PMC:4229577 / 1897-7345 JSONTXT

{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":3141,"end":3151},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":3706,"end":3716},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":4412,"end":4422},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":28,"end":35},"obj":"PATO_0000185"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":28,"end":35},"obj":"CHEBI_3612"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":182,"end":190},"obj":"PATO_0000173"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":236,"end":244},"obj":"PATO_0000460"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":357,"end":364},"obj":"PATO_0000872"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":633,"end":637},"obj":"CHEBI_50906"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":892,"end":899},"obj":"PATO_0001997"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":966,"end":976},"obj":"PATO_0000990"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":1286,"end":1300},"obj":"PATO_0000189"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":1575,"end":1582},"obj":"PATO_0000872"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":1791,"end":1802},"obj":"PATO_0000085"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":1881,"end":1886},"obj":"PATO_0000001"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":1960,"end":1969},"obj":"PATO_0000470"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":2252,"end":2261},"obj":"CHEBI_350546"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":2252,"end":2261},"obj":"CHEBI_28790"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":2271,"end":2281},"obj":"CHEBI_35222"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":2360,"end":2374},"obj":"CHEBI_35469"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":2446,"end":2451},"obj":"PATO_0000694"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":2938,"end":2943},"obj":"PATO_0000694"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":2532,"end":2539},"obj":"PATO_0000060"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":2607,"end":2611},"obj":"PATO_0000165"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":2607,"end":2611},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":2744,"end":2751},"obj":"PATO_0000874"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":3175,"end":3179},"obj":"PATO_0000469"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":4311,"end":4315},"obj":"PATO_0000469"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":3280,"end":3287},"obj":"PATO_0001997"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":3370,"end":3376},"obj":"PATO_0001484"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":3444,"end":3452},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":3476,"end":3483},"obj":"PATO_0000874"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":3554,"end":3559},"obj":"PATO_0000574"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":4495,"end":4500},"obj":"PATO_0000574"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":3554,"end":3559},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":4495,"end":4500},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":3565,"end":3579},"obj":"CHEBI_35469"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":3795,"end":3801},"obj":"PATO_0000234"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":3838,"end":3843},"obj":"CHEBI_24433"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":4024,"end":4029},"obj":"CHEBI_24433"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":4001,"end":4005},"obj":"CHEBI_50949"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":4169,"end":4177},"obj":"PATO_0000070"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":4320,"end":4323},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":4515,"end":4519},"obj":"CHEBI_50949"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":5059,"end":5063},"obj":"CHEBI_50949"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":5225,"end":5229},"obj":"CHEBI_50949"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":4706,"end":4713},"obj":"PATO_0000872"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":4738,"end":4742},"obj":"PATO_0000469"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":4810,"end":4814},"obj":"PATO_0000469"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":4833,"end":4840},"obj":"PATO_0000467"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":5039,"end":5044},"obj":"PATO_0000569"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":5039,"end":5044},"obj":"PATO_0000574"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":730,"end":740},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":2194,"end":2204},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":3141,"end":3151},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":3706,"end":3716},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":4412,"end":4422},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":204,"end":214},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":730,"end":740},"obj":"PM3425"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":2194,"end":2204},"obj":"PM3425"}],"text":"INTRODUCTION\nThe ability to balance between scanning the environment for signals of potential danger and dismissing negative cues when irrelevant to the current goals is an adaptive function. Anxiety and depression are characterized by aberrant attention to emotional stimuli, involving alterations in ocular exploration of the stimuli. For example, highly anxious individuals can show initial hypervigilance to images appraised as potentially threatening (Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012; Ouimet et al, 2009). This can be followed by avoidance, leading to misattributions in the actual meaning of stimuli and possibly having a crucial role in maintaining symptoms (Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012; Clark and Wells, 1995). In addition, depression has been associated with a prolonged maintenance of attention over negative pictures (Butler et al, 2008; Caseras et al, 2007; Gotlib et al, 2004) and reduced attention allocation to positive stimuli (Derakshan et al, 2009), consistent with clinical symptoms of overdwelling on negative stimuli (Leyman et al, 2011) and anhedonia.\nAvoidance of the processing of social cues such as faces may have knock-on effects on social interactions. The eye region tends to attract attention when people look at faces and is crucial for gender and identity discrimination and for emotion recognition (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Whalen et al, 2004). Biases in eye-region exploration have been mostly investigated in disorders with most evident interpersonal difficulties, such as autism and social phobia (Itier and Batty, 2009). For example, socially anxious individuals showed a hypervigilant-avoidant response to threatening facial expressions, which becomes purely avoidant when put in a socially challenging situation (Garner et al, 2006). Anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, and dysphoria often co-occur in clinical samples and also in the personality trait of neuroticism, characterized by a predisposition to negative affect and increased vulnerability to emotional disorders (Clark and Watson, 1991; Kendler et al, 1993); however, it is poorly understood how this relates to attentional processes towards social stimuli.\nPharmacological treatment of anxiety and depression remains relatively non-specific with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being commonly used in both diagnostic categories (Kent et al, 1998). Antidepressant medication has been shown to modulate the processing of facial stimuli early in treatment in healthy volunteers and depressed patients, promoting a positive pattern of social information processing that is believed to contribute in time to symptom resolution (Pringle et al, 2011). On direct tasks of emotional attention, SSRIs have been shown to decrease vigilance to fearful facial expressions in healthy volunteers (Murphy et al, 2009). However, it is unknown whether SSRIs are also able to modify attention deployment via ocular exploration of facial stimuli early in treatment in samples with negative attentional biases.\nThis question can be addressed by selecting a population at risk for psychopathology with emotion-processing biases typical of anxiety and depression, such as subjects with high neuroticism traits (Canli, 2008; Ormel et al, 2004). For example, highly neurotic volunteers showed reduced recognition of positive facial expressions of happiness (Chan et al, 2007), and a recent study reported a positive correlation between neuroticism and gaze duration over the eye region of fearful faces (Perlman et al, 2009). Previous studies have also revealed that short-term antidepressant administration is not only able to reverse the negative biases in self-referential processing characterizing vulnerability to depression (Di Simplicio et al, 2012) but can also increase threat-related processing in visual attentional brain areas in the same group (Di Simplicio et al, 2013). However, the relationship between changes in attention towards facial stimuli and changes in negative attentional bias following SSRI treatment in this group has not been investigated despite the potential for important interactions.\nThe aim of our research was (a) in Study 1, to investigate the presence of attentional biases in ocular exploration of emotional facial expressions (measured by eye-movement tracking) in a population with high and low levels of neuroticism (associated with approximately a threefold difference in risk for depression and anxiety (Kendler et al, 1993)); and (b) in Study 2, to test whether short-term repeated SSRI administration can modulate attentional biases in ocular exploration of emotional facial expressions in the same population at risk for psychopathology, compared with placebo. Given the anxious-depressive phenotype of high neuroticism, we hypothesized that (a) in Study 1, individuals with high neuroticism would present attentional biases in ocular exploration of facial expressions. As previous behavioral data (Browning et al, 2010) and neuroimaging research (Godlewska et al, 2012; Harmer et al, 2006) suggest that short-term repeated SSRI administration can modify initial attention allocation and covert vigilance for negative facial expressions, we also hypothesized that (b) in Study 2, 7 days of SSRI treatment would be able to normalize the biases in ocular exploration of faces associated with neuroticism and (c) this would be correlated with the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in a separate task."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25035080-23059623-76159653","span":{"begin":481,"end":485},"obj":"23059623"},{"id":"25035080-19552990-76159654","span":{"begin":501,"end":505},"obj":"19552990"},{"id":"25035080-23059623-76159655","span":{"begin":687,"end":691},"obj":"23059623"},{"id":"25035080-17696705-76159656","span":{"begin":862,"end":866},"obj":"17696705"},{"id":"25035080-14992665-76159657","span":{"begin":882,"end":886},"obj":"14992665"},{"id":"25035080-18950676-76159658","span":{"begin":959,"end":963},"obj":"18950676"},{"id":"25035080-21432658-76159659","span":{"begin":1051,"end":1055},"obj":"21432658"},{"id":"25035080-11016119-76159660","span":{"begin":1346,"end":1350},"obj":"11016119"},{"id":"25035080-15604401-76159661","span":{"begin":1366,"end":1370},"obj":"15604401"},{"id":"25035080-19428496-76159662","span":{"begin":1546,"end":1550},"obj":"19428496"},{"id":"25035080-17100533-76159663","span":{"begin":1761,"end":1765},"obj":"17100533"},{"id":"25035080-1918611-76159664","span":{"begin":2026,"end":2030},"obj":"1918611"},{"id":"25035080-8215811-76159665","span":{"begin":2047,"end":2051},"obj":"8215811"},{"id":"25035080-9807637-76159666","span":{"begin":2353,"end":2357},"obj":"9807637"},{"id":"25035080-20673783-76159667","span":{"begin":2650,"end":2654},"obj":"20673783"},{"id":"25035080-18752726-76159668","span":{"begin":2808,"end":2812},"obj":"18752726"},{"id":"25035080-18591477-76159669","span":{"begin":3207,"end":3211},"obj":"18591477"},{"id":"25035080-15549243-76159670","span":{"begin":3226,"end":3230},"obj":"15549243"},{"id":"25035080-17493298-76159671","span":{"begin":3357,"end":3361},"obj":"17493298"},{"id":"25035080-19543398-76159672","span":{"begin":3506,"end":3510},"obj":"19543398"},{"id":"25035080-21358707-76159673","span":{"begin":3738,"end":3742},"obj":"21358707"},{"id":"25035080-23343526-76159674","span":{"begin":3865,"end":3869},"obj":"23343526"},{"id":"25035080-8215811-76159675","span":{"begin":4451,"end":4455},"obj":"8215811"},{"id":"25035080-20233952-76159676","span":{"begin":4950,"end":4954},"obj":"20233952"},{"id":"25035080-22716999-76159677","span":{"begin":5000,"end":5004},"obj":"22716999"},{"id":"25035080-16460693-76159678","span":{"begin":5020,"end":5024},"obj":"16460693"}],"text":"INTRODUCTION\nThe ability to balance between scanning the environment for signals of potential danger and dismissing negative cues when irrelevant to the current goals is an adaptive function. Anxiety and depression are characterized by aberrant attention to emotional stimuli, involving alterations in ocular exploration of the stimuli. For example, highly anxious individuals can show initial hypervigilance to images appraised as potentially threatening (Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012; Ouimet et al, 2009). This can be followed by avoidance, leading to misattributions in the actual meaning of stimuli and possibly having a crucial role in maintaining symptoms (Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012; Clark and Wells, 1995). In addition, depression has been associated with a prolonged maintenance of attention over negative pictures (Butler et al, 2008; Caseras et al, 2007; Gotlib et al, 2004) and reduced attention allocation to positive stimuli (Derakshan et al, 2009), consistent with clinical symptoms of overdwelling on negative stimuli (Leyman et al, 2011) and anhedonia.\nAvoidance of the processing of social cues such as faces may have knock-on effects on social interactions. The eye region tends to attract attention when people look at faces and is crucial for gender and identity discrimination and for emotion recognition (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Whalen et al, 2004). Biases in eye-region exploration have been mostly investigated in disorders with most evident interpersonal difficulties, such as autism and social phobia (Itier and Batty, 2009). For example, socially anxious individuals showed a hypervigilant-avoidant response to threatening facial expressions, which becomes purely avoidant when put in a socially challenging situation (Garner et al, 2006). Anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, and dysphoria often co-occur in clinical samples and also in the personality trait of neuroticism, characterized by a predisposition to negative affect and increased vulnerability to emotional disorders (Clark and Watson, 1991; Kendler et al, 1993); however, it is poorly understood how this relates to attentional processes towards social stimuli.\nPharmacological treatment of anxiety and depression remains relatively non-specific with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being commonly used in both diagnostic categories (Kent et al, 1998). Antidepressant medication has been shown to modulate the processing of facial stimuli early in treatment in healthy volunteers and depressed patients, promoting a positive pattern of social information processing that is believed to contribute in time to symptom resolution (Pringle et al, 2011). On direct tasks of emotional attention, SSRIs have been shown to decrease vigilance to fearful facial expressions in healthy volunteers (Murphy et al, 2009). However, it is unknown whether SSRIs are also able to modify attention deployment via ocular exploration of facial stimuli early in treatment in samples with negative attentional biases.\nThis question can be addressed by selecting a population at risk for psychopathology with emotion-processing biases typical of anxiety and depression, such as subjects with high neuroticism traits (Canli, 2008; Ormel et al, 2004). For example, highly neurotic volunteers showed reduced recognition of positive facial expressions of happiness (Chan et al, 2007), and a recent study reported a positive correlation between neuroticism and gaze duration over the eye region of fearful faces (Perlman et al, 2009). Previous studies have also revealed that short-term antidepressant administration is not only able to reverse the negative biases in self-referential processing characterizing vulnerability to depression (Di Simplicio et al, 2012) but can also increase threat-related processing in visual attentional brain areas in the same group (Di Simplicio et al, 2013). However, the relationship between changes in attention towards facial stimuli and changes in negative attentional bias following SSRI treatment in this group has not been investigated despite the potential for important interactions.\nThe aim of our research was (a) in Study 1, to investigate the presence of attentional biases in ocular exploration of emotional facial expressions (measured by eye-movement tracking) in a population with high and low levels of neuroticism (associated with approximately a threefold difference in risk for depression and anxiety (Kendler et al, 1993)); and (b) in Study 2, to test whether short-term repeated SSRI administration can modulate attentional biases in ocular exploration of emotional facial expressions in the same population at risk for psychopathology, compared with placebo. Given the anxious-depressive phenotype of high neuroticism, we hypothesized that (a) in Study 1, individuals with high neuroticism would present attentional biases in ocular exploration of facial expressions. As previous behavioral data (Browning et al, 2010) and neuroimaging research (Godlewska et al, 2012; Harmer et al, 2006) suggest that short-term repeated SSRI administration can modify initial attention allocation and covert vigilance for negative facial expressions, we also hypothesized that (b) in Study 2, 7 days of SSRI treatment would be able to normalize the biases in ocular exploration of faces associated with neuroticism and (c) this would be correlated with the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in a separate task."}