PMC:4292198 / 5218-9595 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4292198","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4292198","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4292198","text":"MATERIALS AND METHODS\nThe descriptive research design and interview method of data collection were adopted. Three hundred and seventy-five male and female members involved in various weaving operations with weaving as the only main occupation were selected as the sample for the investigation.\n\nVariables and their measurement\nMusculoskeletal symptoms in nine anatomical body regions were the dependent variable of the study. Work-related MSDs occur when there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of work and the physical capacity of human body. These are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves.[5] Physical work demands like bending, lifting heavy loads, gripping, twisting, kneeling, pushing and pulling heavy objects, and working in awkward postures form a part of weaving activities. When these kinds of operations are involved in the work and the workers carry out the work for a long period, the chances of developing MSDs are more. Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms was used to examine the reported cases of MSDs among the study population.[6] The independent variables of the study were grouped as personal variables and perceived physical and psychological work demands. The personal variables consisted of age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), marital status, having children, years of employment, daily working time, and work schedule. BMI is calculated by using the Quetelet's BMI formula.[7] BMI = person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters squared (kg/m2 ).\nThe physical and psychological work demands of workers involved in weaving operations were identified through focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, and observation by researcher; while the workers are on job. The 12 physical work demands identified were demands for physical effort, continuous physical activity throughout the day, moving or lifting heavy loads, working for long hours with the head or arms in awkward positions, working for long period with the body in awkward positions, lifting or lowering objects to or from floor, lifting or lowering objects to or from height, working while bent or twisted at waist, pushing or pulling heavy objects, standing in one place or static position for more than 30 min, performing repetitive motions with hands or wrist continuously for more than 30 min, and applying pressure with arms or hands or fingers. The eight psychological work demands identified were work is strenuous, work is monotonous, excessive amount of work, long periods of intensive concentration on the task, not sufficient time to get the work done, conflicting demands on self, work takes long time to complete, and work is not remunerative.\nA scale was developed to measure the perceived physical and psychological work demands. Twelve physical work demands identified were adopted to measure the physical work demands. Each item was scored based on a four-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The scores on physical work demands scale ranged between 12 and 48. The responses were categorized as low (12-24), medium (24-36), and high (36-48) physical demands at work. Eight psychological work demands identified were considered to measure psychological work demands. Each item was scored based on a four-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The scores on psychological work demands scale ranged between 8 and 32. The responses were categorized as low (8-20) and high (20-32) psychological demands at work. The reliability of the scale (0.92) was established by test-retest methodology.\n\nData analysis\nStatistical analyses were performed. Chi-square tests were used to assess univariate association between independent variables and reported musculoskeletal symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for each of outcome retaining the variables (individual and perceived physical and psychological work demands) in the models to adjust for potential confounding. In the regression analysis, if the P value of Chi-square test for assessing association between the variables and reported symptoms was ≤0.25, the variable was included in the regression model of that region (inclusion criteria).[8] For each body region, this procedure was performed for all individual and perceived physical and psychological work demands variables.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":21}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":22,"end":293}},{"label":"sec","span":{"begin":295,"end":3614}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":295,"end":326}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":327,"end":1564}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1565,"end":2735}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":2736,"end":3614}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":3616,"end":3629}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25598618-15676628-47082763","span":{"begin":1097,"end":1098},"obj":"15676628"},{"id":"25598618-4030199-47082764","span":{"begin":1465,"end":1466},"obj":"4030199"},{"id":"T66816","span":{"begin":1097,"end":1098},"obj":"15676628"},{"id":"T67208","span":{"begin":1465,"end":1466},"obj":"4030199"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"25598618-15676628-47082763","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"25598618-4030199-47082764","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T66816","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T67208","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#ec93dd","default":true}]}]}}