PMC:4277126 / 137040-144183 JSON TXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25552899-19185773-26094485","span":{"begin":363,"end":365},"obj":"19185773"},{"id":"25552899-24454506-26094486","span":{"begin":665,"end":668},"obj":"24454506"},{"id":"25552899-24454506-26094487","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1168},"obj":"24454506"},{"id":"25552899-22523540-26094488","span":{"begin":1513,"end":1516},"obj":"22523540"},{"id":"25552899-22523540-26094489","span":{"begin":2148,"end":2151},"obj":"22523540"},{"id":"25552899-16563441-26094490","span":{"begin":2944,"end":2947},"obj":"16563441"},{"id":"25552899-16563441-26094491","span":{"begin":3534,"end":3537},"obj":"16563441"},{"id":"25552899-16563441-26094492","span":{"begin":3968,"end":3971},"obj":"16563441"},{"id":"25552899-22295856-26094493","span":{"begin":4079,"end":4082},"obj":"22295856"},{"id":"25552899-22295856-26094494","span":{"begin":4531,"end":4534},"obj":"22295856"},{"id":"25552899-22295856-26094495","span":{"begin":4623,"end":4626},"obj":"22295856"},{"id":"25552899-20684332-26094496","span":{"begin":4678,"end":4681},"obj":"20684332"},{"id":"25552899-21077258-26094497","span":{"begin":4901,"end":4904},"obj":"21077258"},{"id":"25552899-21077258-26094498","span":{"begin":5504,"end":5507},"obj":"21077258"},{"id":"25552899-22500431-26094499","span":{"begin":5907,"end":5910},"obj":"22500431"},{"id":"25552899-22500431-26094500","span":{"begin":6533,"end":6536},"obj":"22500431"}],"text":"Protective effects on the reproductive system\nWolfberry was described to exhibit pro-sexual effect by the Chinese herbalist Li Shizhen, and thus it was included in sexual-enhancing Chinese herbal remedies. Daily consumption of wolfberry juice in healthy subjects improves the well-being feeling toward sexuality, including increase in sexual activity and ability.27 Animal studies have demonstrated that LBPs exert beneficial effects on sexual performance and fertility, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive.\n\nBisphenol A-induced sperimatogenic damage\nLBPs showed protected effects against spermatogenic injuries induced by bisphenol A in mice.177 Bisphenol A was subcutaneously injected into mice at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days and LBPs were administered simultaneously with bisphenol A by gavage daily for 7 days. The results showed that the weights of testis and epididymis were all increased after supplementation with different dosages of LBPs compared with bisphenol A alone group, and the activities of SOD and GPx were significantly increased in LBP-treated groups, while MDA contents were gradually decreased.177 LBPs also showed significant positive effects on the expression of Bcl-2/Bax in bisphenol A-treated mice. The authors concluded that LBPs might be one of the potential ingredients protecting the adult male animals from bisphenol A-induced reproductive damage (Figure 15).\n\nCorticosterone-induced inhibition of sexual behavior\nIn a recent study,159 the effects of LBPs on male sexual behavior of young adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were investigated. Oral administration of 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg LBPs for 21 days significantly improved the male copulatory performance including increase of copulatory efficiency, increase of ejaculation frequency, and shortening of ejaculation latency. Furthermore, sexual inhibition caused by chronic corticosterone was prevented by administration of 40 mg/kg LBPs for 21 days. Simultaneously, treatment of rats with corticosterone suppressed neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampus in adult rats, which could be reversed by LBPs.159 In the subventricular zone, the number of BrdU-positive cells in the corticosterone-treated animals was significantly lower than LBP-treatment groups. The neurogenic effect of LBPs was also shown in vitro using mouse C17.2 neural stem cells derived from the cerebellum of neonatal mice and immortalized by retrovirus-mediated v-myc gene transfection. Corticosterone treatment suppressed the cell proliferation of C17.2 cell line, while co-incubation with 10 µg/mL LBP reversed the growth suppression. Blocking neurogenesis in male rats abolished the pro-sexual effect of LBPs. These results demonstrate the pro-sexual effect of LBPs on normal and sexually inhibited rats, and LBP may modulate sexual behavior by regulating neurogenesis.\n\nHeat- or H2O2-induced testicular cell damage\nLuo et al178 investigated the effect of LBPs on rat testis damage induced by a physical factor (43°C heat exposure), on DNA damage of mouse testicular cells induced by a chemical factor (H2O2), and on sexual behavior and reproductive function of hemicastrated male rats. The results showed that LBPs provided a protective effect against the testicular tissue damage induced by heat exposure. When compared with negative control, a suitable concentration of LBPs significantly increased testis and epididymis weights, improved SOD activity, and raised sexual hormone levels in the damaged rat testes.178 LBPs exhibited a dose-dependent protective effect against DNA oxidative damage of mouse testicular cells induced by H2O2. LBPs also improved the copulatory performance and reproductive function of hemicastrated male rats, such as shortened penis erection latency and mount latency, regulated secretion of sexual hormones and increased hormone levels, raised accessory sexual organ weights, and improved sperm quantity and quality.178\nLBPs could provide some protective effect against heat stress (HS)-induced apoptosis of germ cells in rats.179 Ninety male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups of 18 each: control, HS, high-dose LBPs, median-dose LBPs, and low-dose LBPs. The rats of the three LBP groups were given LBPs by intragastric administration. Compared with the HS group, the three LBP groups showed statistically significant decreases in the apoptosis index, the expression level of caspase-3 in germ cells, and the concentration of cytochrome C in the cytosol.179 LBPs protected germ cells against apoptosis via modulation of the mitochondrial pathway.179\n\nRadiation-induced spermatogenic damage\nZhang et al180 explored the protective effects of LBPs on 60Co-γ-induced spermatogenic disturbance in mice and found that LBPs exhibited almost complete recovery from reproductive endocrine disorder and spermatogenic damage. Luo et al181 further confirmed the protective effects of LBPs on radiation-induced spermatogenic damage in male rats exposed to local subchronic 60Co-γ-irradiation. In this study, the effects of LBPs on sperm quantity and motility, sexual ability, serum hormone levels, oxidative status, and testicular tissue DNA damage on days 1, 7, and 14 postdosing were determined. The results showed that LBPs significantly increased the sperm quantity and motility; shortened the erection, capture, and ejaculation latencies; increased the number of captures and ejaculations; and improved the sexual ability of male rats.181 LBPs also played a significant role in the recovery of serum testosterone levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased MDA levels, promoted oxidative balance, and rescued testicular DNA damage. LBPs have significant protective effects against damage induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co-γ irradiation, allowing rats to achieve full recovery with LBP treatment.\n\nAging\nWei et al182 studied the protective mechanism of LBP administration for 30 days on the function of ovarian tissue in 14-month-old female senile rats. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the blood levels of estrone and progesterone, and enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the ovarian levels of IGF-1. Daily oral LBPs (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days significantly recovered uterine atrophy and restored serum IGF-1 level, estrone and progesterone levels that were decreased in older rats, and reduced the expression of IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in ovarian tissue that was increased in older rats.182\n\nSummary of protective effects of LBPs on the reproductive system\nThe protective effect of LPBs on the reproductive system is, at least in part, ascribed to antioxidation, promotion of cell proliferation, and anti-apoptosis. It has been shown that LBPs protect mice from bisphenol A-induced reproductive system damage by increasing the activities of SOD and GPx, and that LBPs increase sexual organ weight in rats (Figure 15). Moreover, LBPs decrease the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, the expression level of caspase-3, and the concentration of cytosolic cytochrome C, and they increase cell proliferation in vitro.\n"}

NEUROSES

PMC:4277126 / 137040-144183 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

2_test

NEUROSES

PMC:4277126 / 137040-144183 JSON TXT