899333 denotes 2006
25610782-15886400-75666228 36069-36073 15886400 denotes 2005
25610782-19949718-75666229 36094-36098 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-15708218-75666230 36200-36204 15708218 denotes 2005
25610782-19653088-75666231 36442-36446 19653088 denotes 2010
25610782-15909405-75666232 36691-36695 15909405 denotes 2005
25610782-14561449-75666233 37313-37317 14561449 denotes 2003
25610782-20740065-75666234 37334-37338 20740065 denotes 1996
25610782-20045736-75666235 37353-37357 20045736 denotes 2010
25610782-23587690-75666236 37762-37766 23587690 denotes 2013
25610782-19949718-75666237 37787-37791 19949718 denotes 2009
25610782-9821359-75666238 37815-37819 9821359 denotes 1998
25610782-11395019-75666239 38478-38482 11395019 denotes 2001
25610782-12965300-75666240 38491-38495 12965300 denotes 2003
25610782-16023376-75666241 38514-38518 16023376 denotes 2005
25610782-7872731-75666242 39644-39648 7872731 denotes 1995
25610782-18452757-75666243 39663-39667 18452757 denotes 2008

NEUROSES

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T117 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T118 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T119 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T120 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T121 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T122 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T123 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T124 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T125 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T126 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T127 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T128 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T129 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T130 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T131 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T132 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T133 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T134 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T135 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T136 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T137 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T138 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T139 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T140 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T141 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T142 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T143 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T144 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T145 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T146 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T147 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T148 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T149 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T150 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T151 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T152 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T153 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T154 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T155 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T156 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T157 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T158 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T159 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T160 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T161 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T162 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T163 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T164 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T165 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T166 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T167 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T168 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T169 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T170 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T171 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T172 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T173 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T174 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T175 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T176 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T177 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T178 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T179 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T180 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T181 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T182 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T183 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T184 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T185 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T186 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T187 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T188 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T189 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T190 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T191 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T192 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T193 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T194 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T195 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T196 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T197 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T198 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T199 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T200 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T201 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T202 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T203 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T204 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T205 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T206 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T207 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T208 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T209 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T210 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T211 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T212 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T213 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T214 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T215 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T216 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T217 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T219 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T220 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T221 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T222 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T223 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T224 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T225 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T226 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T227 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T228 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T229 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T230 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T231 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T232 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T233 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T234 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T235 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T236 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T237 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T238 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T239 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T240 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T241 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T242 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T243 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T244 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T245 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T246 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T247 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T248 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T249 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T250 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T251 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T252 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T253 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T254 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T255 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T256 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T257 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T258 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T259 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T260 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T261 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T262 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T263 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T264 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T265 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T266 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T267 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T268 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T269 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T270 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T271 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T272 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T273 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T274 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T275 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T276 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T277 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T278 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T279 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T280 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T281 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T282 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T283 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T284 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T285 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T286 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T287 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T288 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T289 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T290 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T291 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T292 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T293 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T294 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T295 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T296 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T297 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T302 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T303 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T304 5382-5390 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T305 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T306 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T307 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T308 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T309 6592-6602 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T310 6676-6684 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T311 6872-6883 PATO_0001624 denotes dysfunction
T464 14763-14771 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T465 14686-14693 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T496 14887-14890 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T497 14887-14890 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T498 14965-14970 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T499 15070-15075 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T500 15150-15155 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T501 15539-15544 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T502 15590-15596 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T503 15897-15903 CHEBI_3724 denotes Celexa
T504 15915-15923 CHEBI_31836 denotes Concerta
T505 15937-15944 CHEBI_31836 denotes Ritalin
T506 15925-15935 CHEBI_42797 denotes Gabapentin
T507 15946-15954 CHEBI_8708 denotes Seroquel
T508 15970-15976 CHEBI_32314 denotes Zeldox
T520 16300-16310 PATO_0001411 denotes structured
T521 16523-16532 PATO_0002175 denotes deviation
T522 16566-16572 PATO_0002269 denotes pooled
T523 16627-16636 PATO_0000152 denotes threshold
T524 16882-16886 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T525 16882-16886 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T581 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T582 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T583 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T584 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T585 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T586 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T587 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T588 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T589 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T590 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T591 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T592 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T593 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T594 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T595 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T596 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T597 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T598 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T599 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T600 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T601 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T602 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T603 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T604 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T605 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T606 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T607 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T608 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T609 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T610 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T611 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T612 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T613 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T614 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T615 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T616 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T617 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T618 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T619 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T620 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T621 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T622 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T623 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T624 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T625 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T626 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T627 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T628 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T629 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T694 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T695 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T696 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T697 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T698 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T699 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T700 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T701 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T702 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T703 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T704 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T705 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T706 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T707 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T708 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T709 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T710 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T711 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T712 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T713 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T714 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T715 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T716 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T717 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T718 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
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T815 23551-23555 PATO_0001309 denotes time
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T830 20979-20984 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T952 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
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T963 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
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T975 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
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T986 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
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T989 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T996 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
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T999 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1000 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T1001 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1002 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1003 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1004 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1005 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T1008 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
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T1011 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
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T1014 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1015 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1016 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1017 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T1023 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1024 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
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T1026 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1027 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1028 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1029 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T1032 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
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T1034 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
T1035 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1036 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T1037 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1038 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1039 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1040 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1041 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T1043 25234-25239 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1044 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1045 25271-25279 PATO_0000070 denotes presence
T1046 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
T1047 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1048 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T1049 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1050 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1051 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1052 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1053 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1054 24993-24999 PATO_0001880 denotes tailed
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T1056 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1057 25271-25279 PATO_0000070 denotes presence
T1058 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
T1059 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1060 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T1061 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1062 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1063 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1064 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1065 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1066 24993-24999 PATO_0001880 denotes tailed
T1067 25234-25239 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1068 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1069 25271-25279 PATO_0000070 denotes presence
T1070 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
T1071 25568-25572 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T1072 25568-25572 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T1073 24934-24939 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1074 25322-25327 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1075 25549-25554 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1076 26325-26330 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1077 26670-26675 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T1078 24993-24999 PATO_0001880 denotes tailed
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T1080 26097-26102 PATO_0000694 denotes early
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T1082 25352-25363 PATO_0000626 denotes lateralized
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T1105 27915-27920 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
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T1108 28084-28089 PATO_0000309 denotes young
T1109 28548-28558 PATO_0000990 denotes consistent
T1257 28806-28813 PATO_0001504 denotes complex
T1258 28877-28885 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1259 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
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T1270 28806-28813 PATO_0001504 denotes complex
T1271 28877-28885 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1272 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1273 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1275 29120-29128 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1276 29143-29153 PATO_0000990 denotes consistent
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T1281 29736-29746 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
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T1283 28806-28813 PATO_0001504 denotes complex
T1284 28877-28885 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1285 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1286 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1288 29120-29128 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1289 29143-29153 PATO_0000990 denotes consistent
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T1291 29399-29407 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
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T1298 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1299 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1304 29399-29407 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
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T1311 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1312 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1338 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1346 29736-29746 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
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T1349 28877-28885 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1350 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1351 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1364 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1376 29611-29619 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1377 28887-28892 CHEBI_32849 denotes tempo
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T1447 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
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T1472 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1473 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1474 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1475 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1476 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1477 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
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T1486 33704-33711 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1487 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1488 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1489 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1490 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1491 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1492 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
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T1502 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1503 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1504 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1505 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1506 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1507 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
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T1516 33704-33711 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1517 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1518 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1519 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1520 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1521 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1522 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1523 33809-33813 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
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T1530 33653-33660 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1531 33704-33711 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1532 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1533 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1534 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1535 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1536 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1537 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1538 33809-33813 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1539 33988-33996 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1540 34744-34752 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1541 34080-34088 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
T1542 34187-34192 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1543 33384-33391 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T1544 33544-33551 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T1545 33653-33660 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1546 33704-33711 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1547 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1548 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1549 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1550 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1551 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1552 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1553 33809-33813 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1554 33988-33996 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1555 34744-34752 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1556 34080-34088 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
T1557 34187-34192 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1558 33384-33391 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T1559 33544-33551 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T1560 33653-33660 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1561 33704-33711 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1562 33902-33909 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1563 33997-34004 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1564 34198-34205 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1565 34308-34315 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1566 34520-34527 PATO_0001977 denotes Angular
T1567 34631-34638 PATO_0001977 denotes angular
T1568 33809-33813 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1569 33988-33996 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1570 34744-34752 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T1571 34080-34088 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
T1572 34187-34192 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T1573 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1574 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1575 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1576 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1577 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1578 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1579 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1580 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1581 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1582 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1583 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1584 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1585 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1586 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1587 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1588 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1589 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1590 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1591 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1592 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1593 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1594 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1595 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1596 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1597 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1598 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1599 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1600 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1601 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1602 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1603 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1604 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1605 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1606 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1607 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1608 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1609 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1610 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1611 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1612 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1613 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1614 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1615 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1616 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1617 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1618 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1619 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1620 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1621 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1622 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1623 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1624 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1625 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1626 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1627 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1628 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1629 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1630 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1631 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1632 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1633 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1634 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1635 34939-34946 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T1636 34753-34761 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1637 34780-34788 PATO_0000057 denotes Temporal
T1638 34997-35005 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1639 35083-35091 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1640 35219-35227 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1641 35306-35314 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T1642 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1643 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1644 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1645 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1646 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1647 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1648 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1649 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1650 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1651 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1695 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1696 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1697 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1698 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1699 39341-39349 PATO_0001227 denotes variable
T1700 39535-39540 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T442 11720-11724 PATO_0000502 denotes late
T443 14698-14705 PATO_0000502 denotes delayed
T444 11720-11724 PATO_0000693 denotes late
T445 11786-11798 PATO_0000688 denotes Asynchronous
T446 12148-12151 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T447 13906-13909 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T448 12148-12151 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T449 13906-13909 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T450 12191-12197 PATO_0000465 denotes marked
T451 12305-12310 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T452 12487-12493 PATO_0001309 denotes period
T453 14153-14159 PATO_0001309 denotes period
T454 12527-12536 PATO_0000470 denotes increased
T455 12631-12642 PATO_0001303 denotes variability
T456 13149-13156 PATO_0001504 denotes complex
T457 13326-13330 PATO_0000469 denotes high
T458 13721-13731 PATO_0000990 denotes consistent
T459 13817-13824 PATO_0000461 denotes average
T460 14024-14032 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T461 14142-14152 PATO_0001189 denotes adolescent
T462 14284-14291 PATO_0000467 denotes present
T463 14417-14425 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T74 2438-2444 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T75 3630-3636 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T76 2733-2741 PATO_0001624 denotes Impaired
T77 2733-2741 PATO_0000762 denotes Impaired
T78 3003-3015 PATO_0000991 denotes inconsistent
T79 3646-3654 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T80 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T81 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T82 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T83 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T84 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T85 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T86 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T87 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T88 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T89 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T90 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T91 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T92 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T93 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T94 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T95 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T96 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T97 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T98 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T99 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T100 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T101 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T102 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T103 5056-5063 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T104 5249-5256 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T105 4551-4558 PATO_0001880 denotes caudate
T106 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T107 4918-4926 PATO_0000460 denotes Atypical
T108 3954-3962 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T109 4223-4231 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T110 5257-5265 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T111 3974-3982 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T112 4260-4268 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T113 4577-4585 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T114 5168-5176 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T115 4213-4222 PATO_0000618 denotes bilateral
T116 4471-4480 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T218 4559-4566 CHEBI_33252 denotes nucleus
T298 5494-5501 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T299 5502-5510 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T300 6069-6079 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T301 6338-6346 PATO_0000200 denotes learning
T383 8875-8882 PATO_0000874 denotes fearful
T384 9222-9226 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T385 9222-9226 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T386 9459-9462 CHEBI_64198 denotes Bal
T387 9562-9570 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T388 9704-9707 CHEBI_84123 denotes Age
T389 9704-9707 PATO_0000011 denotes Age
T390 9904-9907 CHEBI_26523 denotes Ros
T391 9933-9938 PATO_0001419 denotes sharp
T392 9967-9978 PATO_0000085 denotes sensitivity
T393 10520-10530 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T1088 27169-27176 PATO_0000467 denotes present
T1089 27531-27539 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T28 0-5 PATO_0000694 denotes Early
T29 113-121 PATO_0001624 denotes Impaired
T30 1694-1702 PATO_0001624 denotes impaired
T31 113-121 PATO_0000762 denotes Impaired
T32 1694-1702 PATO_0000762 denotes impaired
T33 247-253 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T34 559-566 PATO_0000392 denotes limited
T35 605-609 PATO_0000469 denotes high
T36 1097-1105 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T37 1201-1209 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T38 1652-1660 PATO_0000460 denotes atypical
T39 1271-1279 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T40 1614-1619 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T345 7169-7176 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T346 8343-8350 PATO_0001997 denotes reduced
T347 8431-8440 PATO_0001997 denotes decreased
T348 7364-7370 PATO_0001484 denotes recent
T349 7502-7507 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T350 7957-7964 PATO_0001005 denotes latency
T351 7977-7986 PATO_0000516 denotes sensitive
T352 8003-8012 PATO_0000627 denotes localized
T353 8020-8028 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T354 8047-8055 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T355 8570-8578 PATO_0000057 denotes temporal
T356 8303-8306 CHEBI_73494 denotes EEG
T357 8351-8356 PATO_0000694 denotes early
T358 8374-8379 CHEBI_30212 denotes gamma
T359 8385-8390 PATO_0001024 denotes power
T360 8441-8446 PATO_0001024 denotes power
T810 20358-20362 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T811 20418-20422 PATO_0001309 denotes time
T864 24297-24302 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T865 24384-24389 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T866 24729-24734 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T867 24493-24503 PATO_0001470 denotes proportion
T868 24688-24695 PATO_0001005 denotes latency
T869 24831-24838 PATO_0001005 denotes latency
T1652 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1653 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1654 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1655 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1656 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1657 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1658 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1659 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1660 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1661 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1662 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1663 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1664 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1665 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1666 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1667 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1668 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1669 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1670 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1671 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1672 36349-36354 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1673 36772-36777 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1674 36986-36991 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1675 37045-37050 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1676 37231-37236 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T1677 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1678 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1679 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1680 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1681 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1682 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1683 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1684 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1685 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1686 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1687 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1688 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1689 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1690 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1691 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1692 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1693 37836-37840 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T1694 39122-39126 CHEBI_50906 denotes role
T659 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T660 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T661 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T662 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T663 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T664 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T665 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T666 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T667 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T668 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T669 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T670 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T671 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T672 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T673 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T674 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T675 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T676 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T677 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T678 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T679 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T680 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T681 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T682 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T683 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T684 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T685 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T686 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T687 18866-18870 PATO_0001470 denotes rate
T688 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T689 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T690 19076-19084 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T691 19267-19275 PATO_0000605 denotes position
T692 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T693 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T563 17065-17072 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T564 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T565 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T566 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T567 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T568 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T569 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T570 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T571 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T572 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T573 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T574 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided
T575 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T576 18109-18116 PATO_0000060 denotes pattern
T577 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T578 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T579 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T580 17531-17538 PATO_0001786 denotes divided

BLAH2015_Annotations_test_5

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 59-70 Patient denotes adolescents
T2 113-121 PATO_0000762 denotes Impaired
T3 247-253 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T4 535-546 Patient denotes adolescents
T5 559-566 PATO_0000392 denotes limited
T6 584-595 Patient denotes adolescents
T7 605-609 PATO_0000469 denotes high
T8 664-676 Patient denotes Participants
T9 956-967 Patient denotes adolescents
T10 1125-1136 Patient denotes adolescents
T11 1410-1421 Patient denotes adolescents
T12 1614-1619 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T13 1694-1702 PATO_0000762 denotes impaired
T14 1752-1763 Patient denotes adolescents
T41 2336-2345 PATO_0001555 denotes f social
T42 2438-2444 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T43 2440-2448 PATO_0002400 denotes sual sti
T44 2472-2480 PATO_0002400 denotes nteracti
T45 2692-2701 PATO_0000618 denotes uiding ap
T46 2702-2710 PATO_0002400 denotes ropriate
T47 2733-2741 PATO_0000762 denotes Impaired
T48 3003-3015 PATO_0000991 denotes inconsistent
T49 3026-3033 PATO_0001880 denotes th some
T50 3034-3041 CHEBI_33252 denotes studies
T51 3038-3048 PATO_0000076 denotes ies findin
T52 3312-3320 PATO_0000200 denotes d anger
T53 3545-3549 PATO_0000366 denotes ssin
T54 3554-3569 PATO_0001668 denotes associated with
T55 3566-3576 PATO_0001510 denotes ith activa
T56 3630-3636 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T57 3635-3639 PATO_0000366 denotes l, l
T58 3668-3673 PATO_0000367 denotes tal a
T59 3677-3681 PATO_0000366 denotes refr
T60 3686-3692 PATO_0000234 denotes regio
T61 3739-3748 PATO_0002400 denotes ; Phillip
T62 5159-5182 PM9180 denotes superior temporal gyrus
T63 5449-5457 Patient denotes Children
T64 5462-5473 Patient denotes adolescents
T312 7201-7209 Patient denotes children
T313 7364-7370 PATO_0001484 denotes recent
T314 7392-7403 Patient denotes adolescents
T315 7502-7507 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T316 7578-7593 PATO_0001668 denotes associated with
T317 7671-7682 Patient denotes adolescents
T318 7794-7799 Patient denotes adult
T319 7809-7814 Patient denotes child
T320 7846-7857 Patient denotes adolescents
T321 7957-7964 PATO_0001005 denotes latency
T322 7977-7986 PATO_0000516 denotes sensitive
T323 8003-8012 PATO_0000627 denotes localized
T324 8020-8028 PATO_0002400 denotes fusiform
T325 8102-8113 Patient denotes adolescents
T326 8303-8306 CHEBI_73494 denotes EEG
T327 8374-8379 CHEBI_30212 denotes gamma
T328 8385-8390 PATO_0001024 denotes power
T329 8441-8446 PATO_0001024 denotes power
T330 8176-8187 Patient denotes adolescents
T361 8875-8882 PATO_0000874 denotes fearful
T362 9170-9181 PATO_0000077 denotes response to
T363 9222-9226 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T364 9372-9376 Patient denotes they
T365 9459-9462 CHEBI_64198 denotes Bal
T366 9704-9707 PATO_0000011 denotes Age
T367 9704-9707 CHEBI_84123 denotes Age
T368 9767-9775 Patient denotes children
T369 9859-9867 Patient denotes children
T370 9904-9907 CHEBI_26523 denotes Ros
T371 9933-9938 PATO_0001419 denotes sharp
T372 9967-9978 PATO_0000085 denotes sensitivity
T373 10520-10530 PATO_0000076 denotes regulation
T374 9780-9791 Patient denotes adolescents
T394 11720-11724 PATO_0000693 denotes late
T395 11786-11798 PATO_0000688 denotes Asynchronous
T396 12148-12151 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T397 12148-12151 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T398 12191-12197 PATO_0000465 denotes marked
T399 12399-12410 Patient denotes adolescents
T400 12487-12493 PATO_0001309 denotes period
T401 12631-12642 PATO_0001303 denotes variability
T402 12748-12759 Patient denotes adolescents
T403 12870-12881 Patient denotes Adolescents
T404 13006-13010 Patient denotes they
T405 13116-13120 Patient denotes they
T406 13149-13156 PATO_0001504 denotes complex
T407 13326-13330 PATO_0000469 denotes high
T408 13721-13731 PATO_0000990 denotes consistent
T409 13906-13909 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T410 13906-13909 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T411 14008-14023 PATO_0001668 denotes associated with
T412 14142-14152 Patient denotes adolescent
T413 14142-14152 PATO_0001189 denotes adolescent
T414 14153-14159 PATO_0001309 denotes period
T415 14284-14291 PATO_0000467 denotes present
T416 14370-14381 Patient denotes adolescents
T417 14638-14642 Patient denotes they
T418 14698-14705 PATO_0000502 denotes delayed
T419 14553-14564 Patient denotes adolescents
T466 14874-14885 Patient denotes adolescents
T467 14887-14890 PATO_0000011 denotes age
T468 14887-14890 CHEBI_84123 denotes age
T469 14935-14940 Patient denotes males
T470 14965-14970 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T471 15040-15045 Patient denotes males
T472 15070-15075 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T473 15121-15133 Patient denotes Participants
T474 15150-15155 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T475 15510-15522 Patient denotes participants
T476 15539-15544 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T477 15590-15596 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T478 15734-15746 Patient denotes participants
T479 15830-15842 Patient denotes participants
T480 15897-15903 CHEBI_3724 denotes Celexa
T481 15915-15923 CHEBI_31836 denotes Concerta
T482 15925-15935 CHEBI_42797 denotes Gabapentin
T483 15937-15944 CHEBI_31836 denotes Ritalin
T484 15946-15954 CHEBI_8708 denotes Seroquel
T485 15970-15976 CHEBI_32314 denotes Zeldox
T486 16026-16034 Patient denotes Children
T487 16108-16120 Patient denotes participants
T488 15802-15813 Patient denotes adolescents
T509 16300-16310 PATO_0001411 denotes structured
T510 16523-16532 PATO_0002175 denotes deviation
T511 16627-16636 PATO_0000152 denotes threshold
T512 16882-16886 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T513 16478-16490 Patient denotes participants
T526 17144-17150 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T527 17186-17191 Patient denotes males
T528 17196-17203 Patient denotes females
T529 17425-17431 PATO_0000430 denotes unique
T530 17617-17623 PATO_0000413 denotes square
T531 17747-17753 PATO_0000014 denotes colour
T532 17808-17812 PATO_0000366 denotes left
T533 17817-17822 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T534 18004-18016 Patient denotes participants
T535 18083-18091 PATO_0000140 denotes location
T536 18129-18133 PATO_0000366 denotes left
T537 18137-18142 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T538 18230-18233 CHEBI_17905 denotes com
T539 18416-18424 PATO_0000040 denotes distance
T540 18439-18445 PATO_0000234 denotes visual
T541 18446-18451 PATO_0002326 denotes angle
T542 18532-18539 PATO_0001005 denotes latency
T543 18573-18585 Patient denotes participants
T544 18672-18676 Patient denotes they
T630 18866-18870 PATO_0000161 denotes rate
T631 18928-18936 Patient denotes Children
T632 18996-19003 PATO_0000001 denotes quality
T633 19047-19059 Patient denotes participants
T634 19076-19084 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T635 19124-19128 Patient denotes they
T636 19200-19204 PATO_0000366 denotes left
T637 19209-19214 PATO_0000367 denotes right
T638 19267-19275 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T639 19330-19335 CHEBI_33325 denotes radio
T640 19336-19342 PATO_0000963 denotes opaque
T641 19381-19391 PATO_0001189 denotes adolescent
T642 19435-19438 CHEBI_74926 denotes PAT
T643 19542-19551 PATO_0000915 denotes thickness
T644 19690-19696 PATO_0000430 denotes Unique
T645 19381-19391 Patient denotes adolescent
T736 20358-20362 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T737 20418-20422 PATO_0000165 denotes time
T738 20481-20489 Patient denotes subjects
T739 20491-20501 PATO_0000689 denotes Continuous
T740 20628-20636 PATO_0000140 denotes position
T741 20747-20750 CHEBI_29202 denotes ICA
T742 20979-20984 CHEBI_24433 denotes group
T743 21003-21012 PATO_0001555 denotes number of
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T1110 0-28762 CHEBI_15611 denotes Early neural activation during facial affect processing in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder☆ Abstract Impaired social interaction is one of the hallmarks of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Emotional faces are arguably the most critical visual social stimuli and the ability to perceive, recognize, and interpret emotions is central to social interaction and communication, and subsequently healthy social development. However, our understanding of the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD is limited. We recruited 48 adolescents, 24 with high functioning ASD and 24 typically developing controls. Participants completed an implicit emotional face processing task in the MEG. We examined spatiotemporal differences in neural activation between the groups during implicit angry and happy face processing. While there were no differences in response latencies between groups across emotions, adolescents with ASD had lower accuracy on the implicit emotional face processing task when the trials included angry faces. MEG data showed atypical neural activity in adolescents with ASD during angry and happy face processing, which included atypical activity in the insula, anterior and posterior cingulate and temporal and orbitofrontal regions. Our findings demonstrate differences in neural activity during happy and angry face processing between adolescents with and without ASD. These differences in activation in social cognitive regions may index the difficulties in face processing and in comprehension of social reward and punishment in the ASD group. Thus, our results suggest that atypical neural activation contributes to impaired affect processing, and thus social cognition, in adolescents with ASD. Highlights • The ability to recognize and interpret emotions is central to social interaction. • Deficits in social interactions are hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). • Adolescents with and without ASD completed an emotional face task in MEG. • MEG data showed atypical neural activity in ASD to both angry and happy faces. • Insula, cingulate, temporal and orbitofrontal activities were particularly affected in the ASD group. 1 Introduction Emotional face processing is an innate and universal ability that is integral to the acquisition of social skills (Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Meltzoff & Moore, 1977). The human face is the most important visual stimulus for human social interactions. The ability to extract the significance of expressive faces is critical for successful social interactions, as it facilitates the understanding of another's mental states and intentions and is important in guiding appropriate reciprocal behaviour. Impaired social functioning is one of the diagnostic hallmarks of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). While it is generally understood that individuals with ASD experience difficulties with social cues, the current literature on emotional face processing in ASD has yielded inconsistent results with some studies finding deficits in emotional processing (e.g., Celani et al., 1999; Eack et al., 2014; García-Villamisar et al., 2010; Golan et al., 2008), with impairment in fear (Ashwin et al., 2007; Howard et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2002), surprise (Baron-Cohen et al., 1993) and anger processing (Kuusikko et al., 2009), while others have noted no deficits (Adolphs et al., 2001; Balconi & Carrera, 2007; Buitelaar et al., 1999; Castelli, 2005; Tracy et al., 2011). In typical development, emotional face processing is associated with activation in a widespread neural network, encompassing the visual, limbic, temporal, temporoparietal and prefrontal regions (Blair et al., 1999; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; Phillips et al., 1999; Vuilleumier & Pourtois, 2007). The processing of happy facial expressions implicates a number of structures including the amygdalae, insulae, cingulate, inferior, medial and middle frontal, fusiform and middle temporal areas (Breiter et al., 1996; Devinsky et al., 1995; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; García-Villamisar et al., 2010; Hoehl et al., 2010; Kesler-West et al., 2001; Phillips et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 2001). Angry faces elicit cingulate, bilateral fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal, middle and medial superior frontal, and orbitofrontal activity (Blair et al., 1999; Devinsky et al., 1995; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; García-Villamisar et al., 2010; Kesler-West et al., 2001); moreover, decreased activation to angry, relative to neutral, faces has been found in the caudate nucleus, superior temporal, anterior cingulate (ACC), and medial frontal regions (Phillips et al., 1999). While the amygdalae have been widely reported to be involved in threat processing, amygdala activation to angry faces has not been found consistently (e.g., Phillips et al., 1999; Luo et al., 2007; Whalen et al., 2001; but see Fusar-Poli et al., 2009). Atypical activation of the social brain networks using fMRI during emotional face processing has been found in adults with ASD, including reduced left amygdala and orbitofrontal activation (Ashwin et al., 2007), greater activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and right peristriate visual cortex (Critchley et al., 2000), and reduced fusiform and extrastriate activity, while also showing activation comparable to controls in the anterior cingulate, superior temporal, medial frontal and insula regions (Deeley et al., 2007). Children and adolescents with ASD have shown reduced fusiform but greater precuneus activity during an emotion-matching task, but not during a simpler emotion labelling task (Wang et al., 2004). Collectively, these studies suggest that task demands modulate neural activity during emotional processing to a greater extent in individuals with ASD, and have likely contributed to the discrepant findings in existing literature (Wang et al., 2004). Of the two major subsystems involved in social cognition, the ventral orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit is of particular relevance to ASD as it is implicated in socio-emotional regulation and behaviour through the processing of others' emotional states, responses and intentions (see Bachevalier & Loveland, 2006, for a review). The orbitofrontal cortex contributes to this subsystem by mediating emotional behaviour, social inhibition, reversal learning and altering of unsuitable behaviour (Blair et al., 1999; Dias et al., 1996; Elliott et al., 2000; Rolls, 2004; Van Honk et al., 2005) as well deriving positive social joy and reward (Britton et al., 2006; Morris & Dolan, 2001). Sharing a close functional and anatomical reciprocal interconnection with the orbitofrontal cortex, atypical activation in the left amygdala during affect processing has been noted in ASD (e.g., Corbett et al., 2009; Critchley et al., 2000). Hence, focusing on the orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit dysfunction may aid in delineating the profile of facial affect processing in ASD. 1.1 The spatiotemporal profile of neural activity during affect processing in ASD There are few studies on the timing of the neural processing of emotional faces in ASD. ERP studies have noted variously a delay, reduced, or lack of activity in children and adults with ASD, relative to controls (Batty et al., 2011; Dawson et al., 2004; McPartland et al., 2004; O'Connor et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2008). A recent ERP study found that adolescents with ASD failed to show emotion-specific responses that were observed in the typically developing group (Wagner et al., 2013). Further, while face scanning was significantly associated with patterns of neural activation during face processing in typically developing adolescents, no such association was found in ASD (Wagner et al., 2013). Significant impairments in emotion recognition in adult, but not child, faces have also been noted in adolescents with ASD (Lerner et al., 2013). The same study also reported a significant association between the latency of the face-sensitive N170 component, localized to the fusiform gyri and inferior temporal areas, and deficits in emotion recognition in adolescents with ASD. One study that investigated affective processing in adolescents with ASD using magnetoencephalography (MEG), which provides both timing and more accurate spatial information than EEG studies (Hari et al., 2010), showed reduced early emotion-specific gamma-band power, relative to controls, as well as later decreased power across all emotions (Wright et al., 2012). There do not appear to be other studies that have taken advantage of the spatio-temporal precision of MEG to determine the timing and/or brain regional activation differences in developmental ASD populations with emotional faces. 1.2 Anger processing While emotional facial expressions of fear and anger both constitute threat-relevant signals, angry faces are more appropriate than fearful faces for investigating emotional face processing in ASD. Processing of anger requires the understanding of social norms and context, topics with which individuals with ASD struggle (Berkowitz, 1999; Zeman & Garber, 1996). Angry facial expressions are also more likely to be produced in response to repeated aggravations rather than first-time behavioural transgressions (Averill, 1982). Given that individuals with ASD are often poor at recognizing others' mental states or social norms, they have likely encountered displays of anger without understanding the implications (Bal et al., 2010; Baron-Cohen et al., 1999; Begeer et al., 2006). Past studies have specifically noted atypical angry facial processing in individuals with ASD (Ashwin et al., 2006; Kuusikko et al., 2009; Rieff et al., 2007; Rump et al., 2009). Age-effects in anger processing have also been noted, as older children and adolescents are able to correctly identify angry faces more often than younger children, regardless of diagnosis (Lindner & Rosén, 2006). There are also sharp increases in anger-specific sensitivity from adolescence to adulthood, providing support for a later maturation of anger processing (Thomas et al., 2007). An fMRI study contrasting activations elicited by fear and anger in typical individuals showed that while both emotions activated a network of regions similarly, including the amygdalae and insulae, anger specifically elicited neural activation in a wider set of regions including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior orbitofrontal cortex (Pichon et al., 2009). These areas have been implicated in behavioural regulation, supporting the idea that anger processing requires more resources and contextual information to adjust behaviour accordingly (Pichon et al., 2009). 1.3 Happiness processing in ASD Happiness is the only one of the six basic emotions that is definitely positive and is the first emotion to be accurately identified in early development (Markham & Adams, 1992). Seemingly typical processing of happy affect in individuals with ASD has been observed, which may be due to the greater frequency of encountering and hence greater familiarity with happy faces (Critchley et al., 2000; Farran et al., 2011). However, while happy faces are socially rewarding for typically developing individuals (Phillips et al., 1998), insensitivity towards social reward derived from happy faces has been shown in individuals with ASD (Sepeta et al., 2012). Hence, it is important to investigate the underlying neural processes involved in the processing of happy faces in ASD to determine whether social reward systems are appropriately activated. 1.4 Adolescence In typically developing individuals, recognition of emotional face expressions follows a protracted developmental trajectory that extends into late adolescence (e.g., Batty & Taylor, 2006; Kolb et al., 1992). Asynchronous development of emotion recognition is well established (De Sonneville et al., 2002; Pichon et al., 2009) and neuroimaging findings have demonstrated the shifting involvement of different neural networks over the course of development (Hung et al., 2012; Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd, 2007; Monk et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2001). At around 11 years of age emotional processing abilities undergo marked improvement, which would implicate greater demands on neural processes involved in emotional processing in early adolescence (Tonks et al., 2007). There are few studies on emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD, representing a serious gap in the literature, as adolescence is a period of vulnerability, volatility and increased stress (Spear, 2000) during which the prevalence of negative emotions peaks and shows greater variability (Compas et al., 1995; Hare et al., 2008). Behavioural studies investigating emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD have shown affective processing comparable to controls (Grossman et al., 2000; Rieffe et al., 2007). Adolescents with ASD in these studies showed deficits in decoding emotions from static and dynamic facial affect overall, and, although they have been shown to identify specific emotions (Rump et al., 2009) such as happiness and sadness readily, they have difficulties with more complex emotions such as embarrassment (Capps et al., 1992) and identifying emotions when shown videos (Koning & Magill-Evans, 2001). Individuals with Asperger Syndrome but not high-functioning autism have shown intact emotion perception (Mazefsky & Oswald, 2007). Adults with ASD continue to experience difficulties when presented with brief or subtle emotions, and may never reach the same level of competency in emotional processing as typically developing adults (Begeer et al., 2006; Rieffe et al., 2007). The impairment in emotional processing in adults with ASD is consistent with the notion that individuals with ASD require compensatory strategies to achieve average performance. Although competency with emotional recognition in ASD improves with age, this skill often plateaus at a performance level below that of typically developing peers, or is associated with atypical brain activations to achieve comparable performance levels. These results underscore the need to examine the adolescent period of emotional processing in ASD to obtain a clearer understanding of the emotional development in this population. Thus, the present study explored the neural substrates of implicit emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD using MEG, providing both temporal and spatial measures of brain processes, focusing on the neural areas implicated in emotional processing. We hypothesized that adolescents with ASD would show (1) shorter response latencies to emotional faces as they are not distracted by the emotions and (2) reduced and delayed patterns of neural activation in the frontal, limbic and temporal areas, key constituents of the social brain. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Participants Twenty-four adolescents (age range = 12–15 years) diagnosed with ASD (20 males, 14.03 ± 1.20 years, 23 right-handed, 7 medicated, IQ = 90.79 ± 23.76) and 24 healthy controls (19 males, 14.27 ± 1.12 years, 23 right-handed, IQ = 110.04 ± 12.21) were recruited. Participants in the clinical group had a diagnosis of ASD, informed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G; Lord et al., 2000), or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2; Rutter et al., 2012), and confirmed by expert clinical judgment. Exclusion criteria for both groups included a history of neurological or neurodevelopment disorders (other than ASD for participants in the clinical group), acquired brain injury, uncorrected vision, colour blindness, IQ ≤ 65 and standard contraindications to MEG and MRI. Use of psychotropic medications was an exclusion criterion for control participants only, due to difficulty in recruiting medication-naïve adolescents with ASD. Seven participants with ASD were on medication, which included Bicentin, Celexa, Cipralex, Concerta, Gabapentin, Ritalin, Seroquel, Strattera and Zeldox. The study was approved by The Hospital for Sick Children Research Ethics Board and written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians. 2.2 Characterization measures 2.2.1 Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule The ADOS-G (Lord et al., 2000) and ADOS-2 (Rutter et al., 2012) are semi-structured clinical assessments for diagnosing and assessing ASD. Research-reliable team members administered either module 3 or module 4 of the ADOS-G or ADOS-2 to all eligible participants with ASD. The mean and standard deviation of total scores (ADOS and ADOS-2 pooled) were 11.30 ± 3.30, which was well above the clinical threshold. 2.2.2 Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence (WASI) IQ was estimated using two subtests (vocabulary and matrix reasoning) of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-2; Wechsler, 2002). The two-subtest WASI-2 takes a shorter time to complete and has comparable validity to the full WASI-2. 2.3 MEG task The task stimuli consisted of a face (happy, angry or neutral) presented concurrently with a scrambled pattern, each on either side of a central fixation cross (Fig. 1). Twenty-five colour photographs of different faces (13 males, 12 females) for each of the three expressions were selected from the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions; only happy and angry faces correctly categorized at a minimum of 80% accuracy were selected (Tottenham et al., 2009). To create unique scrambled patterns corresponding to each face, each of the selected faces from the NimStim set was divided into 64 cells and randomized. A mosaic was applied to the image (15 cells per square) after which a Gaussian blur was applied (10.0°) using Adobe Photoshop. Face–pattern pairs were matched for luminosity and colour. Fifty trials of each of the three expressions in the left and right hemifields (each face was presented twice in each hemifield) were shown in randomized order such that the task included 300 trials in total. Emotions were irrelevant to the task as participants were instructed to fixate on the central cross and respond to the location of the scrambled pattern by pressing left or right buttons on a button box. Stimuli were presented using Presentation (http://www.neurobs.com/). Stimuli in each trial were presented for 80 ms with an ISI varying from 1300 to 1500 ms. Images were back-projected through a set of mirrors onto a screen positioned at a viewing distance of 79 cm. The visual angle of the stimuli was 6.9° and fell within the parafoveal region of view. Response latency was recorded for each trial. All participants performed the task in the MEG, following a practice session outside the MEG such that they were familiar with and understood the task. 2.4 Neuroimaging data acquisition MEG data were recorded using a 151-channel CTF MEG system (MISL, Coquitlam, BC, Canada) at a 600 Hz sampling rate in a magnetically shielded room at the Hospital for Sick Children. A third order spatial gradient was used to improve signal quality with a recording bandpass of 0–150 Hz. All participants lay in a supine position with their head in the MEG dewar while they completed the experimental paradigm. Fiducial coils were placed on the left and right pre-auricular points and the nasion to monitor head position and movement within the dewar. These were replaced by radio-opaque markers for MRI co-registration. Each adolescent had a T1-weighted MR image (3D SAG MPRAGE: PAT, GRAPPA = 2, TR/TE/FA = 2300 ms/2.96 ms/90°, FOV = 28.8 × 19.2 cm, 256 × 256 matrix, 192 slices, slice thickness = 1.0 mm isotropic voxels) obtained from a 3T MR scanner (MAGNETOM Tim Trio, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany), with a 12-channel head coil. Unique inner skull surfaces were derived using FSL (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/) from each MR image and multi-sphere head models were fit to this surface (Lalancette et al., 2011). 2.5 Behavioural analyses Group effects in IQ, response accuracy and response latencies across emotions were assessed using SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Repeated measures ANCOVAs, with IQ as a covariate, were conducted to examine group (ASD vs. control) and emotion (angry vs. happy) effects. 2.6 Neuroimaging analyses MEG activity was filtered off-line with a fourth order Butterworth filter with a bandpass of 1–30 Hz. MEG trials were epoched into 650 ms time windows with a 150 ms pre-stimulus baseline. Data were time-locked to trial onset and averaged by emotion type across subjects. Continuous head localization recording allowed us to manually exclude trials with head movement exceeding 10 mm (relative to median head position) using software developed in-house. Artefacts in MEG data were rejected using independent component analysis (ICA; EEGlab, http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab), which allowed for the removal of eye and heart artefacts from the data while preserving neural activity of interest. Thirty components were examined for artefacts; there was no between-group difference in the number of components removed (ASD: 2.1 ± 1.2, Controls = 1.5 ± 1.3), t(23) = 1.55, p = 0.13. Activation sources for each emotion were estimated using an event-related vector beamforming (ERB) method (Quraan et al., 2011) developed in-house from 50 to 400 ms, using sliding time windows of 50 ms in duration, overlapping by 25 ms (e.g., 50–100, 75–125 ms) for a total of 13 time windows. To beamform the ICA-cleaned data, the covariance matrix for each subject was regularized by the smallest non-zero eigenvalue (Fatima et al., 2013; Lancaster et al., 2000). Beamformer images with a spatial resolution of 5 mm were normalized to a template using Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTS; http://picsl.upenn.edu/software/ants/). While neutral faces were originally intended as emotional baselines, the ‘emotional neutrality’ of neutral faces has been subject to debate given their ambiguity and tendency to be misinterpreted, especially in children (Carrera-Levillain & Fernandez-Dols, 1994; Lobaugh et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2001). In light of similar findings in individuals with ASD, who have recently been shown to misinterpret neutral faces and assign negative valence to emotionally neutral faces (Eack et al., 2014), we chose not to use neutral faces as an emotional baseline. Instead, two-sample unpaired non-parametric random permutation tests (p < 0.05, Sidak-corrected for multiple comparisons, 10,000 permutations) were conducted on beamformer images to determine significant differences between group activity to happy and angry emotions. Non-parametric random permutation tests determine whether the sample means from two groups, in this case, ASD and controls, are from the same distribution, with the null hypothesis being that the two groups do come from the same distributions. The distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is obtained by calculating all possible values of the test statistic by rearranging membership of participants' voxel values; the difference in sample means is calculated and recorded for many re-shufflings of group membership. The set of these calculated differences makes up a distribution of possible differences under the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is rejected if the observed test value falls within the alpha level (α = 0.05). Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI; Cox, 1996) was used to visualize images and in-house developed software was used to identify peak activity. To investigate between-group differences in the timing of emotion-related neural activation, the time courses of significant areas of peak activity identified from the average contrasts were computed. Two-sample non-parametric permutation tests (p < 0.05, Sidak-corrected, 10,000 permutations) were conducted on each normalized time point (pseudo-Z) to identify emotion-relevant between-group differences in neural activity across time. Lastly, MRIcron software (Rorden, 2012) was used to create 3D renderings of between group activations on spatially normalized brain images. 3 Results 3.1 Behavioural results 3.1.1 IQ The 2-sub-test IQ scores were significantly lower in adolescents with ASD (M = 90.79, SD = 23.76) than in controls (M = 110.04, SD = 12.21), t(46) = –3.53, p = 0.001. 3.1.2 Accuracy A 2 (emotion: happy, angry) × 2 (group: ASD, controls) repeated measures ANCOVA with IQ as a covariate showed a between-group effect on accuracy, F(1, 42) = 4.32, p = 0.04. Follow-up ANCOVAs revealed lower accuracy in responses (proportion correct) to angry faces (ASD: M = 0.87, SD = 0.10; Controls: M = 0.95, SD = 0.04; F(1, 42) = 5.53, p = 0.02). No other significant effects or interactions were found. 3.1.3 Response latency A 2 (emotion: happy, angry) × 2 (group: ASD, controls) ANCOVA with IQ as a covariate showed no main or interaction effects on response latency. 3.2 MEG results: time course and source localization of neural activity Significant between-group activations for happy and angry faces (p < 0.05, two-tailed, Sidak-corrected for multiple comparisons, 10,000 permutations) are listed in Table 1. 3.2.1 Angry Apart from earlier and larger orbitofrontal activation in controls (75–125 ms; Fig. 2A), relative to adolescents with ASD, the other early activations (50–175 ms) in the presence of angry faces were all larger in the ASD group. These activations were lateralized to the left hemisphere, including the inferior frontal, inferior parietal and particularly the middle temporal areas. These latter two regions also showed greater activation in the ASD group later in the time-course: inferior parietal (275–325 ms) and middle temporal (350–400 ms) gyri. Otherwise to angry faces, there was significantly greater activity in the typically developing adolescents from 150 to 375 ms, involving the bilateral middle and orbital frontal areas, right middle temporal (250–350 ms), left ACC (225–275 ms; Fig. 2B), as well as right inferior temporal and supramarginal gyri (200–250 ms), and right posterior cingulate (325–375 ms; Fig. 2C). 3.2.2 Happy To happy faces, the adolescents with ASD again showed early left-sided activity in the left middle temporal area (75–175 ms), and left angular (100–175 ms) and supramarginal gyri (150–200 ms). The left inferior temporal region also showed greater activation (275–325 ms) in the ASD group. Otherwise, there was extensive, greater activity in the control adolescents, almost entirely in the right hemisphere. The right inferior temporal gyrus showed sustained greater activity from 150 to 400 ms, with the middle temporal region more active from 225 to 275 ms. To the happy faces, controls also had greater activity than the ASD group in the right ACC (100–150 ms; Fig. 2D), supramarginal (150–200 ms) and angular (225–325 ms) gyri, in the superior, middle and inferior frontal areas between 200 and 400 ms, all in the right hemisphere, and in the right PCC (200–250 ms; 350–400 ms; Fig. 2E, Fig. 2F). The only left hemisphere regions with greater activation in the controls were in the left superior medial (100–150 ms) and orbital frontal cortices (150–200 ms) and in the left insula (350–400 ms; Fig. 2F). 4 Discussion The present study examined neural activity during emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD compared to typically developing adolescents using MEG. This approach allowed us to determine both the timing and spatial localization of ongoing brain activity. Behavioural analyses showed poorer anger-specific accuracy in ASD, while neuroimaging analyses revealed atypical recruitment of neural regions in ASD during angry and happy face processing. 4.1 Behavioural results While there were no significant between- or within-group differences in response latency, adolescents with ASD showed significantly lower accuracy, relative to controls, on trials with angry faces only. Despite poorer accuracy, however, the absence of significant between-group differences in response latencies indicates a lack of attentional bias across emotions or groups. A deficit in anger processing corroborates previous findings, as young individuals with ASD have been shown to make significantly more errors in identifying angry faces and also to mislabel faces with ambiguous emotions as angry more frequently than controls (Kuusikko et al., 2009; Philip et al., 2010). A lack of difference in response latency, despite poorer anger-specific accuracy, shows comparable subjective experiences of task difficulty between groups in processing the two emotions. Hence, our behavioural findings are consistent with the concept that social difficulties experienced by individuals with ASD may be, in part, attributable to the inaccurate perception or interpretation of other individuals' facial expressions. 4.2
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T1141 29240-29246 PATO_0001020 denotes reater
T1142 29263-29268 PATO_0000367 denotes rks i
T1143 29271-29276 PATO_0000367 denotes SD (C
T1144 29302-29306 CHEBI_50906 denotes Just
T1145 29383-29390 CHEBI_33252 denotes and co
T1146 29395-29402 PATO_0001977 denotes ate mul
T1147 29399-29407 PATO_0002118 denotes multiple
T1148 29410-29419 PATO_0000141 denotes gnitive d
T1149 29419-29423 PATO_0000366 denotes omai
T1150 29459-29463 PATO_0000366 denotes ures
T1151 29468-29473 PATO_0000367 denotes data
T1152 29477-29482 PATO_0000367 denotes gest
T1153 29490-29497 PATO_0001977 denotes ividual
T1154 29498-29507 PATO_0000618 denotes with ASD
T1155 29527-29535 PATO_0001501 denotes e recrui
T1156 29532-29539 PATO_0000467 denotes ruitmen
T1157 29536-29541 PATO_0000367 denotes ment
T1158 29573-29581 PATO_0002118 denotes luding t
T1159 29575-29580 PATO_0000367 denotes ding
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T1161 29635-29650 PATO_0001668 denotes impact their ab
T1162 29642-29647 PATO_0000367 denotes their
T1163 29658-29663 PATO_0000367 denotes with
T1164 29686-29691 PATO_0000366 denotes g. 4
T1165 29692-29701 PATO_0001977 denotes 2.1 Atyp
T1166 29712-29717 CHEBI_30212 denotes ate a
T1167 29712-29717 PATO_0000665 denotes ate a
T1168 29725-29730 PATO_0000367 denotes n: de
T1169 29728-29735 PATO_0000502 denotes delayed
T1170 29736-29746 PATO_0001510 denotes functional
T1171 29743-29752 PATO_0000516 denotes nal speci
T1172 29799-29803 PATO_0000366 denotes ng i
T1173 29804-29811 PATO_0001977 denotes ASD Ad
T1174 29809-29820 Patient denotes Adolescents
T1175 29845-29849 PATO_0000366 denotes left
T1176 29845-29850 CHEBI_32849 denotes left
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T1178 29862-29867 PATO_0000367 denotes righ
T1179 29863-29868 PATO_0000367 denotes right
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T1185 30016-30023 PATO_0001977 denotes and cy
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