PMC:4277126 / 109117-111528
Annnotations
2_test
{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25552899-24998903-26094424","span":{"begin":171,"end":174},"obj":"24998903"},{"id":"25552899-23759470-26094425","span":{"begin":728,"end":731},"obj":"23759470"},{"id":"25552899-23759470-26094426","span":{"begin":1183,"end":1186},"obj":"23759470"},{"id":"25552899-23759470-26094427","span":{"begin":1724,"end":1727},"obj":"23759470"},{"id":"25552899-23759470-26094428","span":{"begin":2103,"end":2106},"obj":"23759470"}],"text":"Follicular helper T cells\nFollicular helper T (Tfh) cells are recognized as a subset of helper T cells that regulate the multiple stages of B-cell maturation and function.146 Tfh cells retain intense expression of CXCR5, which directs these cells toward CXCL13-rich areas within the germinal center. Tfh cells express a number of costimulatory molecules, such as inducible costimulator and CD40L that have the capacity to restrain their interaction with B cells and antigen-presenting cells, including CTLA-4 and PD-1, which may reflect their discriminating role in the germinal center. Tfh cells also express a number of cytokines that facilitate antibody production including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21.\nA recent study by Su et al147 reported that LBPs were able to activate CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells and induced IL-21 secretion in female Balb/C mice. Mice were immunized once with ip injection of 0.2 mL of 108 TCID50 rAd5VP1. LBPs were given to mice daily for 7 days by gastric gavage at 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg body weight. After 7 days, mice were sacrificed, the splenocytes were harvested, and the number of CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells was determined by three-color flow cytometry.147 Mouse splenocytes were also analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the counts of B220+/GL-7+ B cells. The study showed that LBP treatment increased the percentage of CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells within total CD4+ T cells; 5 mg/kg (2.17%±0.07%), 25 mg/kg (3.93%±0.74%), and 50 mg/kg (3.84%±0.20%). Administration of 5 mg/kg LBP for 7 days exhibited a minor effect on the production of IL-21, whereas 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg LBPs significantly increased the production of IL-21 when compared with mice treated with phosphate buffered saline only.147 LBPs also promoted the formation of germinal centers and production of B220+/GL-7+ germinal center B cells in mice. The fraction of B220+/GL-7+ B cells was significantly increased with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg LBPs compared with mice receiving phosphate buffered saline only (1.80%±0.49%). Moreover, LBPs as an adjuvant increased generation of rAd5VP1-induced Tfh cells in mice.147 There was a marked increase in the number of CXCR5+/PD-1+/CD4+ Tfh cells and B220+/GL-7+ germinal center B cells in mice immunized with 108 TCID50 rAd5VP1 plus LBPs. These results indicate that LBPs may enhance T-cell-dependent antibody responses by acting as an adjuvant for the generation of Tfh cells."}
NEUROSES
{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T2308","span":{"begin":121,"end":129},"obj":"PATO_0002118"},{"id":"T2309","span":{"begin":162,"end":170},"obj":"PATO_0000173"},{"id":"T2310","span":{"begin":192,"end":199},"obj":"PATO_0000391"},{"id":"T2311","span":{"begin":344,"end":353},"obj":"CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"T2312","span":{"begin":466,"end":473},"obj":"CHEBI_59132"},{"id":"T2313","span":{"begin":558,"end":562},"obj":"CHEBI_50906"},{"id":"T2314","span":{"begin":704,"end":710},"obj":"PATO_0001484"},{"id":"T2315","span":{"begin":827,"end":833},"obj":"PATO_0000383"},{"id":"T2316","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1027},"obj":"PATO_0000128"},{"id":"T2317","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1167},"obj":"PATO_0000014"},{"id":"T2318","span":{"begin":1326,"end":1335},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T2319","span":{"begin":1622,"end":1631},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T2320","span":{"begin":1898,"end":1907},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T2321","span":{"begin":1340,"end":1350},"obj":"PATO_0000063"},{"id":"T2322","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1702},"obj":"CHEBI_26020"},{"id":"T2323","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1702},"obj":"CHEBI_26078"},{"id":"T2324","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1702},"obj":"CHEBI_35780"},{"id":"T2325","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1702},"obj":"CHEBI_43474"},{"id":"T2326","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1702},"obj":"CHEBI_18367"},{"id":"T2327","span":{"begin":1969,"end":1978},"obj":"CHEBI_26020"},{"id":"T2328","span":{"begin":1969,"end":1978},"obj":"CHEBI_18367"},{"id":"T2329","span":{"begin":1969,"end":1978},"obj":"CHEBI_35780"},{"id":"T2330","span":{"begin":1969,"end":1978},"obj":"CHEBI_26078"},{"id":"T2331","span":{"begin":1969,"end":1978},"obj":"CHEBI_43474"},{"id":"T2332","span":{"begin":2036,"end":2044},"obj":"CHEBI_60809"},{"id":"T2333","span":{"begin":2370,"end":2378},"obj":"CHEBI_60809"},{"id":"T2336","span":{"begin":2045,"end":2054},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T2337","span":{"begin":2119,"end":2125},"obj":"PATO_0000465"}],"text":"Follicular helper T cells\nFollicular helper T (Tfh) cells are recognized as a subset of helper T cells that regulate the multiple stages of B-cell maturation and function.146 Tfh cells retain intense expression of CXCR5, which directs these cells toward CXCL13-rich areas within the germinal center. Tfh cells express a number of costimulatory molecules, such as inducible costimulator and CD40L that have the capacity to restrain their interaction with B cells and antigen-presenting cells, including CTLA-4 and PD-1, which may reflect their discriminating role in the germinal center. Tfh cells also express a number of cytokines that facilitate antibody production including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21.\nA recent study by Su et al147 reported that LBPs were able to activate CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells and induced IL-21 secretion in female Balb/C mice. Mice were immunized once with ip injection of 0.2 mL of 108 TCID50 rAd5VP1. LBPs were given to mice daily for 7 days by gastric gavage at 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg body weight. After 7 days, mice were sacrificed, the splenocytes were harvested, and the number of CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells was determined by three-color flow cytometry.147 Mouse splenocytes were also analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the counts of B220+/GL-7+ B cells. The study showed that LBP treatment increased the percentage of CXCR5+/PD-1+ Tfh cells within total CD4+ T cells; 5 mg/kg (2.17%±0.07%), 25 mg/kg (3.93%±0.74%), and 50 mg/kg (3.84%±0.20%). Administration of 5 mg/kg LBP for 7 days exhibited a minor effect on the production of IL-21, whereas 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg LBPs significantly increased the production of IL-21 when compared with mice treated with phosphate buffered saline only.147 LBPs also promoted the formation of germinal centers and production of B220+/GL-7+ germinal center B cells in mice. The fraction of B220+/GL-7+ B cells was significantly increased with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg LBPs compared with mice receiving phosphate buffered saline only (1.80%±0.49%). Moreover, LBPs as an adjuvant increased generation of rAd5VP1-induced Tfh cells in mice.147 There was a marked increase in the number of CXCR5+/PD-1+/CD4+ Tfh cells and B220+/GL-7+ germinal center B cells in mice immunized with 108 TCID50 rAd5VP1 plus LBPs. These results indicate that LBPs may enhance T-cell-dependent antibody responses by acting as an adjuvant for the generation of Tfh cells."}