PMC:4277126 / 26530-29749 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/4277126","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"4277126","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/4277126","text":"Cervical carcinoma\nCervical carcinoma is the third most common cancer in women, accounting for 9% of all female cancers and 9% of all cancer deaths in women.29 It is the seventh most common cancer in the world, with an estimated 528,000 new cases in 2012. Cervical carcinoma is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, after breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. There were an estimated 266,000 deaths from cervical cancer worldwide in 2012, accounting for 7.5% of all female cancer deaths.29 In 2010, 11,818 women in the US were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3,939 women died from this disease. Cervical cancer is the sixth most common cancer in Europe for women, with around 58,400 new cases diagnosed in 2012. In 2011, there were 3,064 new cases of cervical cancer and 972 deaths from cervical cancer in the UK. Cervical cancer is predominantly a disease of low-income countries, with overall rates nearly twice as high in less developed regions compared to more developed regions. Cervical cancer incidence rates are highest in Eastern Africa and lowest in Western Asia. There is increased interest in seeking new therapies for cervical carcinoma from natural compounds.\nHu et al35 used LBPs in combination with garlic to treat mice bearing human cervical U14 cancer. Examination of ascitic fluid revealed damage of the cancer cells by LBPs plus garlic, blanching of fluorescence staining of DNA and RNA, and the cancer cells besieged by large numbers of macrophages and leukocytes.35 Flow cytometric analysis found accumulation of cells in G1 phase. The number of S phase cells decreased from 56% to 49%, and the number of G0/G1 phase cells increased from 16% to 33%. LBPs plus garlic also resulted in swelling of mitochondria in cytoplasm, damage of mitochondrial crests with cavity formation, and enlargement and degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum.35\nZhu and Zhang36 investigated the mechanisms for the anti-proliferative effects of LBPs in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. LBPs were extracted from dried fruits of L. barbarum harvested in Ningxia, People’s Republic of China. Incubation of HeLa cells with 6.25 mg/mL LBPs for 4 days resulted in a 35% inhibition of cell growth. A significant accumulation of cells in the S phase (46.9%–59.4%) and sub-G1 phase (3.1%–5.0%, indicating cellular apoptosis) was observed when treated with 6.25–100 mg/L LBPs for 4 days, together with significantly decreased proportions of cells in the G0/G1 phase (from 56.8% to 31.4%).36 The loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) was observed by flow cytometer; and the percentage of Δψm collapse was 6.78% following treatment with 6.25 mg/L LBPs. LBPs also dose-dependently increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration as detected by laser scanning confocal microscope in apoptotic cells. About 6.25–100 mg/L LBPs increased the NO content in the medium from 33.67 µM at the basal level to 79.17–101.03 µM in HeLa cells.36 The NO synthase and inducible NO synthase activities in the culture medium were also significantly increased in HeLa cells treated with 100 mg/L LBPs. These findings indicate that LBPs inhibit the growth of HeLa cells through induction of mitochondria-mediated 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