PMC:4024607 / 14168-18909 JSONTXT

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The mean exposure to interpersonal violence as a child was 2.6 KIVS scale points (SD=1.9, median=3, range 0–5). Numbers of KIVS ratings are depicted in Fig. 1. There were no significant differences between the three exposure groups concerning age, any use of medication or frequency of Axis I diagnoses. PTSD diagnosis was significantly more frequent in the high exposure group as compared to the low (p\u003c0.05) and the medium high groups (p\u003c0.05) (see Table 2).\nFig. 1 Number of individuals with exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood, among women with borderline personality disorder.\nTable 2 Clinical characteristics of the three KIVS groups All estimated shown in bold are significant at p\u003c0.05. KIVS=Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale, L=low: KIVS rating 0–1, M=medium high: KIVS rating 2–3, H=high: KIVS rating 4–5. ⊗=statistical analysis was not performed. No registered records of medication=data missing due to changes in research protocol. τ = Kendall's tau-c.\n\nNeuroendocrine measures and exposure to interpersonal violence as a child and the regression model for the FT3/FT4 ratio\nAmong participants, a significant difference between the exposure groups was found (F (2, 89)=3.3, p=0.04). Post hoc analysis with the LSD test showed that the high exposure group had significantly lower FT3/FT4 ratio (mean=0.47, SD=0.08) as compared with the low exposure group (mean=0.53, SD=0.12) (p=0.02) (see Fig. 2). Figure 3 shows the correlation between FT3 and FT4 in the three groups of KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child.\nFig. 2 FT3/FT4 ratio in female BPD patients with low, medium high, and high levels of exposure to interpersonal violence as a child.\nFig. 3 Correlation between FT3 (pmol/L) and FT4 (pmol/L) in the three groups of KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child. The correlation between KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child and the FT3/FT4 was significant (Pearson's r=−0.25, p=0.02), and was therefore further analyzed in the multiple regression analysis. The correlation matrix and results of the multiple regression analysis are presented in Table 3. A multiple regression of FT3/FT4 as dependent variable and KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child, age, PTSD diagnosis, serum cortisol and sample storage time, as independent variables, was performed. The overall model was significant (F (5, 85)=5.1, p=0.0004) with R=0.48, R 2=0.23 and adjusted R 2=0.18, which implies that the model accounted for 18% of the variance in FT3/FT4 ratio.\nTable 3 Correlation matrix and results of the multiple regression analysis for KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood and FT3/FT4 in female patients with borderline personality disorder All tests are two-tailed. KIVS Exposure = Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale; exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood. * p\u003c0.05. Three independent variables were statistically significant predictors of the FT3/FT4 ratio: KIVS exposure to violence as a child (p=0.0004), diagnosis of PTSD (p=0.018) and sample storage time (p=0.005). The standardized value of B (for KIVS childhood interpersonal exposure to violence)=−0.38 indicates a negative relationship to the FT3/FT4 ratio; thus, higher scores on KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence were associated with a lower FT3/FT4 ratio. The Durbin-Watson statistic was 2.1, thus the assumption of independent errors was met. In the final regression model, dropping the non-significant predictors age and cortisol, the overall model was significant (F (3, 87)=7.4, p=0.0002) and still accounts for 17.4% of the variance of the FT3/FT4 ratio.\n\nDiagnosis of PTSD in relation to hormone levels\nThere were no significant differences in thyroid hormone levels in female BPD patients with and without comorbid PTSD diagnosis (Table 4). Patients with PTSD had significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (Z=−2.4, p=0.014). The correlation between KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child and FT3/FT4 ratio was significant only in patients with comorbid PTSD (Pearson's r=−0.44, p=0.001) (see Fig. 4). Furthermore, in patients with comorbid PTSD, exposure to interpersonal violence as a child also showed a significant negative correlation with FT3 (Pearson's r=−0.41, p=0.004).\nFig. 4 Correlation between KIVS exposure to interpersonal violence as a child and FT3/FT4 ratio, in patients with comorbid PTSD.\nTable 4 Group comparisons (Wilcoxon and t-test) of hormone levels in female borderline patients with and without comorbid PTSD diagnosis TSH (mE/L), T3 (nmol/L), T3 (pmol/L), T4 (nmol/L), FT3 (pmol/L), FT4 (pmol/L), cortisol (nmol/L).\n\nDi"}