PMC:4110358 / 16122-18697
Annnotations
2_test
{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"25097708-23420574-132809982","span":{"begin":536,"end":538},"obj":"23420574"},{"id":"25097708-9756027-132809983","span":{"begin":561,"end":563},"obj":"9756027"},{"id":"25097708-12452386-132809984","span":{"begin":767,"end":769},"obj":"12452386"},{"id":"25097708-18080917-132809985","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1080},"obj":"18080917"},{"id":"25097708-23420574-132809986","span":{"begin":1127,"end":1129},"obj":"23420574"},{"id":"25097708-23420574-132809987","span":{"begin":1580,"end":1582},"obj":"23420574"},{"id":"25097708-8536873-132809988","span":{"begin":1973,"end":1975},"obj":"8536873"},{"id":"25097708-8536873-132809989","span":{"begin":2092,"end":2094},"obj":"8536873"},{"id":"25097708-10831259-132809990","span":{"begin":2424,"end":2426},"obj":"10831259"}],"text":"Stimulants\nAlcohol, cigarettes (containing nicotine), and coffee (due to the caffeine content) are the most common stimulants used in European countries. Each of these substances has a documented strong effect on the human body, including actions potentially disrupting the GMA.\nEthyl alcohol is a substance with a proven effect on motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Most of the work evaluating the effect of alcohol on myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying suggest that consumption of ethanol delays gastric emptying [30]. Pfaffenbach et al. [31] showed that, in comparison to healthy subjects, GMA in alcoholics was characterised by a relatively lower time-share of bradygastria. On the other hand, in conditions of acute exposure, Levanon et al. [32] observed a significant decrease in dominant power of gastric slow waves after consumption of white wine with 12.5% volume ethanol content. However, Turkish researchers found that orange juice with 40% volume ethanol content did not significantly modify any of the evaluated electrogastrographic parameters [33]. In a recent study, Kasicka-Jonderko et al. [30] showed that the influence of alcoholic beverages on GMA depends on ethanol concentration. Whisky and an aqueous solution of ethanol with the same concentration of 43.5%volume significantly impaired the dominant power of the gastric slow waves in the electrogastrographic GMA record. However, neither red wine (13.7% vol.) nor beer (4.7% vol.) nor aqueous ethanol solutions of the corresponding concentrations exerted a noticeable effect on the GMA [30].\nNicotine administered in a controlled manner via transdermal patches resulted in a significant impairment of GMA. In the study on non-smoking volunteers, administration of 14 mg of nicotine caused an increase in the relative time-share of tachygastria, from an average of 2% to as much as 16%, and an increase in DFIC. Electrogastrographic disturbances were accompanied by severe nausea [34]. Transdermal application of nicotine in the same dose of 14 mg did not cause any problems on GMA in heavy smokers [34]. Under conditions of acute exposure, smoking of 2 cigarettes of nominal nicotine content of 1 mg/piece did not cause definite changes in GMA during the postprandial period in heavy smokers [35].\nAnimal studies have shown that the main effect of caffeine is an increase in contractile activity of the colon, and not the stomach [36]. In a pilot study with healthy volunteers, there was no significant effect on the GMA of 4 mg/kg of caffeine administered in grapefruit juice [37]."}
NEUROSES
{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T377","span":{"begin":11,"end":18},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T378","span":{"begin":420,"end":427},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T379","span":{"begin":503,"end":510},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T380","span":{"begin":893,"end":900},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T381","span":{"begin":979,"end":986},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T382","span":{"begin":1198,"end":1205},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T383","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1262},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T384","span":{"begin":1486,"end":1493},"obj":"CHEBI_16236"},{"id":"T385","span":{"begin":420,"end":427},"obj":"CHEBI_30879"},{"id":"T386","span":{"begin":1585,"end":1593},"obj":"CHEBI_18723"},{"id":"T387","span":{"begin":1766,"end":1774},"obj":"CHEBI_18723"},{"id":"T388","span":{"begin":2005,"end":2013},"obj":"CHEBI_18723"},{"id":"T389","span":{"begin":2168,"end":2176},"obj":"CHEBI_18723"},{"id":"T390","span":{"begin":1585,"end":1593},"obj":"CHEBI_17688"},{"id":"T391","span":{"begin":1766,"end":1774},"obj":"CHEBI_17688"},{"id":"T392","span":{"begin":2005,"end":2013},"obj":"CHEBI_17688"},{"id":"T393","span":{"begin":2168,"end":2176},"obj":"CHEBI_17688"},{"id":"T394","span":{"begin":77,"end":85},"obj":"CHEBI_27732"},{"id":"T395","span":{"begin":2341,"end":2349},"obj":"CHEBI_27732"},{"id":"T396","span":{"begin":2528,"end":2536},"obj":"CHEBI_27732"},{"id":"T397","span":{"begin":901,"end":908},"obj":"PATO_0000025"},{"id":"T398","span":{"begin":987,"end":994},"obj":"PATO_0000025"},{"id":"T399","span":{"begin":2177,"end":2184},"obj":"PATO_0000025"},{"id":"T400","span":{"begin":298,"end":307},"obj":"PATO_0000142"},{"id":"T401","span":{"begin":390,"end":394},"obj":"PATO_0001026"},{"id":"T402","span":{"begin":503,"end":510},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T403","span":{"begin":893,"end":900},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T404","span":{"begin":979,"end":986},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T405","span":{"begin":1198,"end":1205},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T406","span":{"begin":1255,"end":1262},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T407","span":{"begin":1486,"end":1493},"obj":"CHEBI_44730"},{"id":"T408","span":{"begin":671,"end":675},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T409","span":{"begin":2261,"end":2267},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T410","span":{"begin":671,"end":675},"obj":"PATO_0000165"},{"id":"T411","span":{"begin":735,"end":740},"obj":"PATO_0000389"},{"id":"T412","span":{"begin":2117,"end":2122},"obj":"PATO_0000389"},{"id":"T413","span":{"begin":815,"end":820},"obj":"PATO_0001024"},{"id":"T414","span":{"begin":1342,"end":1347},"obj":"PATO_0001024"},{"id":"T415","span":{"begin":832,"end":836},"obj":"PATO_0000304"},{"id":"T416","span":{"begin":1363,"end":1367},"obj":"PATO_0000304"},{"id":"T417","span":{"begin":864,"end":869},"obj":"PATO_0000323"},{"id":"T418","span":{"begin":886,"end":892},"obj":"PATO_0000918"},{"id":"T419","span":{"begin":972,"end":978},"obj":"PATO_0000918"},{"id":"T420","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1305},"obj":"PATO_0000918"},{"id":"T421","span":{"begin":950,"end":956},"obj":"PATO_0000953"},{"id":"T422","span":{"begin":995,"end":998},"obj":"CHEBI_52027"},{"id":"T423","span":{"begin":2040,"end":2043},"obj":"CHEBI_52027"},{"id":"T424","span":{"begin":2199,"end":2202},"obj":"CHEBI_52027"},{"id":"T425","span":{"begin":1088,"end":1094},"obj":"PATO_0001484"},{"id":"T426","span":{"begin":1206,"end":1219},"obj":"PATO_0000033"},{"id":"T427","span":{"begin":1243,"end":1251},"obj":"CHEBI_75958"},{"id":"T428","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1328},"obj":"PATO_0001624"},{"id":"T429","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1328},"obj":"PATO_0000762"},{"id":"T430","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1434},"obj":"PATO_0000322"},{"id":"T431","span":{"begin":1846,"end":1853},"obj":"PATO_0000461"},{"id":"T432","span":{"begin":1990,"end":2001},"obj":"CHEBI_33232"},{"id":"T433","span":{"begin":2077,"end":2082},"obj":"PATO_0000582"},{"id":"T434","span":{"begin":2271,"end":2276},"obj":"PATO_0000582"},{"id":"T435","span":{"begin":2368,"end":2379},"obj":"PATO_0001690"}],"text":"Stimulants\nAlcohol, cigarettes (containing nicotine), and coffee (due to the caffeine content) are the most common stimulants used in European countries. Each of these substances has a documented strong effect on the human body, including actions potentially disrupting the GMA.\nEthyl alcohol is a substance with a proven effect on motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Most of the work evaluating the effect of alcohol on myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying suggest that consumption of ethanol delays gastric emptying [30]. Pfaffenbach et al. [31] showed that, in comparison to healthy subjects, GMA in alcoholics was characterised by a relatively lower time-share of bradygastria. On the other hand, in conditions of acute exposure, Levanon et al. [32] observed a significant decrease in dominant power of gastric slow waves after consumption of white wine with 12.5% volume ethanol content. However, Turkish researchers found that orange juice with 40% volume ethanol content did not significantly modify any of the evaluated electrogastrographic parameters [33]. In a recent study, Kasicka-Jonderko et al. [30] showed that the influence of alcoholic beverages on GMA depends on ethanol concentration. Whisky and an aqueous solution of ethanol with the same concentration of 43.5%volume significantly impaired the dominant power of the gastric slow waves in the electrogastrographic GMA record. However, neither red wine (13.7% vol.) nor beer (4.7% vol.) nor aqueous ethanol solutions of the corresponding concentrations exerted a noticeable effect on the GMA [30].\nNicotine administered in a controlled manner via transdermal patches resulted in a significant impairment of GMA. In the study on non-smoking volunteers, administration of 14 mg of nicotine caused an increase in the relative time-share of tachygastria, from an average of 2% to as much as 16%, and an increase in DFIC. Electrogastrographic disturbances were accompanied by severe nausea [34]. Transdermal application of nicotine in the same dose of 14 mg did not cause any problems on GMA in heavy smokers [34]. Under conditions of acute exposure, smoking of 2 cigarettes of nominal nicotine content of 1 mg/piece did not cause definite changes in GMA during the postprandial period in heavy smokers [35].\nAnimal studies have shown that the main effect of caffeine is an increase in contractile activity of the colon, and not the stomach [36]. In a pilot study with healthy volunteers, there was no significant effect on the GMA of 4 mg/kg of caffeine administered in grapefruit juice [37]."}