PMC:4277126 / 33861-37623 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25552899-24399786-26094227","span":{"begin":308,"end":310},"obj":"24399786"},{"id":"25552899-15826878-26094228","span":{"begin":674,"end":676},"obj":"15826878"},{"id":"25552899-16874858-26094229","span":{"begin":1153,"end":1155},"obj":"16874858"},{"id":"25552899-23817098-26094230","span":{"begin":1325,"end":1327},"obj":"23817098"},{"id":"25552899-23817098-26094231","span":{"begin":2276,"end":2278},"obj":"23817098"},{"id":"25552899-23817098-26094232","span":{"begin":2572,"end":2574},"obj":"23817098"},{"id":"25552899-23817098-26094233","span":{"begin":3126,"end":3128},"obj":"23817098"}],"text":"Liver cancer\nLiver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 782,000 new cases diagnosed in 2012.29 Worldwide, it is the third leading cause of cancer deaths. The estimated number of new cases with liver cancer in 2014 in the US is 33,190, with estimated deaths of 23,000 due to liver cancer.40 In the UK, 4,348 people were diagnosed with liver cancer in 2011 and 4,106 people died from liver cancer in 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer, and factors that increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma include long-term, heavy alcohol use and chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses.\nZhang et al45 reported that 100 mg/L LBPs inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma QGY7703 cells, induced cell cycle arrest, and significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ level. When rat H-4-II-E and human liver cancer HA22T/VGH cell lines were incubated with various concentrations of crudeL. barbarum extract (mainly LBPs), the extract at ≥5 g/L inhibited the cellular proliferation, promoted G2/M phase arrest, and stimulated p53-mediated apoptosis in H-4-II-E and HA22T/VGH cells.46 The effect may be due to inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB that alters the expression of regulatory cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B and p21WAF1/Cip1.\nZhang et al47 found that different fractions of LBPs at the dose of 50–400 mg/L for 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days showed distinct effects on the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells. LBP-a4 had the highest inhibition activity of 36.5%±2.6% at the dose of 400 mg/L for 2 days. LBPs were extracted from fruits of Chinese wolfberry obtained from Xinjiang province, People’s Republic of China, and LBP fractions were isolated by ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 80 kDa, 30 kDa, 10 kDa, and 4 kDa successively. Polysaccharides fractions LBP-a8, LBP-p8, LBP-a3, LBP-a1, and LBP-a4 were obtained by freeze-drying the retentates of ultrafiltration with MWCO of 80 kDa, 30 kDa, and 10 kDa and permeates of ultrafiltration with MWCO of 4 kDa. The results showed that LBP-a8, LBP-a3, LBP-a1, and LBP-a4 inhibited the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.47 In contrast, LBP-p8 promoted the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells to 183.5%±4.7% of the control group at the concentration of 200 mg/L for 4 days. Treatment of SMMC-7721 cells with 400 mg/L LBP-a4 for 4 days arrested the cells at G0/G1 phase and increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration.47 Cells treated with LBP-a4 at G0/G1 phase increased from 49.21% to 69.65%, while cells at S phase and G2/M phase decreased from 40.53% and 10.26% to 24.79% and 5.56%, respectively. However, incubation of cells with 200 mg/L LBP-p8 for 4 days only slightly increased the cell ratio of G0/G1 (52.84%) and S (42.13) phase. The intracellular Ca concentration of SMMC-7721 cells treated with 400 mg/L LBP-a4 for 4 days was 1.59-fold higher than that of control cells, while that of LBP-p8-treated cells was only 1.07 times higher than that of control cells.47 LBP-a4 consisted of 11.5% uronic acid, 0.34% protein, and 39.02% neutral sugar, while LBP-p8 consisted of 13.4% uronic acid, 4.77% protein, and 26.26% neutral sugar. LBP-p8 consisted of seven kinds of monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, and galactose, and LBP-a4 was composed of six kinds of monosaccharides including fucose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, and galactose (Figure 1C). The average molecular weight of LBP-a4 and LBP-p8 were 10.20 kDa and 6.50×103 kDa, respectively. These findings demonstrate a clear impact of LBP components and structures on the activities of LBPs."}

{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T645","span":{"begin":614,"end":621},"obj":"PATO_0000498"},{"id":"T648","span":{"begin":614,"end":621},"obj":"PATO_0001863"},{"id":"T653","span":{"begin":581,"end":585},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T654","span":{"begin":592,"end":597},"obj":"PATO_0000582"},{"id":"T655","span":{"begin":598,"end":605},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T656","span":{"begin":598,"end":605},"obj":"CHEBI_30879"},{"id":"T657","span":{"begin":811,"end":820},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T658","span":{"begin":835,"end":839},"obj":"CHEBI_29108"},{"id":"T659","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1074},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T660","span":{"begin":1270,"end":1278},"obj":"CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"T661","span":{"begin":1432,"end":1440},"obj":"PATO_0000463"},{"id":"T662","span":{"begin":1482,"end":1494},"obj":"PATO_0000060"},{"id":"T663","span":{"begin":1904,"end":1919},"obj":"CHEBI_18154"},{"id":"T664","span":{"begin":2235,"end":2248},"obj":"PATO_0000033"},{"id":"T665","span":{"begin":2558,"end":2571},"obj":"PATO_0000033"},{"id":"T666","span":{"begin":2254,"end":2258},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T667","span":{"begin":2254,"end":2258},"obj":"PATO_0000165"},{"id":"T668","span":{"begin":2375,"end":2380},"obj":"CHEBI_24433"},{"id":"T669","span":{"begin":2487,"end":2495},"obj":"PATO_0000297"},{"id":"T670","span":{"begin":2515,"end":2520},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T671","span":{"begin":2610,"end":2615},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T672","span":{"begin":2666,"end":2671},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T673","span":{"begin":2681,"end":2686},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T674","span":{"begin":2887,"end":2892},"obj":"PATO_0000083"},{"id":"T675","span":{"begin":2525,"end":2534},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T676","span":{"begin":2616,"end":2625},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T677","span":{"begin":2830,"end":2839},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T678","span":{"begin":2553,"end":2557},"obj":"CHEBI_29108"},{"id":"T679","span":{"begin":2687,"end":2696},"obj":"PATO_0001997"},{"id":"T680","span":{"begin":2849,"end":2854},"obj":"PATO_0001470"},{"id":"T681","span":{"begin":2849,"end":2854},"obj":"PATO_0001038"},{"id":"T682","span":{"begin":3174,"end":3181},"obj":"CHEBI_16541"},{"id":"T683","span":{"begin":3260,"end":3267},"obj":"CHEBI_16541"},{"id":"T684","span":{"begin":3174,"end":3181},"obj":"CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"T685","span":{"begin":3260,"end":3267},"obj":"CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"T686","span":{"begin":3330,"end":3345},"obj":"CHEBI_35381"},{"id":"T687","span":{"begin":3466,"end":3481},"obj":"CHEBI_35381"},{"id":"T688","span":{"begin":3356,"end":3362},"obj":"CHEBI_33984"},{"id":"T689","span":{"begin":3492,"end":3498},"obj":"CHEBI_33984"},{"id":"T690","span":{"begin":3364,"end":3372},"obj":"CHEBI_26546"},{"id":"T691","span":{"begin":3364,"end":3372},"obj":"CHEBI_27907"},{"id":"T692","span":{"begin":3374,"end":3383},"obj":"CHEBI_22599"},{"id":"T693","span":{"begin":3500,"end":3509},"obj":"CHEBI_22599"},{"id":"T694","span":{"begin":3385,"end":3391},"obj":"CHEBI_18222"},{"id":"T695","span":{"begin":3511,"end":3517},"obj":"CHEBI_18222"},{"id":"T696","span":{"begin":3393,"end":3400},"obj":"CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"T697","span":{"begin":3519,"end":3526},"obj":"CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"T698","span":{"begin":3393,"end":3400},"obj":"CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"T699","span":{"begin":3519,"end":3526},"obj":"CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"T700","span":{"begin":3393,"end":3400},"obj":"CHEBI_42758"},{"id":"T701","span":{"begin":3519,"end":3526},"obj":"CHEBI_42758"},{"id":"T702","span":{"begin":3402,"end":3409},"obj":"CHEBI_37684"},{"id":"T703","span":{"begin":3528,"end":3535},"obj":"CHEBI_37684"},{"id":"T704","span":{"begin":3415,"end":3424},"obj":"CHEBI_28260"},{"id":"T705","span":{"begin":3541,"end":3550},"obj":"CHEBI_28260"},{"id":"T706","span":{"begin":3568,"end":3575},"obj":"PATO_0000461"},{"id":"T707","span":{"begin":3586,"end":3592},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T708","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3695},"obj":"PATO_0000964"}],"text":"Liver cancer\nLiver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 782,000 new cases diagnosed in 2012.29 Worldwide, it is the third leading cause of cancer deaths. The estimated number of new cases with liver cancer in 2014 in the US is 33,190, with estimated deaths of 23,000 due to liver cancer.40 In the UK, 4,348 people were diagnosed with liver cancer in 2011 and 4,106 people died from liver cancer in 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer, and factors that increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma include long-term, heavy alcohol use and chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses.\nZhang et al45 reported that 100 mg/L LBPs inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma QGY7703 cells, induced cell cycle arrest, and significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ level. When rat H-4-II-E and human liver cancer HA22T/VGH cell lines were incubated with various concentrations of crudeL. barbarum extract (mainly LBPs), the extract at ≥5 g/L inhibited the cellular proliferation, promoted G2/M phase arrest, and stimulated p53-mediated apoptosis in H-4-II-E and HA22T/VGH cells.46 The effect may be due to inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB that alters the expression of regulatory cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B and p21WAF1/Cip1.\nZhang et al47 found that different fractions of LBPs at the dose of 50–400 mg/L for 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days showed distinct effects on the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells. LBP-a4 had the highest inhibition activity of 36.5%±2.6% at the dose of 400 mg/L for 2 days. LBPs were extracted from fruits of Chinese wolfberry obtained from Xinjiang province, People’s Republic of China, and LBP fractions were isolated by ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 80 kDa, 30 kDa, 10 kDa, and 4 kDa successively. Polysaccharides fractions LBP-a8, LBP-p8, LBP-a3, LBP-a1, and LBP-a4 were obtained by freeze-drying the retentates of ultrafiltration with MWCO of 80 kDa, 30 kDa, and 10 kDa and permeates of ultrafiltration with MWCO of 4 kDa. The results showed that LBP-a8, LBP-a3, LBP-a1, and LBP-a4 inhibited the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.47 In contrast, LBP-p8 promoted the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells to 183.5%±4.7% of the control group at the concentration of 200 mg/L for 4 days. Treatment of SMMC-7721 cells with 400 mg/L LBP-a4 for 4 days arrested the cells at G0/G1 phase and increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration.47 Cells treated with LBP-a4 at G0/G1 phase increased from 49.21% to 69.65%, while cells at S phase and G2/M phase decreased from 40.53% and 10.26% to 24.79% and 5.56%, respectively. However, incubation of cells with 200 mg/L LBP-p8 for 4 days only slightly increased the cell ratio of G0/G1 (52.84%) and S (42.13) phase. The intracellular Ca concentration of SMMC-7721 cells treated with 400 mg/L LBP-a4 for 4 days was 1.59-fold higher than that of control cells, while that of LBP-p8-treated cells was only 1.07 times higher than that of control cells.47 LBP-a4 consisted of 11.5% uronic acid, 0.34% protein, and 39.02% neutral sugar, while LBP-p8 consisted of 13.4% uronic acid, 4.77% protein, and 26.26% neutral sugar. LBP-p8 consisted of seven kinds of monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, and galactose, and LBP-a4 was composed of six kinds of monosaccharides including fucose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, and galactose (Figure 1C). The average molecular weight of LBP-a4 and LBP-p8 were 10.20 kDa and 6.50×103 kDa, respectively. These findings demonstrate a clear impact of LBP components and structures on the activities of LBPs."}