| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T230 |
9-11 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T231 |
0-91 |
sentence |
denotes |
Dopamine D2 receptors mediate two-odor discrimination and reversal learning in C57BL/6 mice |
| T232 |
12-21 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T233 |
22-29 |
VBP |
denotes |
mediate |
| T234 |
30-33 |
CD |
denotes |
two |
| T235 |
34-38 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T236 |
33-34 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T237 |
39-53 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T238 |
54-57 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T239 |
58-66 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T240 |
67-75 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T241 |
76-78 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T242 |
79-84 |
NN |
denotes |
C57BL |
| T243 |
87-91 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T244 |
84-85 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T245 |
85-86 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T246 |
91-92 |
sentence |
denotes |
|
| T247 |
102-112 |
sentence |
denotes |
Background |
| T248 |
102-112 |
NN |
denotes |
Background |
| T249 |
112-408 |
sentence |
denotes |
Dopamine modulation of neuronal signaling in the frontal cortex, midbrain, and striatum is essential for processing and integrating diverse external sensory stimuli and attaching salience to environmental cues that signal causal relationships, thereby guiding goal-directed, adaptable behaviors. |
| T250 |
113-121 |
NN |
denotes |
Dopamine |
| T251 |
122-132 |
NN |
denotes |
modulation |
| T252 |
201-203 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T253 |
133-135 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T254 |
136-144 |
JJ |
denotes |
neuronal |
| T255 |
145-154 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T256 |
155-157 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T257 |
158-161 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T258 |
170-176 |
NN |
denotes |
cortex |
| T259 |
162-169 |
JJ |
denotes |
frontal |
| T260 |
176-178 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T261 |
178-186 |
NN |
denotes |
midbrain |
| T262 |
186-188 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T263 |
188-191 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T264 |
192-200 |
NN |
denotes |
striatum |
| T265 |
204-213 |
JJ |
denotes |
essential |
| T266 |
214-217 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T267 |
218-228 |
VBG |
denotes |
processing |
| T268 |
229-232 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T269 |
233-244 |
VBG |
denotes |
integrating |
| T270 |
245-252 |
JJ |
denotes |
diverse |
| T271 |
270-277 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T272 |
253-261 |
JJ |
denotes |
external |
| T273 |
262-269 |
JJ |
denotes |
sensory |
| T274 |
278-281 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T275 |
282-291 |
VBG |
denotes |
attaching |
| T276 |
292-300 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T277 |
301-303 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T278 |
304-317 |
JJ |
denotes |
environmental |
| T279 |
318-322 |
NNS |
denotes |
cues |
| T280 |
323-327 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T281 |
328-334 |
VBP |
denotes |
signal |
| T282 |
335-341 |
JJ |
denotes |
causal |
| T283 |
342-355 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T284 |
355-357 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T285 |
357-364 |
RB |
denotes |
thereby |
| T286 |
365-372 |
VBG |
denotes |
guiding |
| T287 |
373-377 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T288 |
378-386 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T289 |
377-378 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T290 |
398-407 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T291 |
386-388 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T292 |
388-397 |
JJ |
denotes |
adaptable |
| T293 |
407-408 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T294 |
408-500 |
sentence |
denotes |
At the cellular level, dopamine signaling is mediated through D1-like or D2-like receptors. |
| T295 |
409-411 |
IN |
denotes |
At |
| T296 |
454-462 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T297 |
412-415 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T298 |
425-430 |
NN |
denotes |
level |
| T299 |
416-424 |
JJ |
denotes |
cellular |
| T300 |
430-432 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T301 |
432-440 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T302 |
441-450 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T303 |
451-453 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T304 |
463-470 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T305 |
471-473 |
NN |
denotes |
D1 |
| T306 |
474-478 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T307 |
473-474 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T308 |
490-499 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T309 |
479-481 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T310 |
482-484 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T311 |
485-489 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T312 |
484-485 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T313 |
499-500 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T314 |
500-673 |
sentence |
denotes |
Although a role for D1-like receptors in a variety of goal-directed behaviors has been identified, an explicit involvement of D2 receptors has not been clearly established. |
| T315 |
501-509 |
IN |
denotes |
Although |
| T316 |
588-598 |
VBN |
denotes |
identified |
| T317 |
510-511 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T318 |
512-516 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T319 |
517-520 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T320 |
521-523 |
NN |
denotes |
D1 |
| T321 |
524-528 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T322 |
523-524 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T323 |
529-538 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T324 |
539-541 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T325 |
542-543 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T326 |
544-551 |
NN |
denotes |
variety |
| T327 |
552-554 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T328 |
555-559 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T329 |
560-568 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T330 |
559-560 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T331 |
569-578 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T332 |
579-582 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T333 |
583-587 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T334 |
661-672 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T335 |
598-600 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T336 |
600-602 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T337 |
612-623 |
NN |
denotes |
involvement |
| T338 |
603-611 |
JJ |
denotes |
explicit |
| T339 |
624-626 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T340 |
627-629 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T341 |
630-639 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T342 |
640-643 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T343 |
644-647 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T344 |
648-652 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T345 |
653-660 |
RB |
denotes |
clearly |
| T346 |
672-673 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T347 |
673-1110 |
sentence |
denotes |
To determine whether dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling contributes to associative and reversal learning, we compared C57Bl/6J mice that completely lack functional dopamine D2 receptors to wild-type mice with respect to their ability to attach appropriate salience to external stimuli (stimulus discrimination) and disengage from inappropriate behavioral strategies when reinforcement contingencies change (e.g. reversal learning). |
| T348 |
674-676 |
TO |
denotes |
To |
| T349 |
677-686 |
VB |
denotes |
determine |
| T350 |
788-796 |
VBD |
denotes |
compared |
| T351 |
687-694 |
IN |
denotes |
whether |
| T352 |
735-746 |
VBZ |
denotes |
contributes |
| T353 |
695-703 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T354 |
704-706 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T355 |
707-715 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T356 |
716-724 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T357 |
715-716 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T358 |
725-734 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T359 |
747-749 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T360 |
750-761 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T361 |
775-783 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T362 |
762-765 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T363 |
766-774 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T364 |
783-785 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T365 |
785-787 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T366 |
797-802 |
NN |
denotes |
C57Bl |
| T367 |
803-805 |
NN |
denotes |
6J |
| T368 |
802-803 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T369 |
806-810 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T370 |
811-815 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T371 |
827-831 |
VBP |
denotes |
lack |
| T372 |
816-826 |
RB |
denotes |
completely |
| T373 |
832-842 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T374 |
855-864 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T375 |
843-851 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T376 |
852-854 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T377 |
865-867 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T378 |
868-872 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T379 |
873-877 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T380 |
872-873 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T381 |
878-882 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T382 |
883-887 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T383 |
888-895 |
NN |
denotes |
respect |
| T384 |
896-898 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T385 |
899-904 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T386 |
905-912 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T387 |
913-915 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T388 |
916-922 |
VB |
denotes |
attach |
| T389 |
923-934 |
JJ |
denotes |
appropriate |
| T390 |
935-943 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T391 |
944-946 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T392 |
947-955 |
JJ |
denotes |
external |
| T393 |
956-963 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T394 |
964-965 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T395 |
974-988 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T396 |
965-973 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T397 |
988-989 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T398 |
990-993 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T399 |
994-1003 |
VB |
denotes |
disengage |
| T400 |
1004-1008 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T401 |
1009-1022 |
JJ |
denotes |
inappropriate |
| T402 |
1034-1044 |
NNS |
denotes |
strategies |
| T403 |
1023-1033 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T404 |
1045-1049 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T405 |
1078-1084 |
VBP |
denotes |
change |
| T406 |
1050-1063 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T407 |
1064-1077 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T408 |
1085-1086 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T409 |
1100-1108 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T410 |
1086-1090 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T411 |
1091-1099 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T412 |
1108-1109 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T413 |
1109-1110 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T414 |
1110-1119 |
sentence |
denotes |
Results |
| T415 |
1112-1119 |
NNS |
denotes |
Results |
| T416 |
1119-1289 |
sentence |
denotes |
Mildly food-deprived female wild-type and dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice rapidly learned to retrieve and consume visible food reinforcers from a small plastic dish. |
| T417 |
1120-1126 |
RB |
denotes |
Mildly |
| T418 |
1132-1140 |
VBN |
denotes |
deprived |
| T419 |
1127-1131 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T420 |
1131-1132 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T421 |
1193-1197 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T422 |
1141-1147 |
JJ |
denotes |
female |
| T423 |
1148-1152 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T424 |
1153-1157 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T425 |
1152-1153 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T426 |
1158-1161 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T427 |
1162-1170 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T428 |
1174-1182 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T429 |
1171-1173 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T430 |
1183-1192 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T431 |
1206-1213 |
VBN |
denotes |
learned |
| T432 |
1198-1205 |
RB |
denotes |
rapidly |
| T433 |
1214-1216 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T434 |
1217-1225 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T435 |
1226-1229 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T436 |
1230-1237 |
VB |
denotes |
consume |
| T437 |
1238-1245 |
JJ |
denotes |
visible |
| T438 |
1251-1262 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T439 |
1246-1250 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T440 |
1263-1267 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T441 |
1268-1269 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T442 |
1284-1288 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T443 |
1270-1275 |
JJ |
denotes |
small |
| T444 |
1276-1283 |
JJ |
denotes |
plastic |
| T445 |
1288-1289 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T446 |
1289-1428 |
sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, both genotypes readily learned to dig through the same dish filled with sterile sand in order to locate a buried food pellet. |
| T447 |
1290-1301 |
RB |
denotes |
Furthermore |
| T448 |
1326-1333 |
VBD |
denotes |
learned |
| T449 |
1301-1303 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T450 |
1303-1307 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T451 |
1308-1317 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T452 |
1318-1325 |
RB |
denotes |
readily |
| T453 |
1334-1336 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T454 |
1337-1340 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T455 |
1341-1348 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T456 |
1349-1352 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T457 |
1358-1362 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T458 |
1353-1357 |
JJ |
denotes |
same |
| T459 |
1363-1369 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T460 |
1370-1374 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T461 |
1375-1382 |
JJ |
denotes |
sterile |
| T462 |
1383-1387 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T463 |
1388-1390 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T464 |
1391-1396 |
NN |
denotes |
order |
| T465 |
1397-1399 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T466 |
1400-1406 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T467 |
1407-1408 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T468 |
1421-1427 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T469 |
1409-1415 |
JJ |
denotes |
buried |
| T470 |
1416-1420 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T471 |
1427-1428 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T472 |
1428-1691 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, the dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice required significantly more trials than wild-type mice to discriminate between two dishes, each filled with a different scented sand, and to associate one of the two odors with the presence of a reinforcer (food). |
| T473 |
1429-1436 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T474 |
1478-1486 |
VBD |
denotes |
required |
| T475 |
1436-1438 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T476 |
1438-1441 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T477 |
1473-1477 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T478 |
1442-1450 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T479 |
1451-1453 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T480 |
1454-1462 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T481 |
1463-1472 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T482 |
1487-1500 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T483 |
1501-1505 |
JJR |
denotes |
more |
| T484 |
1506-1512 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T485 |
1513-1517 |
IN |
denotes |
than |
| T486 |
1518-1522 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T487 |
1523-1527 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T488 |
1522-1523 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T489 |
1528-1532 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T490 |
1533-1535 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T491 |
1536-1548 |
VB |
denotes |
discriminate |
| T492 |
1549-1556 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T493 |
1557-1560 |
CD |
denotes |
two |
| T494 |
1561-1567 |
NNS |
denotes |
dishes |
| T495 |
1567-1569 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T496 |
1569-1573 |
DT |
denotes |
each |
| T497 |
1574-1580 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T498 |
1581-1585 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T499 |
1586-1587 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T500 |
1606-1610 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T501 |
1588-1597 |
JJ |
denotes |
different |
| T502 |
1598-1605 |
VBN |
denotes |
scented |
| T503 |
1610-1612 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T504 |
1612-1615 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T505 |
1616-1618 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T506 |
1619-1628 |
VB |
denotes |
associate |
| T507 |
1629-1632 |
CD |
denotes |
one |
| T508 |
1633-1635 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T509 |
1636-1639 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T510 |
1644-1649 |
NNS |
denotes |
odors |
| T511 |
1640-1643 |
CD |
denotes |
two |
| T512 |
1650-1654 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T513 |
1655-1658 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T514 |
1659-1667 |
NN |
denotes |
presence |
| T515 |
1668-1670 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T516 |
1671-1672 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T517 |
1673-1683 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T518 |
1684-1685 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T519 |
1685-1689 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T520 |
1689-1690 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T521 |
1690-1691 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T522 |
1691-1861 |
sentence |
denotes |
In addition, the dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice repeatedly fail to alter their response patterns during reversal trials where the reinforcement rules were inverted. |
| T523 |
1692-1694 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T524 |
1756-1760 |
VBP |
denotes |
fail |
| T525 |
1695-1703 |
NN |
denotes |
addition |
| T526 |
1703-1705 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T527 |
1705-1708 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T528 |
1740-1744 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T529 |
1709-1717 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T530 |
1718-1720 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T531 |
1721-1729 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T532 |
1730-1739 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T533 |
1745-1755 |
RB |
denotes |
repeatedly |
| T534 |
1761-1763 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T535 |
1764-1769 |
VB |
denotes |
alter |
| T536 |
1770-1775 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T537 |
1785-1793 |
NNS |
denotes |
patterns |
| T538 |
1776-1784 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T539 |
1794-1800 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T540 |
1801-1809 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T541 |
1810-1816 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T542 |
1817-1822 |
WRB |
denotes |
where |
| T543 |
1852-1860 |
VBN |
denotes |
inverted |
| T544 |
1823-1826 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T545 |
1841-1846 |
NNS |
denotes |
rules |
| T546 |
1827-1840 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T547 |
1847-1851 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T548 |
1860-1861 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T549 |
1861-1874 |
sentence |
denotes |
Conclusions |
| T550 |
1863-1874 |
NNS |
denotes |
Conclusions |
| T551 |
1874-2077 |
sentence |
denotes |
Inbred C57Bl/6J mice that develop in the complete absence of functional dopamine D2 receptors are capable of olfaction but display an impaired ability to acquire odor-driven reinforcement contingencies. |
| T552 |
1875-1881 |
JJ |
denotes |
Inbred |
| T553 |
1891-1895 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T554 |
1882-1887 |
NN |
denotes |
C57Bl |
| T555 |
1888-1890 |
NN |
denotes |
6J |
| T556 |
1887-1888 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T557 |
1969-1972 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T558 |
1896-1900 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T559 |
1901-1908 |
VBP |
denotes |
develop |
| T560 |
1909-1911 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T561 |
1912-1915 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T562 |
1925-1932 |
NN |
denotes |
absence |
| T563 |
1916-1924 |
JJ |
denotes |
complete |
| T564 |
1933-1935 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T565 |
1936-1946 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T566 |
1959-1968 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T567 |
1947-1955 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T568 |
1956-1958 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T569 |
1973-1980 |
JJ |
denotes |
capable |
| T570 |
1981-1983 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T571 |
1984-1993 |
NN |
denotes |
olfaction |
| T572 |
1994-1997 |
CC |
denotes |
but |
| T573 |
1998-2005 |
VBP |
denotes |
display |
| T574 |
2006-2008 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T575 |
2018-2025 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T576 |
2009-2017 |
JJ |
denotes |
impaired |
| T577 |
2026-2028 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T578 |
2029-2036 |
VB |
denotes |
acquire |
| T579 |
2037-2041 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T580 |
2042-2048 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T581 |
2041-2042 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T582 |
2063-2076 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T583 |
2049-2062 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T584 |
2076-2077 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T585 |
2077-2272 |
sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, the ability of dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice to adjust their responding to a previously reinforced stimulus when unexpected outcomes are encountered is significantly impaired. |
| T586 |
2078-2089 |
RB |
denotes |
Furthermore |
| T587 |
2246-2248 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T588 |
2089-2091 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T589 |
2091-2094 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T590 |
2095-2102 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T591 |
2103-2105 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T592 |
2106-2114 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T593 |
2118-2126 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T594 |
2115-2117 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T595 |
2127-2136 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T596 |
2137-2141 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T597 |
2142-2144 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T598 |
2145-2151 |
VB |
denotes |
adjust |
| T599 |
2152-2157 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T600 |
2158-2168 |
NN |
denotes |
responding |
| T601 |
2169-2171 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T602 |
2172-2173 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T603 |
2196-2204 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T604 |
2174-2184 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T605 |
2185-2195 |
VBN |
denotes |
reinforced |
| T606 |
2205-2209 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T607 |
2234-2245 |
VBN |
denotes |
encountered |
| T608 |
2210-2220 |
JJ |
denotes |
unexpected |
| T609 |
2221-2229 |
NNS |
denotes |
outcomes |
| T610 |
2230-2233 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T611 |
2249-2262 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T612 |
2263-2271 |
JJ |
denotes |
impaired |
| T613 |
2271-2272 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T614 |
2272-2483 |
sentence |
denotes |
These findings suggest that signaling mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor is important for regulating associative and reversal learning and may have implications for the treatment of human attention disorders. |
| T615 |
2273-2278 |
DT |
denotes |
These |
| T616 |
2279-2287 |
NNS |
denotes |
findings |
| T617 |
2288-2295 |
VBP |
denotes |
suggest |
| T618 |
2296-2300 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T619 |
2348-2350 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T620 |
2301-2310 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T621 |
2311-2319 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T622 |
2320-2322 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T623 |
2323-2326 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T624 |
2339-2347 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T625 |
2327-2335 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T626 |
2336-2338 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T627 |
2351-2360 |
JJ |
denotes |
important |
| T628 |
2361-2364 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T629 |
2365-2375 |
VBG |
denotes |
regulating |
| T630 |
2376-2387 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T631 |
2401-2409 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T632 |
2388-2391 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T633 |
2392-2400 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T634 |
2410-2413 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T635 |
2414-2417 |
MD |
denotes |
may |
| T636 |
2418-2422 |
VB |
denotes |
have |
| T637 |
2423-2435 |
NNS |
denotes |
implications |
| T638 |
2436-2439 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T639 |
2440-2443 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T640 |
2444-2453 |
NN |
denotes |
treatment |
| T641 |
2454-2456 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T642 |
2457-2462 |
JJ |
denotes |
human |
| T643 |
2473-2482 |
NNS |
denotes |
disorders |
| T644 |
2463-2472 |
NN |
denotes |
attention |
| T645 |
2482-2483 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1116 |
2496-2509 |
NN |
denotes |
Reinforcement |
| T1117 |
2510-2518 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1118 |
2509-2510 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1119 |
2531-2539 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1120 |
2519-2530 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1121 |
2709-2716 |
VBN |
denotes |
divided |
| T1122 |
2539-2541 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1123 |
2541-2543 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1124 |
2544-2547 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1125 |
2548-2555 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T1126 |
2556-2558 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1127 |
2559-2566 |
VB |
denotes |
ascribe |
| T1128 |
2567-2580 |
JJ |
denotes |
deterministic |
| T1129 |
2581-2594 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T1130 |
2595-2602 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T1131 |
2603-2616 |
JJ |
denotes |
environmental |
| T1132 |
2617-2624 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T1133 |
2625-2629 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1134 |
2630-2636 |
VBP |
denotes |
signal |
| T1135 |
2637-2640 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1136 |
2641-2652 |
NN |
denotes |
probability |
| T1137 |
2653-2655 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1138 |
2656-2665 |
VBG |
denotes |
receiving |
| T1139 |
2666-2667 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1140 |
2676-2686 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T1141 |
2668-2675 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T1142 |
2687-2688 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1143 |
2688-2692 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1144 |
2693-2697 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1145 |
2697-2698 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1146 |
2698-2700 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1147 |
2700-2703 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T1148 |
2704-2708 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T1149 |
2717-2721 |
IN |
denotes |
into |
| T1150 |
2722-2723 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T1151 |
2724-2734 |
NNS |
denotes |
components |
| T1152 |
2735-2737 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1153 |
2738-2744 |
NNS |
denotes |
stages |
| T1154 |
2745-2746 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1155 |
2746-2747 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1156 |
2747-2748 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1157 |
2748-2749 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1158 |
2749-2931 |
sentence |
denotes |
The first, unlearned stage is the organism's experience with a primary reinforcer that elicits some unlearned/innate physiological response (e.g. palatability of a food or satiety). |
| T1159 |
2750-2753 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T1160 |
2771-2776 |
NN |
denotes |
stage |
| T1161 |
2754-2759 |
JJ |
denotes |
first |
| T1162 |
2759-2761 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1163 |
2761-2770 |
JJ |
denotes |
unlearned |
| T1164 |
2777-2779 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1165 |
2780-2783 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1166 |
2784-2792 |
NN |
denotes |
organism |
| T1167 |
2795-2805 |
NN |
denotes |
experience |
| T1168 |
2792-2794 |
POS |
denotes |
's |
| T1169 |
2806-2810 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1170 |
2811-2812 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1171 |
2821-2831 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T1172 |
2813-2820 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T1173 |
2832-2836 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1174 |
2837-2844 |
VBZ |
denotes |
elicits |
| T1175 |
2845-2849 |
DT |
denotes |
some |
| T1176 |
2881-2889 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T1177 |
2850-2859 |
JJ |
denotes |
unlearned |
| T1178 |
2860-2866 |
JJ |
denotes |
innate |
| T1179 |
2859-2860 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T1180 |
2867-2880 |
JJ |
denotes |
physiological |
| T1181 |
2890-2891 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1182 |
2891-2895 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1183 |
2896-2908 |
NN |
denotes |
palatability |
| T1184 |
2909-2911 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1185 |
2912-2913 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1186 |
2914-2918 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1187 |
2919-2921 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1188 |
2922-2929 |
NN |
denotes |
satiety |
| T1189 |
2929-2930 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1190 |
2930-2931 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1191 |
2931-3252 |
sentence |
denotes |
The second phase involves the attachment of salience to external stimuli (discriminative stimuli) that signal whether the delivery of a primary reinforcer will or will not occur based on some emitted behavior (e.g. a rodent lever presses for food pellets only when a stimulus light is illuminated in an operant chamber). |
| T1192 |
2932-2935 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T1193 |
2943-2948 |
NN |
denotes |
phase |
| T1194 |
2936-2942 |
JJ |
denotes |
second |
| T1195 |
2949-2957 |
VBZ |
denotes |
involves |
| T1196 |
2958-2961 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1197 |
2962-2972 |
NN |
denotes |
attachment |
| T1198 |
2973-2975 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1199 |
2976-2984 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T1200 |
2985-2987 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1201 |
2988-2996 |
JJ |
denotes |
external |
| T1202 |
2997-3004 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T1203 |
3005-3006 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1204 |
3006-3020 |
JJ |
denotes |
discriminative |
| T1205 |
3021-3028 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T1206 |
3028-3029 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1207 |
3030-3034 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1208 |
3035-3041 |
VBP |
denotes |
signal |
| T1209 |
3042-3049 |
IN |
denotes |
whether |
| T1210 |
3087-3091 |
MD |
denotes |
will |
| T1211 |
3050-3053 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1212 |
3054-3062 |
NN |
denotes |
delivery |
| T1213 |
3063-3065 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1214 |
3066-3067 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1215 |
3076-3086 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T1216 |
3068-3075 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T1217 |
3092-3094 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1218 |
3095-3099 |
MD |
denotes |
will |
| T1219 |
3100-3103 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T1220 |
3104-3109 |
VB |
denotes |
occur |
| T1221 |
3110-3115 |
VBN |
denotes |
based |
| T1222 |
3116-3118 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T1223 |
3119-3123 |
DT |
denotes |
some |
| T1224 |
3132-3140 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T1225 |
3124-3131 |
JJ |
denotes |
emitted |
| T1226 |
3141-3142 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1227 |
3162-3169 |
VBZ |
denotes |
presses |
| T1228 |
3142-3146 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1229 |
3147-3148 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1230 |
3149-3155 |
NN |
denotes |
rodent |
| T1231 |
3156-3161 |
NN |
denotes |
lever |
| T1232 |
3170-3173 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T1233 |
3174-3178 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1234 |
3179-3186 |
NNS |
denotes |
pellets |
| T1235 |
3187-3191 |
RB |
denotes |
only |
| T1236 |
3217-3228 |
VBN |
denotes |
illuminated |
| T1237 |
3192-3196 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T1238 |
3197-3198 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1239 |
3208-3213 |
NN |
denotes |
light |
| T1240 |
3199-3207 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T1241 |
3214-3216 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1242 |
3229-3231 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1243 |
3232-3234 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1244 |
3243-3250 |
NN |
denotes |
chamber |
| T1245 |
3235-3242 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T1246 |
3250-3251 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1247 |
3251-3252 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1248 |
3252-3455 |
sentence |
denotes |
Finally, there is the maintenance of associative learning relationships over time (a stimulus light always signifies a food pellet is available subsequent to a lever press) [see refs. [1,2] for review]. |
| T1249 |
3253-3260 |
RB |
denotes |
Finally |
| T1250 |
3268-3270 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1251 |
3260-3262 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1252 |
3262-3267 |
EX |
denotes |
there |
| T1253 |
3271-3274 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1254 |
3275-3286 |
NN |
denotes |
maintenance |
| T1255 |
3287-3289 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1256 |
3290-3301 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1257 |
3302-3310 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1258 |
3311-3324 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T1259 |
3325-3329 |
IN |
denotes |
over |
| T1260 |
3330-3334 |
NN |
denotes |
time |
| T1261 |
3335-3336 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1262 |
3360-3369 |
VBZ |
denotes |
signifies |
| T1263 |
3336-3337 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1264 |
3347-3352 |
NN |
denotes |
light |
| T1265 |
3338-3346 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T1266 |
3353-3359 |
RB |
denotes |
always |
| T1267 |
3370-3371 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1268 |
3377-3383 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T1269 |
3372-3376 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1270 |
3384-3386 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1271 |
3387-3396 |
JJ |
denotes |
available |
| T1272 |
3397-3407 |
JJ |
denotes |
subsequent |
| T1273 |
3408-3410 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1274 |
3411-3412 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1275 |
3419-3424 |
NN |
denotes |
press |
| T1276 |
3413-3418 |
NN |
denotes |
lever |
| T1277 |
3424-3425 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1278 |
3426-3427 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1279 |
3427-3430 |
VB |
denotes |
see |
| T1280 |
3431-3436 |
NNS |
denotes |
refs. |
| T1281 |
3440-3441 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T1282 |
3437-3438 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1283 |
3438-3439 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1284 |
3439-3440 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1285 |
3441-3442 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1286 |
3443-3446 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T1287 |
3447-3453 |
NN |
denotes |
review |
| T1288 |
3453-3454 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1289 |
3454-3455 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1290 |
3455-3692 |
sentence |
denotes |
Berridge and Robinson [1] have proposed that dopamine plays a pivotal role in the second phase of reinforcement-mediated associative learning by molding the "incentive salience" or learned motivational properties of conditioned stimuli. |
| T1291 |
3456-3464 |
NNP |
denotes |
Berridge |
| T1292 |
3487-3495 |
VBN |
denotes |
proposed |
| T1293 |
3465-3468 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1294 |
3469-3477 |
NNP |
denotes |
Robinson |
| T1295 |
3478-3479 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1296 |
3479-3480 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1297 |
3480-3481 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1298 |
3482-3486 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1299 |
3496-3500 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1300 |
3510-3515 |
VBZ |
denotes |
plays |
| T1301 |
3501-3509 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1302 |
3516-3517 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1303 |
3526-3530 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T1304 |
3518-3525 |
JJ |
denotes |
pivotal |
| T1305 |
3531-3533 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1306 |
3534-3537 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1307 |
3545-3550 |
NN |
denotes |
phase |
| T1308 |
3538-3544 |
JJ |
denotes |
second |
| T1309 |
3551-3553 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1310 |
3554-3567 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T1311 |
3568-3576 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1312 |
3567-3568 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1313 |
3589-3597 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1314 |
3577-3588 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1315 |
3598-3600 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T1316 |
3601-3608 |
VBG |
denotes |
molding |
| T1317 |
3609-3612 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1318 |
3624-3632 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T1319 |
3613-3614 |
`` |
denotes |
" |
| T1320 |
3614-3623 |
NN |
denotes |
incentive |
| T1321 |
3632-3633 |
'' |
denotes |
" |
| T1322 |
3634-3636 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1323 |
3637-3644 |
JJ |
denotes |
learned |
| T1324 |
3658-3668 |
NNS |
denotes |
properties |
| T1325 |
3645-3657 |
JJ |
denotes |
motivational |
| T1326 |
3669-3671 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1327 |
3672-3683 |
VBN |
denotes |
conditioned |
| T1328 |
3684-3691 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T1329 |
3691-3692 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1330 |
3692-4084 |
sentence |
denotes |
In support of this view are several studies demonstrating that the disruption of dopamine signaling via acute blockade of dopamine receptors with dopamine receptor antagonists [3-9] or 6-OHDA lesions [1,10,11] do not disrupt phase 1, the palatability or primary reinforcing characteristics of a natural reinforcer (e.g. palatability) but disrupt phase 2, the formation of incentive salience. |
| T1331 |
3693-3695 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T1332 |
3717-3720 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T1333 |
3696-3703 |
NN |
denotes |
support |
| T1334 |
3704-3706 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1335 |
3707-3711 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T1336 |
3712-3716 |
NN |
denotes |
view |
| T1337 |
3721-3728 |
JJ |
denotes |
several |
| T1338 |
3729-3736 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T1339 |
3737-3750 |
VBG |
denotes |
demonstrating |
| T1340 |
3751-3755 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1341 |
3910-3917 |
VB |
denotes |
disrupt |
| T1342 |
3756-3759 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1343 |
3760-3770 |
NN |
denotes |
disruption |
| T1344 |
3771-3773 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1345 |
3774-3782 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1346 |
3783-3792 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1347 |
3793-3796 |
IN |
denotes |
via |
| T1348 |
3797-3802 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T1349 |
3803-3811 |
NN |
denotes |
blockade |
| T1350 |
3812-3814 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1351 |
3815-3823 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1352 |
3824-3833 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T1353 |
3834-3838 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1354 |
3839-3847 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1355 |
3848-3856 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1356 |
3857-3868 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T1357 |
3869-3870 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1358 |
3870-3871 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T1359 |
3871-3872 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T1360 |
3872-3873 |
CD |
denotes |
9 |
| T1361 |
3873-3874 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1362 |
3875-3877 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1363 |
3878-3879 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1364 |
3880-3884 |
NN |
denotes |
OHDA |
| T1365 |
3879-3880 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1366 |
3885-3892 |
NNS |
denotes |
lesions |
| T1367 |
3893-3894 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1368 |
3899-3901 |
CD |
denotes |
11 |
| T1369 |
3894-3895 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1370 |
3895-3896 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1371 |
3896-3898 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T1372 |
3898-3899 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1373 |
3901-3902 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1374 |
3903-3905 |
VBP |
denotes |
do |
| T1375 |
3906-3909 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T1376 |
3918-3923 |
NN |
denotes |
phase |
| T1377 |
3924-3925 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1378 |
3925-3927 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1379 |
3927-3930 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1380 |
3931-3943 |
NN |
denotes |
palatability |
| T1381 |
3944-3946 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1382 |
3947-3954 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T1383 |
3967-3982 |
NNS |
denotes |
characteristics |
| T1384 |
3955-3966 |
VBG |
denotes |
reinforcing |
| T1385 |
3983-3985 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1386 |
3986-3987 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1387 |
3996-4006 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T1388 |
3988-3995 |
JJ |
denotes |
natural |
| T1389 |
4007-4008 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1390 |
4013-4025 |
NN |
denotes |
palatability |
| T1391 |
4008-4012 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1392 |
4025-4026 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1393 |
4027-4030 |
CC |
denotes |
but |
| T1394 |
4031-4038 |
VBP |
denotes |
disrupt |
| T1395 |
4039-4044 |
NN |
denotes |
phase |
| T1396 |
4045-4046 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T1397 |
4046-4048 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1398 |
4048-4051 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1399 |
4052-4061 |
NN |
denotes |
formation |
| T1400 |
4062-4064 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1401 |
4065-4074 |
NN |
denotes |
incentive |
| T1402 |
4075-4083 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T1403 |
4083-4084 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1404 |
4084-4277 |
sentence |
denotes |
Dopamine signaling is mediated at the cellular level by two major subclasses of G-protein coupled receptors that are referred to as D-1 like (D1aR, D1b/5R) or D-2 like (D2R, D3R, D4R) [12,13]. |
| T1405 |
4085-4093 |
NN |
denotes |
Dopamine |
| T1406 |
4094-4103 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1407 |
4107-4115 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1408 |
4104-4106 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1409 |
4116-4118 |
IN |
denotes |
at |
| T1410 |
4119-4122 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1411 |
4132-4137 |
NN |
denotes |
level |
| T1412 |
4123-4131 |
JJ |
denotes |
cellular |
| T1413 |
4138-4140 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T1414 |
4141-4144 |
CD |
denotes |
two |
| T1415 |
4151-4161 |
NNS |
denotes |
subclasses |
| T1416 |
4145-4150 |
JJ |
denotes |
major |
| T1417 |
4162-4164 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1418 |
4165-4166 |
NN |
denotes |
G |
| T1419 |
4167-4174 |
NN |
denotes |
protein |
| T1420 |
4166-4167 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1421 |
4175-4182 |
VBN |
denotes |
coupled |
| T1422 |
4183-4192 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T1423 |
4193-4197 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1424 |
4202-4210 |
VBN |
denotes |
referred |
| T1425 |
4198-4201 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T1426 |
4211-4213 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1427 |
4214-4216 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T1428 |
4217-4218 |
NN |
denotes |
D |
| T1429 |
4221-4225 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T1430 |
4218-4219 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1431 |
4219-4220 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1432 |
4226-4227 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1433 |
4227-4231 |
NN |
denotes |
D1aR |
| T1434 |
4231-4233 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1435 |
4233-4236 |
NN |
denotes |
D1b |
| T1436 |
4237-4239 |
NN |
denotes |
5R |
| T1437 |
4236-4237 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T1438 |
4239-4240 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1439 |
4241-4243 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T1440 |
4244-4245 |
NN |
denotes |
D |
| T1441 |
4248-4252 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T1442 |
4245-4246 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1443 |
4246-4247 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T1444 |
4253-4254 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T1445 |
4264-4267 |
NN |
denotes |
D4R |
| T1446 |
4254-4257 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1447 |
4257-4259 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1448 |
4259-4262 |
NN |
denotes |
D3R |
| T1449 |
4262-4264 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1450 |
4267-4268 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T1451 |
4269-4270 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1452 |
4273-4275 |
CD |
denotes |
13 |
| T1453 |
4270-4272 |
CD |
denotes |
12 |
| T1454 |
4272-4273 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1455 |
4275-4276 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1456 |
4276-4277 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1457 |
4277-4429 |
sentence |
denotes |
Although individual genes code for each dopamine receptor subtype, there is considerable pharmacological overlap between D1-like and D2-like receptors. |
| T1458 |
4278-4286 |
IN |
denotes |
Although |
| T1459 |
4304-4308 |
VBP |
denotes |
code |
| T1460 |
4287-4297 |
JJ |
denotes |
individual |
| T1461 |
4298-4303 |
NNS |
denotes |
genes |
| T1462 |
4351-4353 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1463 |
4309-4312 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T1464 |
4313-4317 |
DT |
denotes |
each |
| T1465 |
4336-4343 |
NN |
denotes |
subtype |
| T1466 |
4318-4326 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1467 |
4327-4335 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1468 |
4343-4345 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1469 |
4345-4350 |
EX |
denotes |
there |
| T1470 |
4354-4366 |
JJ |
denotes |
considerable |
| T1471 |
4383-4390 |
NN |
denotes |
overlap |
| T1472 |
4367-4382 |
JJ |
denotes |
pharmacological |
| T1473 |
4391-4398 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T1474 |
4399-4401 |
NN |
denotes |
D1 |
| T1475 |
4402-4406 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T1476 |
4401-4402 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1477 |
4419-4428 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T1478 |
4407-4410 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1479 |
4411-4413 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T1480 |
4414-4418 |
JJ |
denotes |
like |
| T1481 |
4413-4414 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1482 |
4428-4429 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1483 |
4429-4599 |
sentence |
denotes |
Several studies have used pharmacological manipulations to investigate the contribution of dopamine receptor subtypes in various stages of associative learning [1,2,14]. |
| T1484 |
4430-4437 |
JJ |
denotes |
Several |
| T1485 |
4438-4445 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T1486 |
4451-4455 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T1487 |
4446-4450 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1488 |
4456-4471 |
JJ |
denotes |
pharmacological |
| T1489 |
4472-4485 |
NNS |
denotes |
manipulations |
| T1490 |
4486-4488 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1491 |
4489-4500 |
VB |
denotes |
investigate |
| T1492 |
4501-4504 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1493 |
4505-4517 |
NN |
denotes |
contribution |
| T1494 |
4518-4520 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1495 |
4521-4529 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1496 |
4530-4538 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1497 |
4539-4547 |
NNS |
denotes |
subtypes |
| T1498 |
4548-4550 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1499 |
4551-4558 |
JJ |
denotes |
various |
| T1500 |
4559-4565 |
NNS |
denotes |
stages |
| T1501 |
4566-4568 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1502 |
4569-4580 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1503 |
4581-4589 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1504 |
4590-4591 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1505 |
4595-4597 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T1506 |
4591-4592 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T1507 |
4592-4593 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1508 |
4593-4594 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T1509 |
4594-4595 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1510 |
4597-4598 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1511 |
4598-4599 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1512 |
4599-4967 |
sentence |
denotes |
Currently it is held that excitatory dopamine D1Rs mediate the acquisition and expression of several conditioned behaviors involving food reinforcers [e.g. [6,7]] as well as responding for conditioned cues predictive of cocaine delivery [9] – consistent with the interpretation that D1R mediated signaling might modulate the maintenance of stimulus-response outcomes. |
| T1513 |
4600-4609 |
RB |
denotes |
Currently |
| T1514 |
4616-4620 |
VBN |
denotes |
held |
| T1515 |
4610-4612 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T1516 |
4613-4615 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1517 |
4621-4625 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1518 |
4651-4658 |
VBP |
denotes |
mediate |
| T1519 |
4626-4636 |
JJ |
denotes |
excitatory |
| T1520 |
4646-4650 |
NNS |
denotes |
D1Rs |
| T1521 |
4637-4645 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1522 |
4659-4662 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1523 |
4663-4674 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T1524 |
4675-4678 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1525 |
4679-4689 |
NN |
denotes |
expression |
| T1526 |
4690-4692 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1527 |
4693-4700 |
JJ |
denotes |
several |
| T1528 |
4713-4722 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T1529 |
4701-4712 |
JJ |
denotes |
conditioned |
| T1530 |
4723-4732 |
VBG |
denotes |
involving |
| T1531 |
4733-4737 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1532 |
4738-4749 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T1533 |
4750-4751 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1534 |
4759-4760 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T1535 |
4751-4755 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1536 |
4756-4757 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1537 |
4757-4758 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1538 |
4758-4759 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1539 |
4760-4761 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1540 |
4761-4762 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1541 |
4763-4765 |
RB |
denotes |
as |
| T1542 |
4771-4773 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T1543 |
4766-4770 |
RB |
denotes |
well |
| T1544 |
4774-4784 |
VBG |
denotes |
responding |
| T1545 |
4785-4788 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T1546 |
4789-4800 |
VBN |
denotes |
conditioned |
| T1547 |
4801-4805 |
NNS |
denotes |
cues |
| T1548 |
4806-4816 |
JJ |
denotes |
predictive |
| T1549 |
4817-4819 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1550 |
4820-4827 |
NN |
denotes |
cocaine |
| T1551 |
4828-4836 |
NN |
denotes |
delivery |
| T1552 |
4837-4838 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1553 |
4838-4839 |
CD |
denotes |
9 |
| T1554 |
4839-4840 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1555 |
4841-4842 |
: |
denotes |
– |
| T1556 |
4843-4853 |
JJ |
denotes |
consistent |
| T1557 |
4854-4858 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1558 |
4859-4862 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1559 |
4863-4877 |
NN |
denotes |
interpretation |
| T1560 |
4878-4882 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1561 |
4912-4920 |
VB |
denotes |
modulate |
| T1562 |
4883-4886 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T1563 |
4887-4895 |
JJ |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1564 |
4896-4905 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1565 |
4906-4911 |
MD |
denotes |
might |
| T1566 |
4921-4924 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1567 |
4925-4936 |
NN |
denotes |
maintenance |
| T1568 |
4937-4939 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1569 |
4940-4948 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T1570 |
4949-4957 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T1571 |
4948-4949 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1572 |
4958-4966 |
NNS |
denotes |
outcomes |
| T1573 |
4966-4967 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1574 |
4967-5301 |
sentence |
denotes |
Despite a growing literature demonstrating disrupted associative learning following acute manipulations of dopamine D1R signaling during acquisition of associative learning tasks with food [e.g. [6,7]], the actual contribution of D2R-mediated signaling on acquisition and maintenance of associative learning in rodents is unresolved. |
| T1575 |
4968-4975 |
IN |
denotes |
Despite |
| T1576 |
5287-5289 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1577 |
4976-4977 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1578 |
4986-4996 |
NN |
denotes |
literature |
| T1579 |
4978-4985 |
VBG |
denotes |
growing |
| T1580 |
4997-5010 |
VBG |
denotes |
demonstrating |
| T1581 |
5011-5020 |
JJ |
denotes |
disrupted |
| T1582 |
5033-5041 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1583 |
5021-5032 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1584 |
5042-5051 |
VBG |
denotes |
following |
| T1585 |
5052-5057 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T1586 |
5058-5071 |
NNS |
denotes |
manipulations |
| T1587 |
5072-5074 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1588 |
5075-5083 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1589 |
5084-5087 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T1590 |
5088-5097 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1591 |
5098-5104 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T1592 |
5105-5116 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T1593 |
5117-5119 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1594 |
5120-5131 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1595 |
5132-5140 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1596 |
5141-5146 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T1597 |
5147-5151 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1598 |
5152-5156 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T1599 |
5157-5158 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1600 |
5166-5167 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T1601 |
5158-5162 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T1602 |
5163-5164 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1603 |
5164-5165 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1604 |
5165-5166 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1605 |
5167-5168 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1606 |
5168-5169 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1607 |
5169-5171 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1608 |
5171-5174 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1609 |
5182-5194 |
NN |
denotes |
contribution |
| T1610 |
5175-5181 |
JJ |
denotes |
actual |
| T1611 |
5195-5197 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1612 |
5198-5201 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1613 |
5202-5210 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1614 |
5201-5202 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1615 |
5211-5220 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1616 |
5221-5223 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T1617 |
5224-5235 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T1618 |
5236-5239 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1619 |
5240-5251 |
NN |
denotes |
maintenance |
| T1620 |
5252-5254 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1621 |
5255-5266 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1622 |
5267-5275 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1623 |
5276-5278 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1624 |
5279-5286 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T1625 |
5290-5300 |
JJ |
denotes |
unresolved |
| T1626 |
5300-5301 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1627 |
5301-5648 |
sentence |
denotes |
While D2R antagonists have been used in the context of rodent associative learning paradigms, their lack of receptor subtype specificity [13] and motor-disrupting effects [6,8] have prevented a rigorous examination of the actual role this dopamine receptor subtype plays in associative and reversal learning in the context of an operant behavior. |
| T1628 |
5302-5307 |
IN |
denotes |
While |
| T1629 |
5334-5338 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T1630 |
5308-5311 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1631 |
5312-5323 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T1632 |
5324-5328 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1633 |
5329-5333 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T1634 |
5484-5493 |
VBN |
denotes |
prevented |
| T1635 |
5339-5341 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1636 |
5342-5345 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1637 |
5346-5353 |
NN |
denotes |
context |
| T1638 |
5354-5356 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1639 |
5357-5363 |
NN |
denotes |
rodent |
| T1640 |
5385-5394 |
NNS |
denotes |
paradigms |
| T1641 |
5364-5375 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1642 |
5376-5384 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1643 |
5394-5396 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1644 |
5396-5401 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T1645 |
5402-5406 |
NN |
denotes |
lack |
| T1646 |
5407-5409 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1647 |
5410-5418 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1648 |
5419-5426 |
NN |
denotes |
subtype |
| T1649 |
5427-5438 |
NN |
denotes |
specificity |
| T1650 |
5439-5440 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1651 |
5440-5442 |
CD |
denotes |
13 |
| T1652 |
5442-5443 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1653 |
5444-5447 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1654 |
5448-5453 |
NN |
denotes |
motor |
| T1655 |
5454-5464 |
VBG |
denotes |
disrupting |
| T1656 |
5453-5454 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1657 |
5465-5472 |
NNS |
denotes |
effects |
| T1658 |
5473-5474 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1659 |
5476-5477 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T1660 |
5474-5475 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1661 |
5475-5476 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1662 |
5477-5478 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1663 |
5479-5483 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1664 |
5494-5495 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1665 |
5505-5516 |
NN |
denotes |
examination |
| T1666 |
5496-5504 |
JJ |
denotes |
rigorous |
| T1667 |
5517-5519 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1668 |
5520-5523 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1669 |
5531-5535 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T1670 |
5524-5530 |
JJ |
denotes |
actual |
| T1671 |
5536-5540 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T1672 |
5559-5566 |
NN |
denotes |
subtype |
| T1673 |
5541-5549 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1674 |
5550-5558 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1675 |
5567-5572 |
VBZ |
denotes |
plays |
| T1676 |
5573-5575 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1677 |
5576-5587 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1678 |
5601-5609 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1679 |
5588-5591 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1680 |
5592-5600 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T1681 |
5610-5612 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1682 |
5613-5616 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1683 |
5617-5624 |
NN |
denotes |
context |
| T1684 |
5625-5627 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1685 |
5628-5630 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1686 |
5639-5647 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T1687 |
5631-5638 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T1688 |
5647-5648 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1689 |
5648-5989 |
sentence |
denotes |
Past experiments seeking to explore the possible involvement of dopamine D2Rs in associative learning have utilized low to moderate doses of drugs [2,5,6] and site-specific administration [7,9] in order to avoid the confounding effect that locomotor disruption associated with acute D2R blockade can have on learning performance in rodents. |
| T1690 |
5649-5653 |
JJ |
denotes |
Past |
| T1691 |
5654-5665 |
NNS |
denotes |
experiments |
| T1692 |
5756-5764 |
VBN |
denotes |
utilized |
| T1693 |
5666-5673 |
VBG |
denotes |
seeking |
| T1694 |
5674-5676 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1695 |
5677-5684 |
VB |
denotes |
explore |
| T1696 |
5685-5688 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1697 |
5698-5709 |
NN |
denotes |
involvement |
| T1698 |
5689-5697 |
JJ |
denotes |
possible |
| T1699 |
5710-5712 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1700 |
5713-5721 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1701 |
5722-5726 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T1702 |
5727-5729 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1703 |
5730-5741 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1704 |
5742-5750 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1705 |
5751-5755 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1706 |
5765-5768 |
JJ |
denotes |
low |
| T1707 |
5781-5786 |
NNS |
denotes |
doses |
| T1708 |
5769-5771 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1709 |
5772-5780 |
JJ |
denotes |
moderate |
| T1710 |
5787-5789 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1711 |
5790-5795 |
NNS |
denotes |
drugs |
| T1712 |
5796-5797 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1713 |
5801-5802 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1714 |
5797-5798 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T1715 |
5798-5799 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1716 |
5799-5800 |
CD |
denotes |
5 |
| T1717 |
5800-5801 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1718 |
5802-5803 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1719 |
5804-5807 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1720 |
5808-5812 |
NN |
denotes |
site |
| T1721 |
5813-5821 |
JJ |
denotes |
specific |
| T1722 |
5812-5813 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1723 |
5822-5836 |
NN |
denotes |
administration |
| T1724 |
5837-5838 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1725 |
5840-5841 |
CD |
denotes |
9 |
| T1726 |
5838-5839 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T1727 |
5839-5840 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1728 |
5841-5842 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1729 |
5843-5845 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1730 |
5846-5851 |
NN |
denotes |
order |
| T1731 |
5852-5854 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1732 |
5855-5860 |
VB |
denotes |
avoid |
| T1733 |
5861-5864 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1734 |
5877-5883 |
NN |
denotes |
effect |
| T1735 |
5865-5876 |
VBG |
denotes |
confounding |
| T1736 |
5884-5888 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1737 |
5949-5953 |
VB |
denotes |
have |
| T1738 |
5889-5898 |
NN |
denotes |
locomotor |
| T1739 |
5899-5909 |
NN |
denotes |
disruption |
| T1740 |
5910-5920 |
VBN |
denotes |
associated |
| T1741 |
5921-5925 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1742 |
5926-5931 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T1743 |
5936-5944 |
NN |
denotes |
blockade |
| T1744 |
5932-5935 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1745 |
5945-5948 |
MD |
denotes |
can |
| T1746 |
5954-5956 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T1747 |
5957-5965 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1748 |
5966-5977 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T1749 |
5978-5980 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1750 |
5981-5988 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T1751 |
5988-5989 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1752 |
5989-6170 |
sentence |
denotes |
Besides their lack of receptor subtype specificity, an acute exposure to commercially available D2 receptor antagonists fails to completely block signaling mediated solely by D2Rs. |
| T1753 |
5990-5997 |
IN |
denotes |
Besides |
| T1754 |
6110-6115 |
VBZ |
denotes |
fails |
| T1755 |
5998-6003 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T1756 |
6004-6008 |
NN |
denotes |
lack |
| T1757 |
6009-6011 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1758 |
6012-6020 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1759 |
6021-6028 |
NN |
denotes |
subtype |
| T1760 |
6029-6040 |
NN |
denotes |
specificity |
| T1761 |
6040-6042 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1762 |
6042-6044 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1763 |
6051-6059 |
NN |
denotes |
exposure |
| T1764 |
6045-6050 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T1765 |
6060-6062 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1766 |
6063-6075 |
RB |
denotes |
commercially |
| T1767 |
6076-6085 |
JJ |
denotes |
available |
| T1768 |
6098-6109 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T1769 |
6086-6088 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T1770 |
6089-6097 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T1771 |
6116-6118 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1772 |
6130-6135 |
VB |
denotes |
block |
| T1773 |
6119-6129 |
RB |
denotes |
completely |
| T1774 |
6136-6145 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1775 |
6146-6154 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1776 |
6155-6161 |
RB |
denotes |
solely |
| T1777 |
6162-6164 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T1778 |
6165-6169 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T1779 |
6169-6170 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1780 |
6170-6327 |
sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, acute dosing does not recapitulate the marked learning deficits produced in rodents [15,16] by chronic exposure to dopamine D2R antagonists [6,7]. |
| T1781 |
6171-6179 |
RB |
denotes |
Moreover |
| T1782 |
6203-6215 |
VB |
denotes |
recapitulate |
| T1783 |
6179-6181 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1784 |
6181-6186 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T1785 |
6187-6193 |
NN |
denotes |
dosing |
| T1786 |
6194-6198 |
VBZ |
denotes |
does |
| T1787 |
6199-6202 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T1788 |
6216-6219 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1789 |
6236-6244 |
NNS |
denotes |
deficits |
| T1790 |
6220-6226 |
JJ |
denotes |
marked |
| T1791 |
6227-6235 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1792 |
6245-6253 |
VBN |
denotes |
produced |
| T1793 |
6254-6256 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1794 |
6257-6264 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T1795 |
6265-6266 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1796 |
6269-6271 |
CD |
denotes |
16 |
| T1797 |
6266-6268 |
CD |
denotes |
15 |
| T1798 |
6268-6269 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1799 |
6271-6272 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1800 |
6273-6275 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T1801 |
6276-6283 |
JJ |
denotes |
chronic |
| T1802 |
6284-6292 |
NN |
denotes |
exposure |
| T1803 |
6293-6295 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1804 |
6296-6304 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1805 |
6305-6308 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1806 |
6309-6320 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T1807 |
6321-6322 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1808 |
6324-6325 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T1809 |
6322-6323 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T1810 |
6323-6324 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1811 |
6325-6326 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1812 |
6326-6327 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1813 |
6327-6424 |
sentence |
denotes |
The influence of dopamine D2R-mediated signaling on reversal learning is also poorly understood. |
| T1814 |
6328-6331 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T1815 |
6332-6341 |
NN |
denotes |
influence |
| T1816 |
6398-6400 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T1817 |
6342-6344 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1818 |
6345-6353 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1819 |
6354-6357 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1820 |
6358-6366 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1821 |
6357-6358 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1822 |
6367-6376 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1823 |
6377-6379 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T1824 |
6380-6388 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T1825 |
6389-6397 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1826 |
6401-6405 |
RB |
denotes |
also |
| T1827 |
6406-6412 |
RB |
denotes |
poorly |
| T1828 |
6413-6423 |
VBN |
denotes |
understood |
| T1829 |
6423-6424 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1830 |
6424-6628 |
sentence |
denotes |
Reversal learning can be conceptualized as the ability to recognize an unexpected consequence to a previously established associative learning rule and then alter response strategies accordingly [17,18]. |
| T1831 |
6425-6433 |
JJ |
denotes |
Reversal |
| T1832 |
6434-6442 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1833 |
6450-6464 |
VBN |
denotes |
conceptualized |
| T1834 |
6443-6446 |
MD |
denotes |
can |
| T1835 |
6447-6449 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T1836 |
6465-6467 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T1837 |
6468-6471 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1838 |
6472-6479 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T1839 |
6480-6482 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1840 |
6483-6492 |
VB |
denotes |
recognize |
| T1841 |
6493-6495 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1842 |
6507-6518 |
NN |
denotes |
consequence |
| T1843 |
6496-6506 |
JJ |
denotes |
unexpected |
| T1844 |
6519-6521 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T1845 |
6522-6523 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1846 |
6568-6572 |
NN |
denotes |
rule |
| T1847 |
6524-6534 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T1848 |
6535-6546 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T1849 |
6547-6558 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T1850 |
6559-6567 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1851 |
6573-6576 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1852 |
6577-6581 |
RB |
denotes |
then |
| T1853 |
6582-6587 |
VB |
denotes |
alter |
| T1854 |
6588-6596 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T1855 |
6597-6607 |
NNS |
denotes |
strategies |
| T1856 |
6608-6619 |
RB |
denotes |
accordingly |
| T1857 |
6620-6621 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1858 |
6624-6626 |
CD |
denotes |
18 |
| T1859 |
6621-6623 |
CD |
denotes |
17 |
| T1860 |
6623-6624 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1861 |
6626-6627 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1862 |
6627-6628 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1863 |
6628-6782 |
sentence |
denotes |
Reversal learning in rodents can serve as an index of learning adaptability and alertness that correlates with human attentional-shift paradigms [17,18]. |
| T1864 |
6629-6637 |
JJ |
denotes |
Reversal |
| T1865 |
6638-6646 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1866 |
6662-6667 |
VB |
denotes |
serve |
| T1867 |
6647-6649 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1868 |
6650-6657 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T1869 |
6658-6661 |
MD |
denotes |
can |
| T1870 |
6668-6670 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T1871 |
6671-6673 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1872 |
6674-6679 |
NN |
denotes |
index |
| T1873 |
6680-6682 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1874 |
6683-6691 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T1875 |
6692-6704 |
NN |
denotes |
adaptability |
| T1876 |
6705-6708 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1877 |
6709-6718 |
NN |
denotes |
alertness |
| T1878 |
6719-6723 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T1879 |
6724-6734 |
VBZ |
denotes |
correlates |
| T1880 |
6735-6739 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T1881 |
6740-6745 |
JJ |
denotes |
human |
| T1882 |
6764-6773 |
NNS |
denotes |
paradigms |
| T1883 |
6746-6757 |
JJ |
denotes |
attentional |
| T1884 |
6758-6763 |
NN |
denotes |
shift |
| T1885 |
6757-6758 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1886 |
6774-6775 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1887 |
6778-6780 |
CD |
denotes |
18 |
| T1888 |
6775-6777 |
CD |
denotes |
17 |
| T1889 |
6777-6778 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1890 |
6780-6781 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1891 |
6781-6782 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1892 |
6782-6954 |
sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, a previous report demonstrated that excitotoxic lesions of terminal field targets of mesocortical dopamine have been shown to disrupt reversal learning [19]. |
| T1893 |
6783-6795 |
RB |
denotes |
Additionally |
| T1894 |
6815-6827 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T1895 |
6795-6797 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1896 |
6797-6798 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1897 |
6808-6814 |
NN |
denotes |
report |
| T1898 |
6799-6807 |
JJ |
denotes |
previous |
| T1899 |
6828-6832 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1900 |
6914-6919 |
VBN |
denotes |
shown |
| T1901 |
6833-6844 |
JJ |
denotes |
excitotoxic |
| T1902 |
6845-6852 |
NNS |
denotes |
lesions |
| T1903 |
6853-6855 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1904 |
6856-6864 |
JJ |
denotes |
terminal |
| T1905 |
6865-6870 |
NN |
denotes |
field |
| T1906 |
6871-6878 |
NNS |
denotes |
targets |
| T1907 |
6879-6881 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1908 |
6882-6894 |
JJ |
denotes |
mesocortical |
| T1909 |
6895-6903 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1910 |
6904-6908 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T1911 |
6909-6913 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T1912 |
6920-6922 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1913 |
6923-6930 |
VB |
denotes |
disrupt |
| T1914 |
6931-6939 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T1915 |
6940-6948 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T1916 |
6949-6950 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1917 |
6950-6952 |
CD |
denotes |
19 |
| T1918 |
6952-6953 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1919 |
6953-6954 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1920 |
6954-7162 |
sentence |
denotes |
Administration of the D2R/D3R antagonist, sulpiride, impairs spatial reversal leaning in mice [20] and has also been shown to impair attention and the cognitive performances of healthy human volunteers [21]. |
| T1921 |
6955-6969 |
NN |
denotes |
Administration |
| T1922 |
7008-7015 |
VBZ |
denotes |
impairs |
| T1923 |
6970-6972 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1924 |
6973-6976 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1925 |
6985-6995 |
NN |
denotes |
antagonist |
| T1926 |
6977-6980 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1927 |
6981-6984 |
NN |
denotes |
D3R |
| T1928 |
6980-6981 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T1929 |
6995-6997 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1930 |
6997-7006 |
NN |
denotes |
sulpiride |
| T1931 |
7006-7008 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T1932 |
7016-7023 |
JJ |
denotes |
spatial |
| T1933 |
7033-7040 |
NN |
denotes |
leaning |
| T1934 |
7024-7032 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T1935 |
7041-7043 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1936 |
7044-7048 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T1937 |
7049-7050 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1938 |
7050-7052 |
CD |
denotes |
20 |
| T1939 |
7052-7053 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1940 |
7054-7057 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1941 |
7058-7061 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T1942 |
7072-7077 |
VBN |
denotes |
shown |
| T1943 |
7062-7066 |
RB |
denotes |
also |
| T1944 |
7067-7071 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T1945 |
7078-7080 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T1946 |
7081-7087 |
VB |
denotes |
impair |
| T1947 |
7088-7097 |
NN |
denotes |
attention |
| T1948 |
7098-7101 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1949 |
7102-7105 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T1950 |
7116-7128 |
NNS |
denotes |
performances |
| T1951 |
7106-7115 |
JJ |
denotes |
cognitive |
| T1952 |
7129-7131 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T1953 |
7132-7139 |
JJ |
denotes |
healthy |
| T1954 |
7146-7156 |
NNS |
denotes |
volunteers |
| T1955 |
7140-7145 |
JJ |
denotes |
human |
| T1956 |
7157-7158 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1957 |
7158-7160 |
CD |
denotes |
21 |
| T1958 |
7160-7161 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1959 |
7161-7162 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1960 |
7162-7295 |
sentence |
denotes |
Moreover an inverse relationship between lower dopamine D2R levels and compulsive behavior in human subjects has been reported [22]. |
| T1961 |
7163-7171 |
RB |
denotes |
Moreover |
| T1962 |
7281-7289 |
VBN |
denotes |
reported |
| T1963 |
7172-7174 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T1964 |
7183-7195 |
NN |
denotes |
relationship |
| T1965 |
7175-7182 |
JJ |
denotes |
inverse |
| T1966 |
7196-7203 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T1967 |
7204-7209 |
JJR |
denotes |
lower |
| T1968 |
7223-7229 |
NNS |
denotes |
levels |
| T1969 |
7210-7218 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T1970 |
7219-7222 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1971 |
7230-7233 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T1972 |
7234-7244 |
JJ |
denotes |
compulsive |
| T1973 |
7245-7253 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T1974 |
7254-7256 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T1975 |
7257-7262 |
JJ |
denotes |
human |
| T1976 |
7263-7271 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T1977 |
7272-7275 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T1978 |
7276-7280 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T1979 |
7290-7291 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T1980 |
7291-7293 |
CD |
denotes |
22 |
| T1981 |
7293-7294 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T1982 |
7294-7295 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T1983 |
7295-7443 |
sentence |
denotes |
Taken together these findings suggest that D2R-mediated signaling could play a critical role in reversal learning but are insufficient to prove it. |
| T1984 |
7296-7301 |
VBN |
denotes |
Taken |
| T1985 |
7326-7333 |
VBP |
denotes |
suggest |
| T1986 |
7302-7310 |
RB |
denotes |
together |
| T1987 |
7311-7316 |
DT |
denotes |
these |
| T1988 |
7317-7325 |
NNS |
denotes |
findings |
| T1989 |
7334-7338 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T1990 |
7368-7372 |
VB |
denotes |
play |
| T1991 |
7339-7342 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T1992 |
7343-7351 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T1993 |
7342-7343 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T1994 |
7352-7361 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T1995 |
7362-7367 |
MD |
denotes |
could |
| T1996 |
7373-7374 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T1997 |
7384-7388 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T1998 |
7375-7383 |
JJ |
denotes |
critical |
| T1999 |
7389-7391 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2000 |
7392-7400 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2001 |
7401-7409 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T2002 |
7410-7413 |
CC |
denotes |
but |
| T2003 |
7414-7417 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T2004 |
7418-7430 |
JJ |
denotes |
insufficient |
| T2005 |
7431-7433 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2006 |
7434-7439 |
VB |
denotes |
prove |
| T2007 |
7440-7442 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T2008 |
7442-7443 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2009 |
7443-7870 |
sentence |
denotes |
In an effort to establish the contribution of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling to associative and non-spatial reversal learning in adult mice, we compared mice [23] that had developed in the complete absence of all functional dopamine D2 receptors (D2R-/-) to wild-type littermates (D2R+/+) in a go/no-go operant learning procedure that measures primary reinforcement, sensory processing, and reversal learning [17-19]. |
| T2010 |
7444-7446 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T2011 |
7597-7605 |
VBD |
denotes |
compared |
| T2012 |
7447-7449 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T2013 |
7450-7456 |
NN |
denotes |
effort |
| T2014 |
7457-7459 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2015 |
7460-7469 |
VB |
denotes |
establish |
| T2016 |
7470-7473 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2017 |
7474-7486 |
NN |
denotes |
contribution |
| T2018 |
7487-7489 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2019 |
7490-7498 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T2020 |
7502-7510 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T2021 |
7499-7501 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T2022 |
7511-7519 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T2023 |
7510-7511 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2024 |
7520-7529 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T2025 |
7530-7532 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T2026 |
7533-7544 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T2027 |
7570-7578 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T2028 |
7545-7548 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2029 |
7549-7560 |
JJ |
denotes |
non-spatial |
| T2030 |
7561-7569 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2031 |
7579-7581 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2032 |
7582-7587 |
JJ |
denotes |
adult |
| T2033 |
7588-7592 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2034 |
7592-7594 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2035 |
7594-7596 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T2036 |
7606-7610 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2037 |
7611-7612 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T2038 |
7612-7614 |
CD |
denotes |
23 |
| T2039 |
7614-7615 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T2040 |
7616-7620 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T2041 |
7625-7634 |
VBN |
denotes |
developed |
| T2042 |
7621-7624 |
VBD |
denotes |
had |
| T2043 |
7635-7637 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2044 |
7638-7641 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2045 |
7651-7658 |
NN |
denotes |
absence |
| T2046 |
7642-7650 |
JJ |
denotes |
complete |
| T2047 |
7659-7661 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2048 |
7662-7665 |
DT |
denotes |
all |
| T2049 |
7689-7698 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T2050 |
7666-7676 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T2051 |
7677-7685 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T2052 |
7686-7688 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T2053 |
7699-7700 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2054 |
7700-7703 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2055 |
7703-7704 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2056 |
7704-7705 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2057 |
7705-7706 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2058 |
7706-7707 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2059 |
7708-7710 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T2060 |
7711-7715 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T2061 |
7716-7720 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T2062 |
7715-7716 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2063 |
7721-7732 |
NNS |
denotes |
littermates |
| T2064 |
7733-7734 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2065 |
7734-7737 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2066 |
7737-7738 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2067 |
7738-7739 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2068 |
7739-7740 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2069 |
7740-7741 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2070 |
7742-7744 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2071 |
7745-7746 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2072 |
7773-7782 |
NN |
denotes |
procedure |
| T2073 |
7747-7749 |
NN |
denotes |
go |
| T2074 |
7749-7750 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2075 |
7750-7752 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T2076 |
7753-7755 |
NN |
denotes |
go |
| T2077 |
7752-7753 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2078 |
7756-7763 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T2079 |
7764-7772 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T2080 |
7783-7787 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T2081 |
7788-7796 |
VBZ |
denotes |
measures |
| T2082 |
7797-7804 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T2083 |
7805-7818 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T2084 |
7818-7820 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2085 |
7820-7827 |
JJ |
denotes |
sensory |
| T2086 |
7828-7838 |
NN |
denotes |
processing |
| T2087 |
7838-7840 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2088 |
7840-7843 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2089 |
7844-7852 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2090 |
7853-7861 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T2091 |
7862-7863 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T2092 |
7863-7865 |
CD |
denotes |
17 |
| T2093 |
7865-7866 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2094 |
7866-7868 |
CD |
denotes |
19 |
| T2095 |
7868-7869 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T2096 |
7869-7870 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2097 |
7870-8145 |
sentence |
denotes |
Here we report that dopamine D2R-mediated signaling must be intact if a mouse is to efficiently learn to associate a food reinforcer with a specific odor and then adaptively disengage inappropriate behavioral strategies following the reversal of reinforcement contingencies. |
| T2098 |
7871-7875 |
RB |
denotes |
Here |
| T2099 |
7879-7885 |
VBP |
denotes |
report |
| T2100 |
7876-7878 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T2101 |
7886-7890 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T2102 |
7928-7930 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T2103 |
7891-7899 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T2104 |
7900-7903 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2105 |
7904-7912 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T2106 |
7903-7904 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2107 |
7913-7922 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T2108 |
7923-7927 |
MD |
denotes |
must |
| T2109 |
7931-7937 |
JJ |
denotes |
intact |
| T2110 |
7938-7940 |
IN |
denotes |
if |
| T2111 |
7949-7951 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T2112 |
7941-7942 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2113 |
7943-7948 |
NN |
denotes |
mouse |
| T2114 |
7952-7954 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2115 |
7967-7972 |
VB |
denotes |
learn |
| T2116 |
7955-7966 |
RB |
denotes |
efficiently |
| T2117 |
7973-7975 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2118 |
7976-7985 |
VB |
denotes |
associate |
| T2119 |
7986-7987 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2120 |
7993-8003 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T2121 |
7988-7992 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2122 |
8004-8008 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T2123 |
8009-8010 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2124 |
8020-8024 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T2125 |
8011-8019 |
JJ |
denotes |
specific |
| T2126 |
8025-8028 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2127 |
8029-8033 |
RB |
denotes |
then |
| T2128 |
8045-8054 |
VB |
denotes |
disengage |
| T2129 |
8034-8044 |
RB |
denotes |
adaptively |
| T2130 |
8055-8068 |
JJ |
denotes |
inappropriate |
| T2131 |
8080-8090 |
NNS |
denotes |
strategies |
| T2132 |
8069-8079 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T2133 |
8091-8100 |
VBG |
denotes |
following |
| T2134 |
8101-8104 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2135 |
8105-8113 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2136 |
8114-8116 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2137 |
8117-8130 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T2138 |
8131-8144 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T2139 |
8144-8145 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2198 |
8156-8160 |
CC |
denotes |
Both |
| T2199 |
8166-8170 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T2200 |
8161-8165 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T2201 |
8165-8166 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2202 |
8189-8193 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2203 |
8171-8174 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2204 |
8175-8178 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2205 |
8179-8188 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T2206 |
8194-8199 |
VBP |
denotes |
learn |
| T2207 |
8200-8207 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T2208 |
8208-8217 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T2209 |
8218-8225 |
RB |
denotes |
equally |
| T2210 |
8226-8230 |
RB |
denotes |
well |
| T2211 |
8230-8356 |
sentence |
denotes |
Mildly food-deprived D2R+/+ and D2R-/- mice readily learned to locate and consume food pellets during both training sessions. |
| T2212 |
8231-8237 |
RB |
denotes |
Mildly |
| T2213 |
8243-8251 |
VBN |
denotes |
deprived |
| T2214 |
8238-8242 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2215 |
8242-8243 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2216 |
8270-8274 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2217 |
8252-8255 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2218 |
8255-8256 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2219 |
8256-8257 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2220 |
8257-8258 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2221 |
8259-8262 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2222 |
8263-8266 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2223 |
8266-8267 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2224 |
8267-8268 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2225 |
8268-8269 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2226 |
8283-8290 |
VBD |
denotes |
learned |
| T2227 |
8275-8282 |
RB |
denotes |
readily |
| T2228 |
8291-8293 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2229 |
8294-8300 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T2230 |
8301-8304 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2231 |
8305-8312 |
VB |
denotes |
consume |
| T2232 |
8313-8317 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2233 |
8318-8325 |
NNS |
denotes |
pellets |
| T2234 |
8326-8332 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T2235 |
8333-8337 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T2236 |
8347-8355 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T2237 |
8338-8346 |
NN |
denotes |
training |
| T2238 |
8355-8356 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2239 |
8356-8463 |
sentence |
denotes |
Figure 1 depicts the latency for both genotypes to ambulate to a dish to retrieve an unhidden food pellet. |
| T2240 |
8357-8363 |
NN |
denotes |
Figure |
| T2241 |
8366-8373 |
VBZ |
denotes |
depicts |
| T2242 |
8364-8365 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T2243 |
8374-8377 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2244 |
8378-8385 |
NN |
denotes |
latency |
| T2245 |
8386-8389 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T2246 |
8408-8416 |
VB |
denotes |
ambulate |
| T2247 |
8390-8394 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T2248 |
8395-8404 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T2249 |
8405-8407 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2250 |
8417-8419 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T2251 |
8420-8421 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2252 |
8422-8426 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T2253 |
8427-8429 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2254 |
8430-8438 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T2255 |
8439-8441 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T2256 |
8456-8462 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T2257 |
8442-8450 |
JJ |
denotes |
unhidden |
| T2258 |
8451-8455 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2259 |
8462-8463 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2260 |
8463-8701 |
sentence |
denotes |
There were no differences between genotypes to retrieve the reinforcers (F1,59 = 0.2, p > 0.65), and both groups significantly decreased the amount of time necessary to perform this task along successive trials (F4,59 = 5.74, p < 0.001). |
| T2261 |
8464-8469 |
EX |
denotes |
There |
| T2262 |
8470-8474 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T2263 |
8475-8477 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T2264 |
8478-8489 |
NNS |
denotes |
differences |
| T2265 |
8490-8497 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T2266 |
8498-8507 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T2267 |
8508-8510 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2268 |
8511-8519 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T2269 |
8520-8523 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2270 |
8524-8535 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T2271 |
8536-8537 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2272 |
8554-8558 |
CD |
denotes |
0.65 |
| T2273 |
8537-8539 |
NN |
denotes |
F1 |
| T2274 |
8545-8548 |
CD |
denotes |
0.2 |
| T2275 |
8539-8540 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2276 |
8540-8542 |
CD |
denotes |
59 |
| T2277 |
8543-8544 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2278 |
8548-8550 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2279 |
8550-8551 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2280 |
8552-8553 |
SYM |
denotes |
> |
| T2281 |
8558-8559 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2282 |
8559-8561 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2283 |
8561-8564 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2284 |
8565-8569 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T2285 |
8570-8576 |
NNS |
denotes |
groups |
| T2286 |
8591-8600 |
VBD |
denotes |
decreased |
| T2287 |
8577-8590 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T2288 |
8601-8604 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2289 |
8605-8611 |
NN |
denotes |
amount |
| T2290 |
8612-8614 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2291 |
8615-8619 |
NN |
denotes |
time |
| T2292 |
8620-8629 |
JJ |
denotes |
necessary |
| T2293 |
8630-8632 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2294 |
8633-8640 |
VB |
denotes |
perform |
| T2295 |
8641-8645 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T2296 |
8646-8650 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T2297 |
8651-8656 |
IN |
denotes |
along |
| T2298 |
8657-8667 |
JJ |
denotes |
successive |
| T2299 |
8668-8674 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T2300 |
8675-8676 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2301 |
8694-8699 |
CD |
denotes |
0.001 |
| T2302 |
8676-8678 |
NN |
denotes |
F4 |
| T2303 |
8684-8688 |
CD |
denotes |
5.74 |
| T2304 |
8678-8679 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2305 |
8679-8681 |
CD |
denotes |
59 |
| T2306 |
8682-8683 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2307 |
8688-8690 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2308 |
8690-8691 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2309 |
8692-8693 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2310 |
8699-8700 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2311 |
8700-8701 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2312 |
8701-8809 |
sentence |
denotes |
Figure 2 depicts the latency to dig for the food pellet buried in a single dish filled with unscented sand. |
| T2313 |
8702-8708 |
NN |
denotes |
Figure |
| T2314 |
8711-8718 |
VBZ |
denotes |
depicts |
| T2315 |
8709-8710 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T2316 |
8719-8722 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2317 |
8723-8730 |
NN |
denotes |
latency |
| T2318 |
8731-8733 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2319 |
8734-8737 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T2320 |
8738-8741 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T2321 |
8742-8745 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2322 |
8751-8757 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T2323 |
8746-8750 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2324 |
8758-8764 |
VBN |
denotes |
buried |
| T2325 |
8765-8767 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2326 |
8768-8769 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2327 |
8777-8781 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T2328 |
8770-8776 |
JJ |
denotes |
single |
| T2329 |
8782-8788 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T2330 |
8789-8793 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T2331 |
8794-8803 |
JJ |
denotes |
unscented |
| T2332 |
8804-8808 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T2333 |
8808-8809 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2334 |
8809-8941 |
sentence |
denotes |
No genotype differences were found in the ability to dig through unscented sand for a hidden food pellet (F1,128 = 1.26, p > 0.27). |
| T2335 |
8810-8812 |
DT |
denotes |
No |
| T2336 |
8822-8833 |
NNS |
denotes |
differences |
| T2337 |
8813-8821 |
NN |
denotes |
genotype |
| T2338 |
8839-8844 |
VBN |
denotes |
found |
| T2339 |
8834-8838 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T2340 |
8845-8847 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2341 |
8848-8851 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2342 |
8852-8859 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T2343 |
8860-8862 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2344 |
8863-8866 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T2345 |
8867-8874 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T2346 |
8875-8884 |
JJ |
denotes |
unscented |
| T2347 |
8885-8889 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T2348 |
8890-8893 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T2349 |
8894-8895 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2350 |
8908-8914 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T2351 |
8896-8902 |
JJ |
denotes |
hidden |
| T2352 |
8903-8907 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2353 |
8915-8916 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2354 |
8935-8939 |
CD |
denotes |
0.27 |
| T2355 |
8916-8918 |
NN |
denotes |
F1 |
| T2356 |
8925-8929 |
CD |
denotes |
1.26 |
| T2357 |
8918-8919 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2358 |
8919-8922 |
CD |
denotes |
128 |
| T2359 |
8923-8924 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2360 |
8929-8931 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2361 |
8931-8932 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2362 |
8933-8934 |
SYM |
denotes |
> |
| T2363 |
8939-8940 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2364 |
8940-8941 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2429 |
8998-9000 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2430 |
9000-9008 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T2431 |
9009-9023 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T2432 |
9008-9009 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2433 |
9023-9025 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2434 |
9025-9032 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T2435 |
9037-9342 |
sentence |
denotes |
To master the odor-driven stimulus discrimination task, D2R-/- mice required significantly more trials (Fig. 3A: t(14) = 2.20; p < 0.05) and committed more errors (Fig. 3B: t(14) = 2.92; p < 0.05) than D2R+/+ mice to learn to associate a specific odor with the presence or absence of the food reinforcer. |
| T2436 |
9038-9040 |
TO |
denotes |
To |
| T2437 |
9041-9047 |
VB |
denotes |
master |
| T2438 |
9106-9114 |
VBD |
denotes |
required |
| T2439 |
9048-9051 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2440 |
9088-9092 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T2441 |
9052-9056 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T2442 |
9057-9063 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T2443 |
9056-9057 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2444 |
9064-9072 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T2445 |
9073-9087 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T2446 |
9092-9094 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2447 |
9094-9097 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2448 |
9101-9105 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2449 |
9097-9098 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2450 |
9098-9099 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2451 |
9099-9100 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2452 |
9115-9128 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T2453 |
9129-9133 |
JJR |
denotes |
more |
| T2454 |
9134-9140 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T2455 |
9141-9142 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2456 |
9142-9146 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2457 |
9147-9149 |
CD |
denotes |
3A |
| T2458 |
9149-9151 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T2459 |
9151-9152 |
NN |
denotes |
t |
| T2460 |
9159-9163 |
CD |
denotes |
2.20 |
| T2461 |
9152-9153 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2462 |
9153-9155 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T2463 |
9155-9156 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2464 |
9157-9158 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2465 |
9163-9164 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2466 |
9165-9166 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2467 |
9169-9173 |
CD |
denotes |
0.05 |
| T2468 |
9167-9168 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2469 |
9173-9174 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2470 |
9175-9178 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2471 |
9179-9188 |
VBD |
denotes |
committed |
| T2472 |
9189-9193 |
JJR |
denotes |
more |
| T2473 |
9194-9200 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2474 |
9201-9202 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2475 |
9202-9206 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2476 |
9207-9209 |
CD |
denotes |
3B |
| T2477 |
9209-9211 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T2478 |
9211-9212 |
NN |
denotes |
t |
| T2479 |
9219-9223 |
CD |
denotes |
2.92 |
| T2480 |
9212-9213 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2481 |
9213-9215 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T2482 |
9215-9216 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2483 |
9217-9218 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2484 |
9223-9224 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2485 |
9225-9226 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2486 |
9229-9233 |
CD |
denotes |
0.05 |
| T2487 |
9227-9228 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2488 |
9233-9234 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2489 |
9235-9239 |
IN |
denotes |
than |
| T2490 |
9240-9243 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2491 |
9247-9251 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2492 |
9243-9244 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2493 |
9244-9245 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2494 |
9245-9246 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2495 |
9252-9254 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2496 |
9255-9260 |
VB |
denotes |
learn |
| T2497 |
9261-9263 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2498 |
9264-9273 |
VB |
denotes |
associate |
| T2499 |
9274-9275 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2500 |
9285-9289 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T2501 |
9276-9284 |
JJ |
denotes |
specific |
| T2502 |
9290-9294 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T2503 |
9295-9298 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2504 |
9299-9307 |
NN |
denotes |
presence |
| T2505 |
9308-9310 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T2506 |
9311-9318 |
NN |
denotes |
absence |
| T2507 |
9319-9321 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2508 |
9322-9325 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2509 |
9331-9341 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T2510 |
9326-9330 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2511 |
9341-9342 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2512 |
9342-9490 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, both genotypes did learn the task and eventually maintained accurate discrimination for a minimum of 8 correct responses out of 10 trials. |
| T2513 |
9343-9350 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T2514 |
9371-9376 |
VB |
denotes |
learn |
| T2515 |
9350-9352 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2516 |
9352-9356 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T2517 |
9357-9366 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T2518 |
9367-9370 |
VBD |
denotes |
did |
| T2519 |
9377-9380 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2520 |
9381-9385 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T2521 |
9386-9389 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2522 |
9390-9400 |
RB |
denotes |
eventually |
| T2523 |
9401-9411 |
VBD |
denotes |
maintained |
| T2524 |
9412-9420 |
JJ |
denotes |
accurate |
| T2525 |
9421-9435 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T2526 |
9436-9439 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T2527 |
9440-9441 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2528 |
9442-9449 |
NN |
denotes |
minimum |
| T2529 |
9450-9452 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2530 |
9453-9454 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T2531 |
9463-9472 |
NNS |
denotes |
responses |
| T2532 |
9455-9462 |
JJ |
denotes |
correct |
| T2533 |
9473-9476 |
IN |
denotes |
out |
| T2534 |
9477-9479 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2535 |
9480-9482 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T2536 |
9483-9489 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T2537 |
9489-9490 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2709 |
9492-9496 |
NNS |
denotes |
Mice |
| T2710 |
9527-9533 |
VBP |
denotes |
engage |
| T2711 |
9497-9504 |
VBG |
denotes |
lacking |
| T2712 |
9505-9513 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T2713 |
9514-9516 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T2714 |
9517-9526 |
NNS |
denotes |
receptors |
| T2715 |
9534-9536 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2716 |
9537-9549 |
JJ |
denotes |
unreinforced |
| T2717 |
9550-9558 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T2718 |
9559-9561 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2719 |
9562-9563 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2720 |
9578-9584 |
NN |
denotes |
manner |
| T2721 |
9564-9577 |
JJ |
denotes |
perseverative |
| T2722 |
9585-9594 |
VBG |
denotes |
following |
| T2723 |
9595-9603 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2724 |
9604-9606 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2725 |
9607-9620 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T2726 |
9621-9634 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T2727 |
9634-9878 |
sentence |
denotes |
D2R-/- mice repeatedly failed to inhibit previously established learning contingencies during reversal trials (Fig. 4A: t(14) = 3.54; p < 0.01) and committed significantly more reversal errors than D2R+/+ mice (Fig. 4B: t(14)= 3.18; p < 0.01). |
| T2728 |
9635-9638 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2729 |
9642-9646 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2730 |
9638-9639 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2731 |
9639-9640 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2732 |
9640-9641 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2733 |
9658-9664 |
VBD |
denotes |
failed |
| T2734 |
9647-9657 |
RB |
denotes |
repeatedly |
| T2735 |
9665-9667 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2736 |
9668-9675 |
VB |
denotes |
inhibit |
| T2737 |
9676-9686 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T2738 |
9687-9698 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T2739 |
9708-9721 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T2740 |
9699-9707 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T2741 |
9722-9728 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T2742 |
9729-9737 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2743 |
9738-9744 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T2744 |
9745-9746 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2745 |
9746-9750 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2746 |
9751-9753 |
CD |
denotes |
4A |
| T2747 |
9753-9755 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T2748 |
9755-9756 |
NN |
denotes |
t |
| T2749 |
9763-9767 |
CD |
denotes |
3.54 |
| T2750 |
9756-9757 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2751 |
9757-9759 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T2752 |
9759-9760 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2753 |
9761-9762 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2754 |
9767-9768 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2755 |
9769-9770 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2756 |
9773-9777 |
CD |
denotes |
0.01 |
| T2757 |
9771-9772 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2758 |
9777-9778 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2759 |
9779-9782 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2760 |
9783-9792 |
VBD |
denotes |
committed |
| T2761 |
9793-9806 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T2762 |
9807-9811 |
JJR |
denotes |
more |
| T2763 |
9821-9827 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2764 |
9812-9820 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2765 |
9828-9832 |
IN |
denotes |
than |
| T2766 |
9833-9836 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2767 |
9840-9844 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2768 |
9836-9837 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2769 |
9837-9838 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2770 |
9838-9839 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2771 |
9845-9846 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2772 |
9846-9850 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2773 |
9851-9853 |
CD |
denotes |
4B |
| T2774 |
9853-9855 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T2775 |
9855-9856 |
NN |
denotes |
t |
| T2776 |
9862-9866 |
CD |
denotes |
3.18 |
| T2777 |
9856-9857 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2778 |
9857-9859 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T2779 |
9859-9860 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2780 |
9860-9861 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2781 |
9866-9867 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2782 |
9868-9869 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2783 |
9872-9876 |
CD |
denotes |
0.01 |
| T2784 |
9870-9871 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2785 |
9876-9877 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2786 |
9877-9878 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2787 |
9878-10465 |
sentence |
denotes |
Categorical division of reversal errors (Ferry et al., 2000) – digging in the dish that did not contain the food pellet (S-) (error of commission; Fig. 5A) versus failing to respond within 3-min of presentation (error of omission; Fig. 5B) revealed that both genotypes chiefly committed errors of commission versus errors of omission (D2R-/- mice, U = 0.00; p < 0.01; D2R+/+ mice U = 9.00, p < 0.05), D2R-/- mice committed more commission errors than D2R+/+ mice (U = 5.00, p < 0.05), and there were no differences between D2R-/- and D2R+/+ mice in omission errors (U = 27.5, p = 0.65). |
| T2788 |
9879-9890 |
JJ |
denotes |
Categorical |
| T2789 |
9891-9899 |
NN |
denotes |
division |
| T2790 |
10119-10127 |
VBD |
denotes |
revealed |
| T2791 |
9900-9902 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2792 |
9903-9911 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2793 |
9912-9918 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2794 |
9919-9920 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2795 |
9920-9925 |
NNP |
denotes |
Ferry |
| T2796 |
9926-9928 |
FW |
denotes |
et |
| T2797 |
9929-9932 |
FW |
denotes |
al. |
| T2798 |
9932-9934 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2799 |
9934-9938 |
CD |
denotes |
2000 |
| T2800 |
9938-9939 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2801 |
9940-9941 |
: |
denotes |
– |
| T2803 |
9950-9952 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2804 |
9953-9956 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2805 |
9957-9961 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T2806 |
9962-9966 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T2807 |
9975-9982 |
VB |
denotes |
contain |
| T2808 |
9967-9970 |
VBD |
denotes |
did |
| T2809 |
9971-9974 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T2810 |
9983-9986 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2811 |
9992-9998 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T2812 |
9987-9991 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T2813 |
9999-10000 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2814 |
10000-10001 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T2815 |
10001-10002 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2816 |
10002-10003 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2817 |
10004-10005 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2818 |
10026-10030 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2819 |
10005-10010 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T2820 |
10011-10013 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2821 |
10014-10024 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T2822 |
10024-10025 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2823 |
10031-10033 |
CD |
denotes |
5A |
| T2824 |
10033-10034 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2825 |
10035-10041 |
CC |
denotes |
versus |
| T2826 |
10042-10049 |
VBG |
denotes |
failing |
| T2827 |
10050-10052 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T2828 |
10053-10060 |
VB |
denotes |
respond |
| T2829 |
10061-10067 |
IN |
denotes |
within |
| T2830 |
10068-10069 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T2831 |
10070-10073 |
NN |
denotes |
min |
| T2832 |
10069-10070 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2833 |
10074-10076 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2834 |
10077-10089 |
NN |
denotes |
presentation |
| T2835 |
10090-10091 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2836 |
10110-10114 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2837 |
10091-10096 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T2838 |
10097-10099 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2839 |
10100-10108 |
NN |
denotes |
omission |
| T2840 |
10108-10109 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2841 |
10115-10117 |
CD |
denotes |
5B |
| T2842 |
10117-10118 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2843 |
10128-10132 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T2844 |
10156-10165 |
VBD |
denotes |
committed |
| T2845 |
10133-10137 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T2846 |
10138-10147 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T2847 |
10148-10155 |
RB |
denotes |
chiefly |
| T2848 |
10166-10172 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2849 |
10173-10175 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2850 |
10176-10186 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T2851 |
10187-10193 |
CC |
denotes |
versus |
| T2852 |
10194-10200 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2853 |
10201-10203 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2854 |
10204-10212 |
NN |
denotes |
omission |
| T2855 |
10213-10214 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2856 |
10273-10277 |
CD |
denotes |
0.05 |
| T2857 |
10214-10217 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2858 |
10221-10225 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2859 |
10217-10218 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2860 |
10218-10219 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2861 |
10219-10220 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2862 |
10241-10245 |
CD |
denotes |
0.01 |
| T2863 |
10225-10227 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2864 |
10227-10228 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T2865 |
10231-10235 |
CD |
denotes |
0.00 |
| T2866 |
10229-10230 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2867 |
10235-10236 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2868 |
10237-10238 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2869 |
10239-10240 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2870 |
10245-10246 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2871 |
10247-10250 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2872 |
10254-10258 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2873 |
10250-10251 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2874 |
10251-10252 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2875 |
10252-10253 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2876 |
10259-10260 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T2877 |
10263-10267 |
CD |
denotes |
9.00 |
| T2878 |
10261-10262 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2879 |
10267-10269 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2880 |
10269-10270 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2881 |
10271-10272 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2882 |
10277-10278 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2883 |
10278-10280 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2884 |
10280-10283 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2885 |
10287-10291 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2886 |
10283-10284 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2887 |
10284-10285 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2888 |
10285-10286 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2889 |
10292-10301 |
VBD |
denotes |
committed |
| T2890 |
10302-10306 |
JJR |
denotes |
more |
| T2891 |
10318-10324 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2892 |
10307-10317 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T2893 |
10325-10329 |
IN |
denotes |
than |
| T2894 |
10330-10333 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2895 |
10337-10341 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2896 |
10333-10334 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2897 |
10334-10335 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2898 |
10335-10336 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2899 |
10342-10343 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2900 |
10357-10361 |
CD |
denotes |
0.05 |
| T2901 |
10343-10344 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T2902 |
10347-10351 |
CD |
denotes |
5.00 |
| T2903 |
10345-10346 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2904 |
10351-10353 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2905 |
10353-10354 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2906 |
10355-10356 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T2907 |
10361-10362 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2908 |
10362-10364 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2909 |
10364-10367 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2910 |
10368-10373 |
EX |
denotes |
there |
| T2911 |
10374-10378 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T2912 |
10379-10381 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T2913 |
10382-10393 |
NNS |
denotes |
differences |
| T2914 |
10394-10401 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T2915 |
10402-10405 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2916 |
10420-10424 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2917 |
10405-10406 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2918 |
10406-10407 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2919 |
10407-10408 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2920 |
10409-10412 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T2921 |
10413-10416 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2922 |
10416-10417 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2923 |
10417-10418 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2924 |
10418-10419 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2925 |
10425-10427 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2926 |
10428-10436 |
NN |
denotes |
omission |
| T2927 |
10437-10443 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2928 |
10444-10445 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2929 |
10459-10463 |
CD |
denotes |
0.65 |
| T2930 |
10445-10446 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T2931 |
10449-10453 |
CD |
denotes |
27.5 |
| T2932 |
10447-10448 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2933 |
10453-10455 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2934 |
10455-10456 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T2935 |
10457-10458 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T2936 |
10463-10464 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2937 |
10464-10465 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2938 |
10465-10773 |
sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, the number of commission errors committed during the first reversal session (an index of stimulus bound perseveration, where all animals are responding to the reversed contingencies for the first time; Fig. 6) indicated a deficit in the D2R-/- mice compared to the D2R+/+ mice (U = 8.5, p < 0.01). |
| T2939 |
10466-10474 |
RB |
denotes |
Moreover |
| T2940 |
10686-10695 |
VBD |
denotes |
indicated |
| T2941 |
10474-10476 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2942 |
10476-10479 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2943 |
10480-10486 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T2944 |
10487-10489 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2945 |
10490-10500 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T2946 |
10501-10507 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T2947 |
10508-10517 |
VBN |
denotes |
committed |
| T2948 |
10518-10524 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T2949 |
10525-10528 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2950 |
10544-10551 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T2951 |
10529-10534 |
JJ |
denotes |
first |
| T2952 |
10535-10543 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T2953 |
10552-10553 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2954 |
10553-10555 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T2955 |
10556-10561 |
NN |
denotes |
index |
| T2956 |
10562-10564 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T2957 |
10565-10573 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T2958 |
10580-10593 |
NN |
denotes |
perseveration |
| T2959 |
10574-10579 |
VBN |
denotes |
bound |
| T2960 |
10593-10595 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T2961 |
10595-10600 |
WRB |
denotes |
where |
| T2962 |
10617-10627 |
VBG |
denotes |
responding |
| T2963 |
10601-10604 |
DT |
denotes |
all |
| T2964 |
10605-10612 |
NNS |
denotes |
animals |
| T2965 |
10613-10616 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T2966 |
10628-10630 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T2967 |
10631-10634 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2968 |
10644-10657 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T2969 |
10635-10643 |
VBN |
denotes |
reversed |
| T2970 |
10658-10661 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T2971 |
10662-10665 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2972 |
10672-10676 |
NN |
denotes |
time |
| T2973 |
10666-10671 |
JJ |
denotes |
first |
| T2974 |
10676-10677 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T2975 |
10678-10682 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T2976 |
10683-10684 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T2977 |
10684-10685 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T2978 |
10696-10697 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T2979 |
10698-10705 |
NN |
denotes |
deficit |
| T2980 |
10706-10708 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2981 |
10709-10712 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2982 |
10720-10724 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2983 |
10713-10716 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2984 |
10716-10717 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2985 |
10717-10718 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2986 |
10718-10719 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2987 |
10725-10733 |
VBN |
denotes |
compared |
| T2988 |
10734-10736 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T2989 |
10737-10740 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T2990 |
10748-10752 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2991 |
10741-10744 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2992 |
10744-10745 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2993 |
10745-10746 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2994 |
10746-10747 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T2995 |
10753-10754 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T2996 |
10767-10771 |
CD |
denotes |
0.01 |
| T2997 |
10754-10755 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T2998 |
10758-10761 |
CD |
denotes |
8.5 |
| T2999 |
10756-10757 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T3000 |
10761-10763 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3001 |
10763-10764 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T3002 |
10765-10766 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T3003 |
10771-10772 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T3004 |
10772-10773 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3005 |
10773-11013 |
sentence |
denotes |
Finally, in an attempt to assess whether perseveration occurred across multiple reversal sessions (Fig. 7), we analyzed the number of commission errors emitted before relearning the reinforcement contingencies during the reversal sessions. |
| T3006 |
10774-10781 |
RB |
denotes |
Finally |
| T3007 |
10885-10893 |
VBD |
denotes |
analyzed |
| T3008 |
10781-10783 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3009 |
10783-10785 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T3010 |
10786-10788 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T3011 |
10789-10796 |
NN |
denotes |
attempt |
| T3012 |
10797-10799 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T3013 |
10800-10806 |
VB |
denotes |
assess |
| T3014 |
10807-10814 |
IN |
denotes |
whether |
| T3015 |
10829-10837 |
VBD |
denotes |
occurred |
| T3016 |
10815-10828 |
NN |
denotes |
perseveration |
| T3017 |
10838-10844 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T3018 |
10845-10853 |
JJ |
denotes |
multiple |
| T3019 |
10863-10871 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T3020 |
10854-10862 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T3021 |
10872-10873 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T3022 |
10873-10877 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T3023 |
10878-10879 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T3024 |
10879-10880 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T3025 |
10880-10882 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3026 |
10882-10884 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T3027 |
10894-10897 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3028 |
10898-10904 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T3029 |
10905-10907 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T3030 |
10908-10918 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T3031 |
10919-10925 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T3032 |
10926-10933 |
VBN |
denotes |
emitted |
| T3033 |
10934-10940 |
IN |
denotes |
before |
| T3034 |
10941-10951 |
VBG |
denotes |
relearning |
| T3035 |
10952-10955 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3036 |
10970-10983 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T3037 |
10956-10969 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T3038 |
10984-10990 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T3039 |
10991-10994 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3040 |
11004-11012 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T3041 |
10995-11003 |
JJ |
denotes |
reversal |
| T3042 |
11012-11013 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3043 |
11013-11113 |
sentence |
denotes |
The data depicted were collected from subjects that had not achieved the 80% performance criterion. |
| T3044 |
11014-11017 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T3045 |
11018-11022 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T3046 |
11037-11046 |
VBN |
denotes |
collected |
| T3047 |
11023-11031 |
VBN |
denotes |
depicted |
| T3048 |
11032-11036 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T3049 |
11047-11051 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T3050 |
11052-11060 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T3051 |
11061-11065 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T3052 |
11074-11082 |
VBN |
denotes |
achieved |
| T3053 |
11066-11069 |
VBD |
denotes |
had |
| T3054 |
11070-11073 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T3055 |
11083-11086 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3056 |
11103-11112 |
NN |
denotes |
criterion |
| T3057 |
11087-11089 |
CD |
denotes |
80 |
| T3058 |
11089-11090 |
NN |
denotes |
% |
| T3059 |
11091-11102 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T3060 |
11112-11113 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3061 |
11113-11296 |
sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, the number of D2R+/+ mice represented in session #1 is 8, in session #2 n = 8, session #3 n = 6 (2 mice met our criterion), in session # 4 n = 5 (three met the criterion). |
| T3062 |
11114-11123 |
RB |
denotes |
Therefore |
| T3063 |
11268-11269 |
CD |
denotes |
5 |
| T3064 |
11123-11125 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3065 |
11125-11128 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3066 |
11129-11135 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T3067 |
11177-11179 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T3068 |
11136-11138 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T3069 |
11139-11142 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T3070 |
11146-11150 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T3071 |
11142-11143 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T3072 |
11143-11144 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T3073 |
11144-11145 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T3074 |
11151-11162 |
VBN |
denotes |
represented |
| T3075 |
11163-11165 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T3076 |
11166-11173 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3077 |
11174-11175 |
NN |
denotes |
# |
| T3078 |
11175-11176 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T3079 |
11180-11181 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T3080 |
11181-11183 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3081 |
11183-11185 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T3082 |
11201-11202 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T3083 |
11186-11193 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3084 |
11194-11195 |
NN |
denotes |
# |
| T3085 |
11195-11196 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T3086 |
11197-11198 |
NN |
denotes |
n |
| T3087 |
11199-11200 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T3088 |
11202-11204 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3089 |
11204-11211 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3090 |
11212-11213 |
NN |
denotes |
# |
| T3091 |
11219-11220 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T3092 |
11213-11214 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T3093 |
11215-11216 |
NN |
denotes |
n |
| T3094 |
11217-11218 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T3095 |
11221-11222 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T3096 |
11229-11232 |
VBD |
denotes |
met |
| T3097 |
11222-11223 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T3098 |
11224-11228 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T3099 |
11233-11236 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T3100 |
11237-11246 |
NN |
denotes |
criterion |
| T3101 |
11246-11247 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T3102 |
11247-11249 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3103 |
11249-11251 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T3104 |
11252-11259 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3105 |
11260-11261 |
NN |
denotes |
# |
| T3106 |
11262-11263 |
CD |
denotes |
4 |
| T3107 |
11264-11265 |
NN |
denotes |
n |
| T3108 |
11266-11267 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T3109 |
11270-11271 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T3110 |
11277-11280 |
VBD |
denotes |
met |
| T3111 |
11271-11276 |
CD |
denotes |
three |
| T3112 |
11281-11284 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3113 |
11285-11294 |
NN |
denotes |
criterion |
| T3114 |
11294-11295 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T3115 |
11295-11296 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3116 |
11296-11363 |
sentence |
denotes |
Following session 5, the remaining 5 D2R+/+ mice had met criteria. |
| T3117 |
11297-11306 |
VBG |
denotes |
Following |
| T3118 |
11350-11353 |
VBN |
denotes |
met |
| T3119 |
11307-11314 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3120 |
11315-11316 |
CD |
denotes |
5 |
| T3121 |
11316-11318 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3122 |
11318-11321 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3123 |
11341-11345 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T3124 |
11322-11331 |
VBG |
denotes |
remaining |
| T3125 |
11332-11333 |
CD |
denotes |
5 |
| T3126 |
11334-11337 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T3127 |
11337-11338 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T3128 |
11338-11339 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T3129 |
11339-11340 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T3130 |
11346-11349 |
VBD |
denotes |
had |
| T3131 |
11354-11362 |
NNS |
denotes |
criteria |
| T3132 |
11362-11363 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3133 |
11363-11431 |
sentence |
denotes |
For the D2R-/- mice, each point on the graph represents 8 subjects. |
| T3134 |
11364-11367 |
IN |
denotes |
For |
| T3135 |
11409-11419 |
VBZ |
denotes |
represents |
| T3136 |
11368-11371 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3137 |
11379-11383 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T3138 |
11372-11375 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T3139 |
11375-11376 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T3140 |
11376-11377 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T3141 |
11377-11378 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T3142 |
11383-11385 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3143 |
11385-11389 |
DT |
denotes |
each |
| T3144 |
11390-11395 |
NN |
denotes |
point |
| T3145 |
11396-11398 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T3146 |
11399-11402 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3147 |
11403-11408 |
NN |
denotes |
graph |
| T3148 |
11420-11421 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T3149 |
11422-11430 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T3150 |
11430-11431 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3151 |
11431-11508 |
sentence |
denotes |
None of the D2R-/- mice achieved the criterion of 80% accuracy by session 5. |
| T3152 |
11432-11436 |
NN |
denotes |
None |
| T3153 |
11456-11464 |
VBD |
denotes |
achieved |
| T3154 |
11437-11439 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T3155 |
11440-11443 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3156 |
11451-11455 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T3157 |
11444-11447 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T3158 |
11447-11448 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T3159 |
11448-11449 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T3160 |
11449-11450 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T3161 |
11465-11468 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3162 |
11469-11478 |
NN |
denotes |
criterion |
| T3163 |
11479-11481 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T3164 |
11482-11484 |
CD |
denotes |
80 |
| T3165 |
11484-11485 |
NN |
denotes |
% |
| T3166 |
11486-11494 |
NN |
denotes |
accuracy |
| T3167 |
11495-11497 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T3168 |
11498-11505 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T3169 |
11506-11507 |
CD |
denotes |
5 |
| T3170 |
11507-11508 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T3171 |
11508-11657 |
sentence |
denotes |
For the overall 2-way ANOVA, there was a significant difference between genotypes for the number of perseverative errors (F1,51 = 16.61, p < 0.001). |
| T3172 |
11509-11512 |
IN |
denotes |
For |
| T3173 |
11544-11547 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T3174 |
11513-11516 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3175 |
11531-11536 |
NN |
denotes |
ANOVA |
| T3176 |
11517-11524 |
JJ |
denotes |
overall |
| T3177 |
11525-11526 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T3178 |
11527-11530 |
NN |
denotes |
way |
| T3179 |
11526-11527 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T3180 |
11536-11538 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3181 |
11538-11543 |
EX |
denotes |
there |
| T3182 |
11548-11549 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T3183 |
11562-11572 |
NN |
denotes |
difference |
| T3184 |
11550-11561 |
JJ |
denotes |
significant |
| T3185 |
11573-11580 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T3186 |
11581-11590 |
NNS |
denotes |
genotypes |
| T3187 |
11591-11594 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T3188 |
11595-11598 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T3189 |
11599-11605 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T3190 |
11606-11608 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T3191 |
11609-11622 |
JJ |
denotes |
perseverative |
| T3192 |
11623-11629 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T3193 |
11630-11631 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T3194 |
11650-11655 |
CD |
denotes |
0.001 |
| T3195 |
11631-11633 |
NN |
denotes |
F1 |
| T3196 |
11639-11644 |
CD |
denotes |
16.61 |
| T3197 |
11633-11634 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3198 |
11634-11636 |
CD |
denotes |
51 |
| T3199 |
11637-11638 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T3200 |
11644-11646 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T3201 |
11646-11647 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T3202 |
11648-11649 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T3203 |
11655-11656 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T3204 |
11656-11657 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6452 |
23675-23682 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T4023 |
11670-11672 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T4024 |
11688-11694 |
VBD |
denotes |
sought |
| T4025 |
11673-11677 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4026 |
11678-11683 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T4027 |
11683-11685 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4028 |
11685-11687 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T4029 |
11695-11697 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4030 |
11698-11707 |
VB |
denotes |
determine |
| T4031 |
11708-11711 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4032 |
11712-11724 |
NN |
denotes |
contribution |
| T4033 |
11725-11727 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4034 |
11728-11736 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4035 |
11737-11739 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T4036 |
11740-11748 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T4037 |
11749-11757 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4038 |
11748-11749 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4039 |
11758-11767 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4040 |
11768-11770 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4041 |
11771-11774 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4042 |
11783-11789 |
NNS |
denotes |
stages |
| T4043 |
11775-11782 |
JJ |
denotes |
various |
| T4044 |
11790-11792 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4045 |
11793-11804 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4046 |
11818-11826 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4047 |
11805-11808 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4048 |
11809-11817 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T4049 |
11826-11827 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4050 |
11827-12084 |
sentence |
denotes |
D2R-/- mice demonstrated that they were capable of learning to locate and consume food pellets, indicating that their locomotor behavior was not detectably disrupted and their primary motivation to obtain a natural reinforcer (food pellet) was undisturbed. |
| T4051 |
11828-11831 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4052 |
11835-11839 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4053 |
11831-11832 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4054 |
11832-11833 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4055 |
11833-11834 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4056 |
11840-11852 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T4057 |
11853-11857 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4058 |
11863-11867 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T4059 |
11858-11862 |
PRP |
denotes |
they |
| T4060 |
11868-11875 |
JJ |
denotes |
capable |
| T4061 |
11876-11878 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4062 |
11879-11887 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T4063 |
11888-11890 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4064 |
11891-11897 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T4065 |
11898-11901 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4066 |
11902-11909 |
VB |
denotes |
consume |
| T4067 |
11910-11914 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4068 |
11915-11922 |
NNS |
denotes |
pellets |
| T4069 |
11922-11924 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4070 |
11924-11934 |
VBG |
denotes |
indicating |
| T4071 |
11935-11939 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4072 |
11984-11993 |
VBN |
denotes |
disrupted |
| T4073 |
11940-11945 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T4074 |
11956-11964 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T4075 |
11946-11955 |
NN |
denotes |
locomotor |
| T4076 |
11965-11968 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T4077 |
11969-11972 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T4078 |
11973-11983 |
RB |
denotes |
detectably |
| T4079 |
11994-11997 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4080 |
11998-12003 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T4081 |
12012-12022 |
NN |
denotes |
motivation |
| T4082 |
12004-12011 |
JJ |
denotes |
primary |
| T4083 |
12068-12071 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T4084 |
12023-12025 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4085 |
12026-12032 |
VB |
denotes |
obtain |
| T4086 |
12033-12034 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4087 |
12043-12053 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T4088 |
12035-12042 |
JJ |
denotes |
natural |
| T4089 |
12054-12055 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4090 |
12055-12059 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4091 |
12060-12066 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T4092 |
12066-12067 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4093 |
12072-12083 |
JJ |
denotes |
undisturbed |
| T4094 |
12083-12084 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4095 |
12084-12352 |
sentence |
denotes |
Rather, the impaired ability of D2R-/- mice to assign appropriate discriminative stimulus relationships in an operant discrimination task argues that D2R-mediated signaling contributes to the neuronal processes involved in attaching salience to environmental stimuli. |
| T4096 |
12085-12091 |
RB |
denotes |
Rather |
| T4097 |
12223-12229 |
VBZ |
denotes |
argues |
| T4098 |
12091-12093 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4099 |
12093-12096 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4100 |
12106-12113 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T4101 |
12097-12105 |
JJ |
denotes |
impaired |
| T4102 |
12114-12116 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4103 |
12117-12120 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4104 |
12124-12128 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4105 |
12120-12121 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4106 |
12121-12122 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4107 |
12122-12123 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4108 |
12129-12131 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4109 |
12132-12138 |
VB |
denotes |
assign |
| T4110 |
12139-12150 |
JJ |
denotes |
appropriate |
| T4111 |
12175-12188 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T4112 |
12151-12165 |
JJ |
denotes |
discriminative |
| T4113 |
12166-12174 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T4114 |
12189-12191 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4115 |
12192-12194 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T4116 |
12218-12222 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T4117 |
12195-12202 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T4118 |
12203-12217 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T4119 |
12230-12234 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4120 |
12258-12269 |
VBZ |
denotes |
contributes |
| T4121 |
12235-12238 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4122 |
12239-12247 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4123 |
12238-12239 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4124 |
12248-12257 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4125 |
12270-12272 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4126 |
12273-12276 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4127 |
12286-12295 |
NNS |
denotes |
processes |
| T4128 |
12277-12285 |
JJ |
denotes |
neuronal |
| T4129 |
12296-12304 |
VBN |
denotes |
involved |
| T4130 |
12305-12307 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4131 |
12308-12317 |
VBG |
denotes |
attaching |
| T4132 |
12318-12326 |
NN |
denotes |
salience |
| T4133 |
12327-12329 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4134 |
12330-12343 |
JJ |
denotes |
environmental |
| T4135 |
12344-12351 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T4136 |
12351-12352 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4137 |
12352-12570 |
sentence |
denotes |
The deficient capacity of D2R-/- mice to disengage inappropriate decision strategies strongly argues that mesolimbic dopamine signaling, mediated by dopamine D2Rs is essential for efficient reversal learning to occur. |
| T4138 |
12353-12356 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T4139 |
12367-12375 |
NN |
denotes |
capacity |
| T4140 |
12357-12366 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T4141 |
12447-12453 |
VBZ |
denotes |
argues |
| T4142 |
12376-12378 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4143 |
12379-12382 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4144 |
12386-12390 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4145 |
12382-12383 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4146 |
12383-12384 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4147 |
12384-12385 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4148 |
12391-12393 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4149 |
12394-12403 |
VB |
denotes |
disengage |
| T4150 |
12404-12417 |
JJ |
denotes |
inappropriate |
| T4151 |
12427-12437 |
NNS |
denotes |
strategies |
| T4152 |
12418-12426 |
NN |
denotes |
decision |
| T4153 |
12438-12446 |
RB |
denotes |
strongly |
| T4154 |
12454-12458 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4155 |
12516-12518 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4156 |
12459-12469 |
JJ |
denotes |
mesolimbic |
| T4157 |
12479-12488 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4158 |
12470-12478 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4159 |
12488-12490 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4160 |
12490-12498 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4161 |
12499-12501 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T4162 |
12502-12510 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4163 |
12511-12515 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4164 |
12519-12528 |
JJ |
denotes |
essential |
| T4165 |
12529-12532 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T4166 |
12564-12569 |
VB |
denotes |
occur |
| T4167 |
12533-12542 |
JJ |
denotes |
efficient |
| T4168 |
12552-12560 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4169 |
12543-12551 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T4170 |
12561-12563 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4171 |
12569-12570 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4172 |
12570-12777 |
sentence |
denotes |
Mice with or without intact dopamine D2R-mediated signaling displayed similar decreases in latencies to retrieve unhidden food pellets (Fig. 1) and learned to dig for food buried in unscented sand (Fig. 2). |
| T4173 |
12571-12575 |
NNS |
denotes |
Mice |
| T4174 |
12631-12640 |
VBD |
denotes |
displayed |
| T4175 |
12576-12580 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4176 |
12581-12583 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T4177 |
12584-12591 |
IN |
denotes |
without |
| T4178 |
12592-12598 |
JJ |
denotes |
intact |
| T4179 |
12621-12630 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4180 |
12599-12607 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4181 |
12608-12611 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4182 |
12612-12620 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4183 |
12611-12612 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4184 |
12641-12648 |
JJ |
denotes |
similar |
| T4185 |
12649-12658 |
NNS |
denotes |
decreases |
| T4186 |
12659-12661 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4187 |
12662-12671 |
NNS |
denotes |
latencies |
| T4188 |
12672-12674 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4189 |
12675-12683 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T4190 |
12684-12692 |
JJ |
denotes |
unhidden |
| T4191 |
12698-12705 |
NNS |
denotes |
pellets |
| T4192 |
12693-12697 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4193 |
12706-12707 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4194 |
12707-12711 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T4195 |
12712-12713 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T4196 |
12713-12714 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4197 |
12715-12718 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4198 |
12719-12726 |
VBD |
denotes |
learned |
| T4199 |
12727-12729 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4200 |
12730-12733 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T4201 |
12734-12737 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T4202 |
12738-12742 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4203 |
12743-12749 |
VBN |
denotes |
buried |
| T4204 |
12750-12752 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4205 |
12753-12762 |
JJ |
denotes |
unscented |
| T4206 |
12763-12767 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T4207 |
12768-12769 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4208 |
12769-12773 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T4209 |
12774-12775 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T4210 |
12775-12776 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4211 |
12776-12777 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4212 |
12777-13005 |
sentence |
denotes |
These findings are in complete agreement with earlier studies that utilized rats and fairly selective D2R antagonists [3-8], as well as even very extensive 6-OHDA lesions [1,10,11] in associative and operant learning paradigms. |
| T4213 |
12778-12783 |
DT |
denotes |
These |
| T4214 |
12784-12792 |
NNS |
denotes |
findings |
| T4215 |
12793-12796 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T4216 |
12797-12799 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4217 |
12800-12808 |
JJ |
denotes |
complete |
| T4218 |
12809-12818 |
NN |
denotes |
agreement |
| T4219 |
12819-12823 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4220 |
12824-12831 |
JJR |
denotes |
earlier |
| T4221 |
12832-12839 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T4222 |
12840-12844 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4223 |
12845-12853 |
VBD |
denotes |
utilized |
| T4224 |
12854-12858 |
NNS |
denotes |
rats |
| T4225 |
12859-12862 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4226 |
12863-12869 |
RB |
denotes |
fairly |
| T4227 |
12870-12879 |
JJ |
denotes |
selective |
| T4228 |
12884-12895 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4229 |
12880-12883 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4230 |
12896-12897 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4231 |
12897-12898 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T4232 |
12898-12899 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4233 |
12899-12900 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T4234 |
12900-12901 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4235 |
12901-12903 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4236 |
12903-12905 |
RB |
denotes |
as |
| T4237 |
12911-12913 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T4238 |
12906-12910 |
RB |
denotes |
well |
| T4239 |
12914-12918 |
RB |
denotes |
even |
| T4240 |
12941-12948 |
NNS |
denotes |
lesions |
| T4241 |
12919-12923 |
RB |
denotes |
very |
| T4242 |
12924-12933 |
JJ |
denotes |
extensive |
| T4243 |
12934-12935 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4244 |
12936-12940 |
NN |
denotes |
OHDA |
| T4245 |
12935-12936 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4246 |
12949-12950 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4247 |
12955-12957 |
CD |
denotes |
11 |
| T4248 |
12950-12951 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T4249 |
12951-12952 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4250 |
12952-12954 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T4251 |
12954-12955 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4252 |
12957-12958 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4253 |
12959-12961 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4254 |
12962-12973 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4255 |
12995-13004 |
NNS |
denotes |
paradigms |
| T4256 |
12974-12977 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4257 |
12978-12985 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T4258 |
12986-12994 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4259 |
13004-13005 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4260 |
13005-13193 |
sentence |
denotes |
Our results add to a growing literature demonstrating a negligible role of dopamine, and now, specifically, D2Rs in the unconditioned or hedonic value of natural (food) reinforcers [1,2]. |
| T4261 |
13006-13009 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
Our |
| T4262 |
13010-13017 |
NNS |
denotes |
results |
| T4263 |
13018-13021 |
VBP |
denotes |
add |
| T4264 |
13022-13024 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4265 |
13025-13026 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4266 |
13035-13045 |
NN |
denotes |
literature |
| T4267 |
13027-13034 |
VBG |
denotes |
growing |
| T4268 |
13046-13059 |
VBG |
denotes |
demonstrating |
| T4269 |
13060-13061 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4270 |
13073-13077 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4271 |
13062-13072 |
JJ |
denotes |
negligible |
| T4272 |
13078-13080 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4273 |
13081-13089 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4274 |
13089-13091 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4275 |
13091-13094 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4276 |
13095-13098 |
RB |
denotes |
now |
| T4277 |
13114-13118 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4278 |
13098-13100 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4279 |
13100-13112 |
RB |
denotes |
specifically |
| T4280 |
13112-13114 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4281 |
13119-13121 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4282 |
13122-13125 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4283 |
13151-13156 |
NN |
denotes |
value |
| T4284 |
13126-13139 |
JJ |
denotes |
unconditioned |
| T4285 |
13140-13142 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T4286 |
13143-13150 |
JJ |
denotes |
hedonic |
| T4287 |
13157-13159 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4288 |
13160-13167 |
JJ |
denotes |
natural |
| T4289 |
13175-13186 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T4290 |
13168-13169 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4291 |
13169-13173 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4292 |
13173-13174 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4293 |
13187-13188 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4294 |
13190-13191 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T4295 |
13188-13189 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T4296 |
13189-13190 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4297 |
13191-13192 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4298 |
13192-13193 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4299 |
13193-13374 |
sentence |
denotes |
The comparatively poor skill of D2R-/- mice during discrimination trials suggests a role for D2Rs in acquisition of appropriate S+/S- relationships in operant associative learning. |
| T4300 |
13194-13197 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T4301 |
13217-13222 |
NN |
denotes |
skill |
| T4302 |
13198-13211 |
RB |
denotes |
comparatively |
| T4303 |
13212-13216 |
JJ |
denotes |
poor |
| T4304 |
13267-13275 |
VBZ |
denotes |
suggests |
| T4305 |
13223-13225 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4306 |
13226-13229 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4307 |
13233-13237 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4308 |
13229-13230 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4309 |
13230-13231 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4310 |
13231-13232 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4311 |
13238-13244 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T4312 |
13245-13259 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T4313 |
13260-13266 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T4314 |
13276-13277 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4315 |
13278-13282 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4316 |
13283-13286 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T4317 |
13287-13291 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4318 |
13292-13294 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4319 |
13295-13306 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T4320 |
13307-13309 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4321 |
13310-13321 |
JJ |
denotes |
appropriate |
| T4322 |
13328-13341 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T4323 |
13322-13323 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T4324 |
13323-13324 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T4325 |
13324-13325 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4326 |
13325-13326 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T4327 |
13326-13327 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4328 |
13342-13344 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4329 |
13345-13352 |
NN |
denotes |
operant |
| T4330 |
13365-13373 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4331 |
13353-13364 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4332 |
13373-13374 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4333 |
13374-13514 |
sentence |
denotes |
Several studies have demonstrated that both the acquisition [6,7] and expression [9] of associative learning are mediated by dopamine D1Rs. |
| T4334 |
13375-13382 |
JJ |
denotes |
Several |
| T4335 |
13383-13390 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T4336 |
13396-13408 |
VBN |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T4337 |
13391-13395 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T4338 |
13409-13413 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4339 |
13488-13496 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4340 |
13414-13418 |
CC |
denotes |
both |
| T4341 |
13423-13434 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T4342 |
13419-13422 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4343 |
13435-13436 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4344 |
13438-13439 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T4345 |
13436-13437 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4346 |
13437-13438 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4347 |
13439-13440 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4348 |
13441-13444 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4349 |
13445-13455 |
NN |
denotes |
expression |
| T4350 |
13456-13457 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4351 |
13457-13458 |
CD |
denotes |
9 |
| T4352 |
13458-13459 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4353 |
13460-13462 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4354 |
13463-13474 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4355 |
13475-13483 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4356 |
13484-13487 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T4357 |
13497-13499 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T4358 |
13500-13508 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4359 |
13509-13513 |
NNS |
denotes |
D1Rs |
| T4360 |
13513-13514 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4361 |
13514-13644 |
sentence |
denotes |
Most literature reviews identify dopamine D1Rs with dopamine-mediated learning and D2Rs with motor related behaviors [e.g. [24]]. |
| T4362 |
13515-13519 |
JJS |
denotes |
Most |
| T4363 |
13531-13538 |
NNS |
denotes |
reviews |
| T4364 |
13520-13530 |
NN |
denotes |
literature |
| T4365 |
13539-13547 |
VBP |
denotes |
identify |
| T4366 |
13548-13556 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4367 |
13557-13561 |
NNS |
denotes |
D1Rs |
| T4368 |
13562-13566 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4369 |
13567-13575 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4370 |
13576-13584 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4371 |
13575-13576 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4372 |
13585-13593 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4373 |
13594-13597 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4374 |
13598-13602 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4375 |
13603-13607 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4376 |
13608-13613 |
NN |
denotes |
motor |
| T4377 |
13614-13621 |
VBN |
denotes |
related |
| T4378 |
13622-13631 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T4379 |
13632-13633 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4380 |
13639-13641 |
CD |
denotes |
24 |
| T4381 |
13633-13637 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T4382 |
13638-13639 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4383 |
13641-13642 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4384 |
13642-13643 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4385 |
13643-13644 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4386 |
13644-13820 |
sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, it has been reported that acute administration of the dopamine D2/3 antagonist, raclopride, actually improves acquisition of food-motivated associative learning [6]. |
| T4387 |
13645-13653 |
RB |
denotes |
Moreover |
| T4388 |
13667-13675 |
VBN |
denotes |
reported |
| T4389 |
13653-13655 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4390 |
13655-13657 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T4391 |
13658-13661 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T4392 |
13662-13666 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T4393 |
13676-13680 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4394 |
13756-13764 |
VBZ |
denotes |
improves |
| T4395 |
13681-13686 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T4396 |
13687-13701 |
NN |
denotes |
administration |
| T4397 |
13702-13704 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4398 |
13705-13708 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4399 |
13723-13733 |
NN |
denotes |
antagonist |
| T4400 |
13709-13717 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4401 |
13718-13720 |
NN |
denotes |
D2 |
| T4402 |
13720-13721 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4403 |
13721-13722 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T4404 |
13733-13735 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4405 |
13735-13745 |
NN |
denotes |
raclopride |
| T4406 |
13745-13747 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4407 |
13747-13755 |
RB |
denotes |
actually |
| T4408 |
13765-13776 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T4409 |
13777-13779 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4410 |
13780-13784 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4411 |
13785-13794 |
VBN |
denotes |
motivated |
| T4412 |
13784-13785 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4413 |
13807-13815 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4414 |
13795-13806 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4415 |
13816-13817 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4416 |
13817-13818 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4417 |
13818-13819 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4418 |
13819-13820 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4419 |
13820-13954 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, only acute administrations of antagonists were given, and learning was not measured during complete D1R or D2R blockade [6]. |
| T4420 |
13821-13828 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T4421 |
13877-13882 |
VBN |
denotes |
given |
| T4422 |
13828-13830 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4423 |
13830-13834 |
RB |
denotes |
only |
| T4424 |
13841-13856 |
NNS |
denotes |
administrations |
| T4425 |
13835-13840 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T4426 |
13857-13859 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4427 |
13860-13871 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4428 |
13872-13876 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T4429 |
13882-13884 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4430 |
13884-13887 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4431 |
13888-13896 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4432 |
13905-13913 |
VBN |
denotes |
measured |
| T4433 |
13897-13900 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T4434 |
13901-13904 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T4435 |
13914-13920 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T4436 |
13921-13929 |
JJ |
denotes |
complete |
| T4437 |
13941-13949 |
NN |
denotes |
blockade |
| T4438 |
13930-13933 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T4439 |
13934-13936 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T4440 |
13937-13940 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4441 |
13950-13951 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4442 |
13951-13952 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4443 |
13952-13953 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4444 |
13953-13954 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4445 |
13954-14289 |
sentence |
denotes |
Significantly, the reports cited above failed to address the technical limitations of the approach: i.e. that the antagonists used lack adequate subtype specificity and only partially blocked D2R-mediated signaling thus making it impossible to rigorously assess the role of D2R-mediated signaling in associative and reversal learning. |
| T4446 |
13955-13968 |
RB |
denotes |
Significantly |
| T4447 |
13994-14000 |
VBD |
denotes |
failed |
| T4448 |
13968-13970 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4449 |
13970-13973 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4450 |
13974-13981 |
NNS |
denotes |
reports |
| T4451 |
13982-13987 |
VBD |
denotes |
cited |
| T4452 |
13988-13993 |
RB |
denotes |
above |
| T4453 |
14001-14003 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4454 |
14004-14011 |
VB |
denotes |
address |
| T4455 |
14012-14015 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4456 |
14026-14037 |
NNS |
denotes |
limitations |
| T4457 |
14016-14025 |
JJ |
denotes |
technical |
| T4458 |
14038-14040 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4459 |
14041-14044 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4460 |
14045-14053 |
NN |
denotes |
approach |
| T4461 |
14053-14055 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T4462 |
14055-14059 |
FW |
denotes |
i.e. |
| T4463 |
14086-14090 |
VBP |
denotes |
lack |
| T4464 |
14060-14064 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4465 |
14065-14068 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4466 |
14069-14080 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4467 |
14081-14085 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T4468 |
14091-14099 |
JJ |
denotes |
adequate |
| T4469 |
14108-14119 |
NN |
denotes |
specificity |
| T4470 |
14100-14107 |
NN |
denotes |
subtype |
| T4471 |
14120-14123 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4472 |
14124-14128 |
RB |
denotes |
only |
| T4473 |
14129-14138 |
RB |
denotes |
partially |
| T4474 |
14139-14146 |
VBD |
denotes |
blocked |
| T4475 |
14147-14150 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4476 |
14151-14159 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4477 |
14150-14151 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4478 |
14160-14169 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4479 |
14170-14174 |
RB |
denotes |
thus |
| T4480 |
14175-14181 |
VBG |
denotes |
making |
| T4481 |
14182-14184 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T4482 |
14185-14195 |
JJ |
denotes |
impossible |
| T4483 |
14196-14198 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4484 |
14210-14216 |
VB |
denotes |
assess |
| T4485 |
14199-14209 |
RB |
denotes |
rigorously |
| T4486 |
14217-14220 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4487 |
14221-14225 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4488 |
14226-14228 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4489 |
14229-14232 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4490 |
14233-14241 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4491 |
14232-14233 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4492 |
14242-14251 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4493 |
14252-14254 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4494 |
14255-14266 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4495 |
14280-14288 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4496 |
14267-14270 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4497 |
14271-14279 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T4498 |
14288-14289 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4499 |
14289-14477 |
sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, none of these studies addressed the observation that the effects of D2R antagonists on locomotion and learning depend on whether exposure is chronic or acute [e.g. [15,16]]. |
| T4500 |
14290-14302 |
RB |
denotes |
Additionally |
| T4501 |
14326-14335 |
VBD |
denotes |
addressed |
| T4502 |
14302-14304 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4503 |
14304-14308 |
NN |
denotes |
none |
| T4504 |
14309-14311 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4505 |
14312-14317 |
DT |
denotes |
these |
| T4506 |
14318-14325 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T4507 |
14336-14339 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4508 |
14340-14351 |
NN |
denotes |
observation |
| T4509 |
14352-14356 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4510 |
14415-14421 |
VBP |
denotes |
depend |
| T4511 |
14357-14360 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4512 |
14361-14368 |
NNS |
denotes |
effects |
| T4513 |
14369-14371 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4514 |
14372-14375 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4515 |
14376-14387 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4516 |
14388-14390 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T4517 |
14391-14401 |
NN |
denotes |
locomotion |
| T4518 |
14402-14405 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4519 |
14406-14414 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4520 |
14422-14424 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T4521 |
14425-14432 |
IN |
denotes |
whether |
| T4522 |
14442-14444 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4523 |
14433-14441 |
NN |
denotes |
exposure |
| T4524 |
14445-14452 |
JJ |
denotes |
chronic |
| T4525 |
14453-14455 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T4526 |
14456-14461 |
JJ |
denotes |
acute |
| T4527 |
14462-14463 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4528 |
14472-14474 |
CD |
denotes |
16 |
| T4529 |
14463-14467 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T4530 |
14468-14469 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4531 |
14469-14471 |
CD |
denotes |
15 |
| T4532 |
14471-14472 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4533 |
14474-14475 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4534 |
14475-14476 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4535 |
14476-14477 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4536 |
14477-14768 |
sentence |
denotes |
That D2R-mediated signaling orchestrates just motor components of learning is a conclusion that is potentially biased due to the practice of avoiding doses of drugs that induce catalepsy (and therefore measuring only partial blockade of dopamine D2Rs) and single administrations [e.g. [3]]. |
| T4537 |
14478-14482 |
IN |
denotes |
That |
| T4538 |
14506-14518 |
VBZ |
denotes |
orchestrates |
| T4539 |
14483-14486 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4540 |
14487-14495 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4541 |
14486-14487 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4542 |
14496-14505 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4543 |
14553-14555 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4544 |
14519-14523 |
RB |
denotes |
just |
| T4545 |
14530-14540 |
NNS |
denotes |
components |
| T4547 |
14541-14543 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4548 |
14544-14552 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4549 |
14556-14557 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4550 |
14558-14568 |
NN |
denotes |
conclusion |
| T4551 |
14569-14573 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4552 |
14574-14576 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4553 |
14577-14588 |
RB |
denotes |
potentially |
| T4554 |
14589-14595 |
VBN |
denotes |
biased |
| T4555 |
14596-14599 |
IN |
denotes |
due |
| T4556 |
14600-14602 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4557 |
14603-14606 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4558 |
14607-14615 |
NN |
denotes |
practice |
| T4559 |
14616-14618 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4560 |
14619-14627 |
VBG |
denotes |
avoiding |
| T4561 |
14628-14633 |
NNS |
denotes |
doses |
| T4562 |
14634-14636 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4563 |
14637-14642 |
NNS |
denotes |
drugs |
| T4564 |
14643-14647 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4565 |
14648-14654 |
VBP |
denotes |
induce |
| T4566 |
14655-14664 |
NN |
denotes |
catalepsy |
| T4567 |
14665-14666 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4568 |
14666-14669 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4569 |
14670-14679 |
RB |
denotes |
therefore |
| T4570 |
14680-14689 |
VBG |
denotes |
measuring |
| T4571 |
14690-14694 |
RB |
denotes |
only |
| T4572 |
14703-14711 |
NN |
denotes |
blockade |
| T4573 |
14695-14702 |
JJ |
denotes |
partial |
| T4574 |
14712-14714 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4575 |
14715-14723 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4576 |
14724-14728 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4577 |
14728-14729 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4578 |
14730-14733 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4579 |
14734-14740 |
JJ |
denotes |
single |
| T4580 |
14741-14756 |
NNS |
denotes |
administrations |
| T4581 |
14757-14758 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4582 |
14764-14765 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T4583 |
14758-14762 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T4584 |
14763-14764 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4585 |
14765-14766 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4586 |
14766-14767 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4587 |
14767-14768 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4588 |
14768-14912 |
sentence |
denotes |
Quite possibly, the functional role of D2Rs in associative learning might be masked because of this concern about locomotor disruption [2,6,8]. |
| T4589 |
14769-14774 |
RB |
denotes |
Quite |
| T4590 |
14775-14783 |
RB |
denotes |
possibly |
| T4591 |
14846-14852 |
VBN |
denotes |
masked |
| T4592 |
14783-14785 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4593 |
14785-14788 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4594 |
14800-14804 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4595 |
14789-14799 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T4596 |
14805-14807 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4597 |
14808-14812 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4598 |
14813-14815 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4599 |
14816-14827 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4600 |
14828-14836 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4601 |
14837-14842 |
MD |
denotes |
might |
| T4602 |
14843-14845 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4603 |
14853-14860 |
RB |
denotes |
because |
| T4604 |
14861-14863 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4605 |
14864-14868 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4606 |
14869-14876 |
NN |
denotes |
concern |
| T4607 |
14877-14882 |
IN |
denotes |
about |
| T4608 |
14883-14892 |
NN |
denotes |
locomotor |
| T4609 |
14893-14903 |
NN |
denotes |
disruption |
| T4610 |
14904-14905 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4611 |
14909-14910 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T4612 |
14905-14906 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T4613 |
14906-14907 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4614 |
14907-14908 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4615 |
14908-14909 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4616 |
14910-14911 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4617 |
14911-14912 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4618 |
14912-15080 |
sentence |
denotes |
Doses of raclopride as low as 0.5 mg/kg significantly disrupt motor behavior [25], although this peripheral dose is consistently used in learning paradigms [e.g. [6]]. |
| T4619 |
14913-14918 |
NNS |
denotes |
Doses |
| T4620 |
14967-14974 |
VBP |
denotes |
disrupt |
| T4621 |
14919-14921 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4622 |
14922-14932 |
NN |
denotes |
raclopride |
| T4623 |
14933-14935 |
RB |
denotes |
as |
| T4624 |
14943-14946 |
CD |
denotes |
0.5 |
| T4625 |
14936-14939 |
JJ |
denotes |
low |
| T4626 |
14940-14942 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T4627 |
14947-14949 |
NNS |
denotes |
mg |
| T4628 |
14949-14950 |
SYM |
denotes |
/ |
| T4629 |
14950-14952 |
NN |
denotes |
kg |
| T4630 |
14953-14966 |
RB |
denotes |
significantly |
| T4631 |
14975-14980 |
JJ |
denotes |
motor |
| T4632 |
14981-14989 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T4633 |
14990-14991 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4634 |
14991-14993 |
CD |
denotes |
25 |
| T4635 |
14993-14994 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4636 |
14994-14996 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4637 |
14996-15004 |
IN |
denotes |
although |
| T4638 |
15042-15046 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T4639 |
15005-15009 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4640 |
15021-15025 |
NN |
denotes |
dose |
| T4641 |
15010-15020 |
JJ |
denotes |
peripheral |
| T4642 |
15026-15028 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4643 |
15029-15041 |
RB |
denotes |
consistently |
| T4644 |
15047-15049 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4645 |
15050-15058 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T4646 |
15059-15068 |
NNS |
denotes |
paradigms |
| T4647 |
15069-15070 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4648 |
15076-15077 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T4649 |
15070-15074 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T4650 |
15075-15076 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4651 |
15077-15078 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4652 |
15078-15079 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4653 |
15079-15080 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4654 |
15080-15194 |
sentence |
denotes |
One might then ask: "How then could the role of D2Rs in associative learning be dissociated from motor behavior?" |
| T4655 |
15081-15084 |
PRP |
denotes |
One |
| T4656 |
15096-15099 |
VB |
denotes |
ask |
| T4657 |
15085-15090 |
MD |
denotes |
might |
| T4658 |
15091-15095 |
RB |
denotes |
then |
| T4659 |
15099-15101 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T4660 |
15101-15102 |
`` |
denotes |
" |
| T4661 |
15102-15105 |
WRB |
denotes |
How |
| T4662 |
15161-15172 |
VBN |
denotes |
dissociated |
| T4663 |
15106-15110 |
RB |
denotes |
then |
| T4664 |
15111-15116 |
MD |
denotes |
could |
| T4665 |
15117-15120 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4666 |
15121-15125 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4667 |
15126-15128 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4668 |
15129-15133 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4669 |
15134-15136 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4670 |
15137-15148 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4671 |
15149-15157 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4672 |
15158-15160 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4673 |
15173-15177 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T4674 |
15178-15183 |
JJ |
denotes |
motor |
| T4675 |
15184-15192 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T4676 |
15192-15193 |
. |
denotes |
? |
| T4677 |
15193-15194 |
'' |
denotes |
" |
| T4678 |
15194-15399 |
sentence |
denotes |
Seminal experiments [26-28] have clearly demonstrated that repeated administration of catalepsy-inducing doses of D2R antagonists in rodents actually leads to a striking behavioral tolerance to catalepsy. |
| T4679 |
15195-15202 |
JJ |
denotes |
Seminal |
| T4680 |
15203-15214 |
NNS |
denotes |
experiments |
| T4681 |
15236-15248 |
VBN |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T4682 |
15215-15216 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4683 |
15216-15218 |
CD |
denotes |
26 |
| T4684 |
15218-15219 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4685 |
15219-15221 |
CD |
denotes |
28 |
| T4686 |
15221-15222 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4687 |
15223-15227 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T4688 |
15228-15235 |
RB |
denotes |
clearly |
| T4689 |
15249-15253 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4690 |
15345-15350 |
VBZ |
denotes |
leads |
| T4691 |
15254-15262 |
JJ |
denotes |
repeated |
| T4692 |
15263-15277 |
NN |
denotes |
administration |
| T4693 |
15278-15280 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4694 |
15281-15290 |
NN |
denotes |
catalepsy |
| T4695 |
15291-15299 |
VBG |
denotes |
inducing |
| T4696 |
15290-15291 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4697 |
15300-15305 |
NNS |
denotes |
doses |
| T4698 |
15306-15308 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4699 |
15309-15312 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4700 |
15313-15324 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4701 |
15325-15327 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4702 |
15328-15335 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T4703 |
15336-15344 |
RB |
denotes |
actually |
| T4704 |
15351-15353 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4705 |
15354-15355 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4706 |
15376-15385 |
NN |
denotes |
tolerance |
| T4707 |
15356-15364 |
JJ |
denotes |
striking |
| T4708 |
15365-15375 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T4709 |
15386-15388 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4710 |
15389-15398 |
NN |
denotes |
catalepsy |
| T4711 |
15398-15399 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4712 |
15399-15475 |
sentence |
denotes |
These doses have been shown to occupy well over 80% of available D2Rs [29]. |
| T4713 |
15400-15405 |
DT |
denotes |
These |
| T4714 |
15406-15411 |
NNS |
denotes |
doses |
| T4715 |
15422-15427 |
VBN |
denotes |
shown |
| T4716 |
15412-15416 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T4717 |
15417-15421 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T4718 |
15428-15430 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4719 |
15431-15437 |
VB |
denotes |
occupy |
| T4720 |
15438-15442 |
RB |
denotes |
well |
| T4721 |
15448-15450 |
CD |
denotes |
80 |
| T4722 |
15443-15447 |
IN |
denotes |
over |
| T4723 |
15450-15451 |
NN |
denotes |
% |
| T4724 |
15452-15454 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4725 |
15455-15464 |
JJ |
denotes |
available |
| T4726 |
15465-15469 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4727 |
15470-15471 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T4728 |
15471-15473 |
CD |
denotes |
29 |
| T4729 |
15473-15474 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T4730 |
15474-15475 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4731 |
15475-15723 |
sentence |
denotes |
Future experiments measuring acquisition of associative learning in rodents that received chronic administration of D2R antagonists and demonstrated behavioral tolerance to their motor disrupting effects would be a logical test of this hypothesis. |
| T4732 |
15476-15482 |
JJ |
denotes |
Future |
| T4733 |
15483-15494 |
NNS |
denotes |
experiments |
| T4734 |
15686-15688 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4735 |
15495-15504 |
VBG |
denotes |
measuring |
| T4736 |
15505-15516 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T4737 |
15517-15519 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4738 |
15520-15531 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4739 |
15532-15540 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4740 |
15541-15543 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4741 |
15544-15551 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T4742 |
15552-15556 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4743 |
15557-15565 |
VBD |
denotes |
received |
| T4744 |
15566-15573 |
JJ |
denotes |
chronic |
| T4745 |
15574-15588 |
NN |
denotes |
administration |
| T4746 |
15589-15591 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4747 |
15592-15595 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4748 |
15596-15607 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4749 |
15608-15611 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4750 |
15612-15624 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T4751 |
15625-15635 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T4752 |
15636-15645 |
NN |
denotes |
tolerance |
| T4753 |
15646-15648 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4754 |
15649-15654 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T4755 |
15672-15679 |
NNS |
denotes |
effects |
| T4756 |
15655-15660 |
NN |
denotes |
motor |
| T4757 |
15661-15671 |
VBG |
denotes |
disrupting |
| T4758 |
15680-15685 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T4759 |
15689-15690 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4760 |
15699-15703 |
NN |
denotes |
test |
| T4761 |
15691-15698 |
JJ |
denotes |
logical |
| T4762 |
15704-15706 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4763 |
15707-15711 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4764 |
15712-15722 |
NN |
denotes |
hypothesis |
| T4765 |
15722-15723 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4766 |
15723-15932 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, the realization that multiple dopamine receptor subtypes would be concurrently targeted with the presently commercially available antagonists, such as D2Rs, D3Rs, and D4Rs would have to be rectified. |
| T4767 |
15724-15731 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T4768 |
15911-15915 |
VB |
denotes |
have |
| T4769 |
15731-15733 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4770 |
15733-15736 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4771 |
15737-15748 |
NN |
denotes |
realization |
| T4772 |
15749-15753 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4773 |
15812-15820 |
VBN |
denotes |
targeted |
| T4774 |
15754-15762 |
JJ |
denotes |
multiple |
| T4775 |
15781-15789 |
NNS |
denotes |
subtypes |
| T4776 |
15763-15771 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T4777 |
15772-15780 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T4778 |
15790-15795 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T4779 |
15796-15798 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4780 |
15799-15811 |
RB |
denotes |
concurrently |
| T4781 |
15821-15825 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4782 |
15826-15829 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4783 |
15863-15874 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4784 |
15830-15839 |
RB |
denotes |
presently |
| T4785 |
15853-15862 |
JJ |
denotes |
available |
| T4786 |
15840-15852 |
RB |
denotes |
commercially |
| T4787 |
15874-15876 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4788 |
15876-15880 |
JJ |
denotes |
such |
| T4789 |
15881-15883 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T4790 |
15884-15888 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T4791 |
15888-15890 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4792 |
15890-15894 |
NNS |
denotes |
D3Rs |
| T4793 |
15894-15896 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4794 |
15896-15899 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4795 |
15900-15904 |
NNS |
denotes |
D4Rs |
| T4796 |
15905-15910 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T4797 |
15916-15918 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4798 |
15922-15931 |
VBN |
denotes |
rectified |
| T4799 |
15919-15921 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4800 |
15931-15932 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4801 |
15932-16146 |
sentence |
denotes |
We would argue that the most parsimonious approach at this time is to utilize mice that have been genetically altered such that they are lacking one or both functional alleles of the specific receptor of interest. |
| T4802 |
15933-15935 |
PRP |
denotes |
We |
| T4803 |
15942-15947 |
VB |
denotes |
argue |
| T4804 |
15936-15941 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T4805 |
15948-15952 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4806 |
15997-15999 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4807 |
15953-15956 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4808 |
15975-15983 |
NN |
denotes |
approach |
| T4809 |
15957-15961 |
RBS |
denotes |
most |
| T4810 |
15962-15974 |
JJ |
denotes |
parsimonious |
| T4811 |
15984-15986 |
IN |
denotes |
at |
| T4812 |
15987-15991 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4813 |
15992-15996 |
NN |
denotes |
time |
| T4814 |
16000-16002 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4815 |
16003-16010 |
VB |
denotes |
utilize |
| T4816 |
16011-16015 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4817 |
16016-16020 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4818 |
16043-16050 |
VBN |
denotes |
altered |
| T4819 |
16021-16025 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T4820 |
16026-16030 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T4821 |
16031-16042 |
RB |
denotes |
genetically |
| T4822 |
16051-16055 |
JJ |
denotes |
such |
| T4823 |
16070-16077 |
VBG |
denotes |
lacking |
| T4824 |
16056-16060 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4825 |
16061-16065 |
PRP |
denotes |
they |
| T4826 |
16066-16069 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T4827 |
16078-16081 |
CD |
denotes |
one |
| T4828 |
16101-16108 |
NNS |
denotes |
alleles |
| T4829 |
16082-16084 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T4830 |
16085-16089 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T4831 |
16090-16100 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T4832 |
16109-16111 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4833 |
16112-16115 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4834 |
16125-16133 |
NN |
denotes |
receptor |
| T4835 |
16116-16124 |
JJ |
denotes |
specific |
| T4836 |
16134-16136 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4837 |
16137-16145 |
NN |
denotes |
interest |
| T4838 |
16145-16146 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4839 |
16146-16698 |
sentence |
denotes |
While they do have their limitations (e.g. developmental compensation and strain effects in mouse lines not backcrossed adequately to a parental strain for a minimum of 10 generations), use of our inbred (N20 generation) animals in the present study (where no differences in locomotor behavior were detected between D2R-/- and D2R+/+ mice; Figs. 1 &2) revealed a previously unappreciated role of D2R-mediated signaling in associative learning and attention that could not be measured with the currently available, acutely administered D2R antagonists. |
| T4840 |
16147-16152 |
IN |
denotes |
While |
| T4841 |
16161-16165 |
VB |
denotes |
have |
| T4842 |
16153-16157 |
PRP |
denotes |
they |
| T4843 |
16158-16160 |
VBP |
denotes |
do |
| T4844 |
16499-16507 |
VBD |
denotes |
revealed |
| T4845 |
16166-16171 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T4846 |
16172-16183 |
NNS |
denotes |
limitations |
| T4847 |
16184-16185 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4848 |
16204-16216 |
NN |
denotes |
compensation |
| T4849 |
16185-16189 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T4850 |
16190-16203 |
JJ |
denotes |
developmental |
| T4851 |
16217-16220 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4852 |
16221-16227 |
NN |
denotes |
strain |
| T4853 |
16228-16235 |
NNS |
denotes |
effects |
| T4854 |
16236-16238 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4855 |
16239-16244 |
NN |
denotes |
mouse |
| T4856 |
16245-16250 |
NNS |
denotes |
lines |
| T4857 |
16251-16254 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T4858 |
16255-16266 |
VBN |
denotes |
backcrossed |
| T4859 |
16267-16277 |
RB |
denotes |
adequately |
| T4860 |
16278-16280 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4861 |
16281-16282 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4862 |
16292-16298 |
NN |
denotes |
strain |
| T4863 |
16283-16291 |
JJ |
denotes |
parental |
| T4864 |
16299-16302 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T4865 |
16303-16304 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4866 |
16305-16312 |
NN |
denotes |
minimum |
| T4867 |
16313-16315 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4868 |
16316-16318 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T4869 |
16319-16330 |
NNS |
denotes |
generations |
| T4870 |
16330-16331 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4871 |
16331-16333 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4872 |
16333-16336 |
NN |
denotes |
use |
| T4873 |
16337-16339 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4874 |
16340-16343 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T4875 |
16368-16375 |
NNS |
denotes |
animals |
| T4876 |
16344-16350 |
JJ |
denotes |
inbred |
| T4877 |
16351-16352 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4878 |
16356-16366 |
NN |
denotes |
generation |
| T4879 |
16352-16355 |
NN |
denotes |
N20 |
| T4880 |
16366-16367 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4881 |
16376-16378 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4882 |
16379-16382 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4883 |
16391-16396 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T4884 |
16383-16390 |
JJ |
denotes |
present |
| T4885 |
16397-16398 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T4886 |
16398-16403 |
WRB |
denotes |
where |
| T4887 |
16446-16454 |
VBN |
denotes |
detected |
| T4888 |
16404-16406 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T4889 |
16407-16418 |
NNS |
denotes |
differences |
| T4890 |
16419-16421 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4891 |
16422-16431 |
NN |
denotes |
locomotor |
| T4892 |
16432-16440 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T4893 |
16441-16445 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T4894 |
16455-16462 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T4895 |
16463-16466 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4896 |
16481-16485 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4897 |
16466-16467 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4898 |
16467-16468 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4899 |
16468-16469 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4900 |
16470-16473 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4901 |
16474-16477 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4902 |
16477-16478 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T4903 |
16478-16479 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4904 |
16479-16480 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T4905 |
16485-16486 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T4906 |
16487-16492 |
NNS |
denotes |
Figs. |
| T4907 |
16493-16494 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T4908 |
16495-16496 |
CC |
denotes |
& |
| T4909 |
16496-16497 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T4910 |
16497-16498 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T4911 |
16508-16509 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4912 |
16535-16539 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T4913 |
16510-16520 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T4914 |
16521-16534 |
JJ |
denotes |
unappreciated |
| T4915 |
16540-16542 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4916 |
16543-16546 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4917 |
16547-16555 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T4918 |
16546-16547 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T4919 |
16556-16565 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T4920 |
16566-16568 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T4921 |
16569-16580 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T4922 |
16581-16589 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T4923 |
16590-16593 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T4924 |
16594-16603 |
NN |
denotes |
attention |
| T4925 |
16604-16608 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T4926 |
16622-16630 |
VBN |
denotes |
measured |
| T4927 |
16609-16614 |
MD |
denotes |
could |
| T4928 |
16615-16618 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T4929 |
16619-16621 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T4930 |
16631-16635 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T4931 |
16636-16639 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4932 |
16686-16697 |
NNS |
denotes |
antagonists |
| T4933 |
16640-16649 |
RB |
denotes |
currently |
| T4934 |
16650-16659 |
JJ |
denotes |
available |
| T4935 |
16659-16661 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4936 |
16661-16668 |
RB |
denotes |
acutely |
| T4937 |
16669-16681 |
VBN |
denotes |
administered |
| T4938 |
16682-16685 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4939 |
16697-16698 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4940 |
16698-16858 |
sentence |
denotes |
A cursory analysis of our data might suggest to some that the genetic manipulation of the drd2 locus conferred a gross olfactory impairment to the D2R-/- mice. |
| T4941 |
16699-16700 |
DT |
denotes |
A |
| T4942 |
16709-16717 |
NN |
denotes |
analysis |
| T4943 |
16701-16708 |
JJ |
denotes |
cursory |
| T4944 |
16736-16743 |
VB |
denotes |
suggest |
| T4945 |
16718-16720 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4946 |
16721-16724 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T4947 |
16725-16729 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T4948 |
16730-16735 |
MD |
denotes |
might |
| T4949 |
16744-16746 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4950 |
16747-16751 |
DT |
denotes |
some |
| T4951 |
16752-16756 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4952 |
16800-16809 |
VBD |
denotes |
conferred |
| T4953 |
16757-16760 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4954 |
16769-16781 |
NN |
denotes |
manipulation |
| T4955 |
16761-16768 |
JJ |
denotes |
genetic |
| T4956 |
16782-16784 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T4957 |
16785-16788 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4958 |
16794-16799 |
NN |
denotes |
locus |
| T4959 |
16789-16793 |
NN |
denotes |
drd2 |
| T4960 |
16810-16811 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T4961 |
16828-16838 |
NN |
denotes |
impairment |
| T4962 |
16812-16817 |
JJ |
denotes |
gross |
| T4963 |
16818-16827 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T4964 |
16839-16841 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T4965 |
16842-16845 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4966 |
16853-16857 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4967 |
16846-16849 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4968 |
16849-16850 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4969 |
16850-16851 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4970 |
16851-16852 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4971 |
16857-16858 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T4972 |
16858-17035 |
sentence |
denotes |
Rather, we argue that this is not likely because the D2R-/- mice did learn to retrieve the food pellets from the dishes and eventually learned to accurately discriminate odors. |
| T4973 |
16859-16865 |
RB |
denotes |
Rather |
| T4974 |
16870-16875 |
VBP |
denotes |
argue |
| T4975 |
16865-16867 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T4976 |
16867-16869 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T4977 |
16876-16880 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T4978 |
16886-16888 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T4979 |
16881-16885 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T4980 |
16889-16892 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T4981 |
16893-16899 |
JJ |
denotes |
likely |
| T4982 |
16900-16907 |
IN |
denotes |
because |
| T4983 |
16928-16933 |
VB |
denotes |
learn |
| T4984 |
16908-16911 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4985 |
16919-16923 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T4986 |
16912-16915 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T4987 |
16915-16916 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4988 |
16916-16917 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T4989 |
16917-16918 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T4990 |
16924-16927 |
VBD |
denotes |
did |
| T4991 |
16934-16936 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T4992 |
16937-16945 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T4993 |
16946-16949 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4994 |
16955-16962 |
NNS |
denotes |
pellets |
| T4995 |
16950-16954 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T4996 |
16963-16967 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T4997 |
16968-16971 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T4998 |
16972-16978 |
NNS |
denotes |
dishes |
| T4999 |
16979-16982 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5000 |
16983-16993 |
RB |
denotes |
eventually |
| T5001 |
16994-17001 |
VBD |
denotes |
learned |
| T5002 |
17002-17004 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5003 |
17016-17028 |
VB |
denotes |
discriminate |
| T5004 |
17005-17015 |
RB |
denotes |
accurately |
| T5005 |
17029-17034 |
NNS |
denotes |
odors |
| T5006 |
17034-17035 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5007 |
17035-17267 |
sentence |
denotes |
Recent electrophysiological data demonstrate that dopamine D2R's are located on glutamatergic terminal axons of olfactory nerves and depress excitatory input of the olfactory nerve to the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb [30,31]. |
| T5008 |
17036-17042 |
JJ |
denotes |
Recent |
| T5009 |
17064-17068 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T5010 |
17043-17063 |
JJ |
denotes |
electrophysiological |
| T5011 |
17069-17080 |
VBP |
denotes |
demonstrate |
| T5012 |
17081-17085 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5013 |
17105-17112 |
VBN |
denotes |
located |
| T5014 |
17086-17094 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5015 |
17095-17100 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2R's |
| T5016 |
17101-17104 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T5017 |
17113-17115 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T5018 |
17116-17129 |
JJ |
denotes |
glutamatergic |
| T5019 |
17139-17144 |
NNS |
denotes |
axons |
| T5020 |
17130-17138 |
JJ |
denotes |
terminal |
| T5021 |
17145-17147 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5022 |
17148-17157 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5023 |
17158-17164 |
NNS |
denotes |
nerves |
| T5024 |
17165-17168 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5025 |
17169-17176 |
VB |
denotes |
depress |
| T5026 |
17177-17187 |
JJ |
denotes |
excitatory |
| T5027 |
17188-17193 |
NN |
denotes |
input |
| T5028 |
17194-17196 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5029 |
17197-17200 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5030 |
17211-17216 |
NN |
denotes |
nerve |
| T5031 |
17201-17210 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5032 |
17217-17219 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5033 |
17220-17223 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5034 |
17231-17236 |
NNS |
denotes |
cells |
| T5035 |
17224-17230 |
JJ |
denotes |
mitral |
| T5036 |
17237-17239 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5037 |
17240-17243 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5038 |
17254-17258 |
NN |
denotes |
bulb |
| T5039 |
17244-17253 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5040 |
17259-17260 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5041 |
17263-17265 |
CD |
denotes |
31 |
| T5042 |
17260-17262 |
CD |
denotes |
30 |
| T5043 |
17262-17263 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5044 |
17265-17266 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5045 |
17266-17267 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5046 |
17267-17591 |
sentence |
denotes |
Consequently, our data, and data from other studies, suggest that the complete lack of D2Rs in the olfactory bulb does not prevent transduction of olfactory stimuli; rather it affects the ability to habituate, or tune, olfactory nerve activity associated with repeatedly encountered concentrations of chemical stimuli [32]. |
| T5047 |
17268-17280 |
RB |
denotes |
Consequently |
| T5048 |
17321-17328 |
VBP |
denotes |
suggest |
| T5049 |
17280-17282 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5050 |
17282-17285 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T5051 |
17286-17290 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T5052 |
17290-17292 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5053 |
17292-17295 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5054 |
17296-17300 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T5055 |
17301-17305 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T5056 |
17306-17311 |
JJ |
denotes |
other |
| T5057 |
17312-17319 |
NNS |
denotes |
studies |
| T5058 |
17319-17321 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5059 |
17444-17451 |
VBZ |
denotes |
affects |
| T5060 |
17329-17333 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5061 |
17391-17398 |
VB |
denotes |
prevent |
| T5062 |
17334-17337 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5063 |
17347-17351 |
NN |
denotes |
lack |
| T5064 |
17338-17346 |
JJ |
denotes |
complete |
| T5065 |
17352-17354 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5066 |
17355-17359 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5067 |
17360-17362 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5068 |
17363-17366 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5069 |
17377-17381 |
NN |
denotes |
bulb |
| T5070 |
17367-17376 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5071 |
17382-17386 |
VBZ |
denotes |
does |
| T5072 |
17387-17390 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T5073 |
17399-17411 |
NN |
denotes |
transduction |
| T5074 |
17412-17414 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5075 |
17415-17424 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5076 |
17425-17432 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T5077 |
17432-17433 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T5078 |
17434-17440 |
RB |
denotes |
rather |
| T5079 |
17441-17443 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T5080 |
17452-17455 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5081 |
17456-17463 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T5082 |
17464-17466 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5083 |
17467-17476 |
VB |
denotes |
habituate |
| T5084 |
17476-17478 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5085 |
17478-17480 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T5086 |
17481-17485 |
VB |
denotes |
tune |
| T5087 |
17485-17487 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5088 |
17487-17496 |
JJ |
denotes |
olfactory |
| T5089 |
17497-17502 |
NN |
denotes |
nerve |
| T5090 |
17503-17511 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5091 |
17512-17522 |
VBN |
denotes |
associated |
| T5092 |
17523-17527 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T5093 |
17528-17538 |
RB |
denotes |
repeatedly |
| T5094 |
17539-17550 |
VBN |
denotes |
encountered |
| T5095 |
17551-17565 |
NNS |
denotes |
concentrations |
| T5096 |
17566-17568 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5097 |
17569-17577 |
JJ |
denotes |
chemical |
| T5098 |
17578-17585 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T5099 |
17586-17587 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5100 |
17587-17589 |
CD |
denotes |
32 |
| T5101 |
17589-17590 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5102 |
17590-17591 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5103 |
17591-17756 |
sentence |
denotes |
The performance of D2R-/- mice during reversal learning is deficient revealing a role for dopamine D2R-mediated signaling in tasks requiring behavioral flexibility |
| T5104 |
17593-17596 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T5105 |
17597-17608 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T5106 |
17649-17651 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T5107 |
17609-17611 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5108 |
17612-17615 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5109 |
17619-17623 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5110 |
17615-17616 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5111 |
17616-17617 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5112 |
17617-17618 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5113 |
17624-17630 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5114 |
17631-17639 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5115 |
17640-17648 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5116 |
17652-17661 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T5117 |
17662-17671 |
VBG |
denotes |
revealing |
| T5118 |
17672-17673 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5119 |
17674-17678 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T5120 |
17679-17682 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T5121 |
17683-17691 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5122 |
17692-17695 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5123 |
17696-17704 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5124 |
17695-17696 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5125 |
17705-17714 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5126 |
17715-17717 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5127 |
17718-17723 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T5128 |
17724-17733 |
VBG |
denotes |
requiring |
| T5129 |
17734-17744 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T5130 |
17745-17756 |
NN |
denotes |
flexibility |
| T5131 |
17756-17991 |
sentence |
denotes |
Perseverative behavioral patterns characterized the D2R-/- mice relative to D2R+/+ mice during reversal learning sessions (Figure 4), manifested during early reversal trials (Figure 6) and persisted across several sessions (Figure 7). |
| T5132 |
17757-17770 |
JJ |
denotes |
Perseverative |
| T5133 |
17782-17790 |
NNS |
denotes |
patterns |
| T5134 |
17771-17781 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T5135 |
17791-17804 |
VBD |
denotes |
characterized |
| T5136 |
17805-17808 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5137 |
17816-17820 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5138 |
17809-17812 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5139 |
17812-17813 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5140 |
17813-17814 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5141 |
17814-17815 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5142 |
17821-17829 |
JJ |
denotes |
relative |
| T5143 |
17830-17832 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5144 |
17833-17836 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5145 |
17840-17844 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5146 |
17836-17837 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5147 |
17837-17838 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5148 |
17838-17839 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5149 |
17845-17851 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5150 |
17852-17860 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5151 |
17870-17878 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T5152 |
17861-17869 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5153 |
17879-17880 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5154 |
17880-17886 |
NN |
denotes |
Figure |
| T5155 |
17887-17888 |
CD |
denotes |
4 |
| T5156 |
17888-17889 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5157 |
17889-17891 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5158 |
17891-17901 |
VBD |
denotes |
manifested |
| T5159 |
17902-17908 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5160 |
17909-17914 |
JJ |
denotes |
early |
| T5161 |
17924-17930 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T5162 |
17915-17923 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5163 |
17931-17932 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5164 |
17932-17938 |
NN |
denotes |
Figure |
| T5165 |
17939-17940 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T5166 |
17940-17941 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5167 |
17942-17945 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5168 |
17946-17955 |
VBD |
denotes |
persisted |
| T5169 |
17956-17962 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T5170 |
17963-17970 |
JJ |
denotes |
several |
| T5171 |
17971-17979 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T5172 |
17980-17981 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5173 |
17981-17987 |
NN |
denotes |
Figure |
| T5174 |
17988-17989 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T5175 |
17989-17990 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5176 |
17990-17991 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5177 |
17991-18297 |
sentence |
denotes |
These findings are significant because D2R-/- mice respond to food reinforcers and ultimately form and maintain odor-driven S+/S- relationships (a putative D1R-mediated behavior [6]) just as D2R+/+ mice (both groups achieved ≥ 80% discrimination accuracy, the dopamine D1Rs in our mice were not targeted). |
| T5178 |
17992-17997 |
DT |
denotes |
These |
| T5179 |
17998-18006 |
NNS |
denotes |
findings |
| T5180 |
18007-18010 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T5181 |
18011-18022 |
JJ |
denotes |
significant |
| T5182 |
18023-18030 |
IN |
denotes |
because |
| T5183 |
18043-18050 |
VBP |
denotes |
respond |
| T5184 |
18031-18034 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5185 |
18038-18042 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5186 |
18034-18035 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5187 |
18035-18036 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5188 |
18036-18037 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5189 |
18051-18053 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5190 |
18054-18058 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T5191 |
18059-18070 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T5192 |
18071-18074 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5193 |
18075-18085 |
RB |
denotes |
ultimately |
| T5194 |
18086-18090 |
VBP |
denotes |
form |
| T5195 |
18091-18094 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5196 |
18095-18103 |
VBP |
denotes |
maintain |
| T5197 |
18104-18108 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T5198 |
18109-18115 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T5199 |
18108-18109 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5200 |
18122-18135 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T5201 |
18116-18117 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T5202 |
18117-18118 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5203 |
18118-18119 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5204 |
18119-18120 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T5205 |
18120-18121 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5206 |
18136-18137 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5207 |
18161-18169 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T5208 |
18137-18138 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5209 |
18139-18147 |
JJ |
denotes |
putative |
| T5210 |
18148-18151 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T5211 |
18152-18160 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5212 |
18151-18152 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5213 |
18170-18171 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5214 |
18171-18172 |
CD |
denotes |
6 |
| T5215 |
18172-18173 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5216 |
18173-18174 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5217 |
18175-18179 |
RB |
denotes |
just |
| T5218 |
18180-18182 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T5219 |
18183-18186 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5220 |
18190-18194 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5221 |
18186-18187 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5222 |
18187-18188 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5223 |
18188-18189 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5224 |
18195-18196 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5225 |
18287-18295 |
VBN |
denotes |
targeted |
| T5226 |
18196-18200 |
DT |
denotes |
both |
| T5227 |
18201-18207 |
NNS |
denotes |
groups |
| T5228 |
18208-18216 |
VBD |
denotes |
achieved |
| T5229 |
18217-18218 |
SYM |
denotes |
≥ |
| T5230 |
18219-18221 |
CD |
denotes |
80 |
| T5231 |
18221-18222 |
NN |
denotes |
% |
| T5232 |
18238-18246 |
NN |
denotes |
accuracy |
| T5233 |
18223-18237 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T5234 |
18246-18248 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5235 |
18248-18251 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5236 |
18261-18265 |
NNS |
denotes |
D1Rs |
| T5237 |
18252-18260 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5238 |
18266-18268 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5239 |
18269-18272 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T5240 |
18273-18277 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5241 |
18278-18282 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T5242 |
18283-18286 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T5243 |
18295-18296 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5244 |
18296-18297 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5245 |
18297-18497 |
sentence |
denotes |
A future extension of this study would be to test performance over a fixed number of trials and determine patterns of error rates during acquisition of the discrimination and reversal learning tasks. |
| T5246 |
18298-18299 |
DT |
denotes |
A |
| T5247 |
18307-18316 |
NN |
denotes |
extension |
| T5248 |
18300-18306 |
JJ |
denotes |
future |
| T5249 |
18337-18339 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T5250 |
18317-18319 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5251 |
18320-18324 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T5252 |
18325-18330 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T5253 |
18331-18336 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T5254 |
18340-18342 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5255 |
18343-18347 |
VB |
denotes |
test |
| T5256 |
18348-18359 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T5257 |
18360-18364 |
IN |
denotes |
over |
| T5258 |
18365-18366 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5259 |
18373-18379 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T5260 |
18367-18372 |
VBN |
denotes |
fixed |
| T5261 |
18380-18382 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5262 |
18383-18389 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T5263 |
18390-18393 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5264 |
18394-18403 |
VB |
denotes |
determine |
| T5265 |
18404-18412 |
NNS |
denotes |
patterns |
| T5266 |
18413-18415 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5267 |
18416-18421 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T5268 |
18422-18427 |
NNS |
denotes |
rates |
| T5269 |
18428-18434 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5270 |
18435-18446 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T5271 |
18447-18449 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5272 |
18450-18453 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5273 |
18491-18496 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T5274 |
18454-18468 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T5275 |
18469-18472 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5276 |
18473-18481 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5277 |
18482-18490 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5278 |
18496-18497 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5279 |
18497-18752 |
sentence |
denotes |
This manipulation would control the number of errors based on trials performed to determine if the apparent difference in absolute number of errors demonstrated by the mutant mice (the putative performance deficit) is simply a reflection of extra trials. |
| T5280 |
18498-18502 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T5281 |
18503-18515 |
NN |
denotes |
manipulation |
| T5282 |
18522-18529 |
VB |
denotes |
control |
| T5283 |
18516-18521 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T5284 |
18530-18533 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5285 |
18534-18540 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T5286 |
18541-18543 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5287 |
18544-18550 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T5288 |
18551-18556 |
VBN |
denotes |
based |
| T5289 |
18557-18559 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T5290 |
18560-18566 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T5291 |
18567-18576 |
VBN |
denotes |
performed |
| T5292 |
18577-18579 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5293 |
18580-18589 |
VB |
denotes |
determine |
| T5294 |
18590-18592 |
IN |
denotes |
if |
| T5295 |
18713-18715 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T5296 |
18593-18596 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5297 |
18606-18616 |
NN |
denotes |
difference |
| T5298 |
18597-18605 |
JJ |
denotes |
apparent |
| T5299 |
18617-18619 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5300 |
18620-18628 |
JJ |
denotes |
absolute |
| T5301 |
18629-18635 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T5302 |
18636-18638 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5303 |
18639-18645 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T5304 |
18646-18658 |
VBN |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T5305 |
18659-18661 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T5306 |
18662-18665 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5307 |
18673-18677 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5308 |
18666-18672 |
JJ |
denotes |
mutant |
| T5309 |
18678-18679 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5310 |
18704-18711 |
NN |
denotes |
deficit |
| T5311 |
18679-18682 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5312 |
18683-18691 |
JJ |
denotes |
putative |
| T5313 |
18692-18703 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T5314 |
18711-18712 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5315 |
18716-18722 |
RB |
denotes |
simply |
| T5316 |
18725-18735 |
NN |
denotes |
reflection |
| T5317 |
18723-18724 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5318 |
18736-18738 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5319 |
18739-18744 |
JJ |
denotes |
extra |
| T5320 |
18745-18751 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T5321 |
18751-18752 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5322 |
18752-19116 |
sentence |
denotes |
Nonetheless, the inability of D2R-/- mice to disengage from previously established S+/S- contingencies (responding to a discriminative stimulus; Fig. 4) strongly argues that mesolimbic dopamine, and in particular dopamine D2R-mediated signaling, modulates the process of alerting the subject that familiar contingencies are now associated unexpected consequences. |
| T5323 |
18753-18764 |
RB |
denotes |
Nonetheless |
| T5324 |
18915-18921 |
VBZ |
denotes |
argues |
| T5325 |
18764-18766 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5326 |
18766-18769 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5327 |
18770-18779 |
NN |
denotes |
inability |
| T5328 |
18780-18782 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5329 |
18783-18786 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5330 |
18790-18794 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5331 |
18786-18787 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5332 |
18787-18788 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5333 |
18788-18789 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5334 |
18795-18797 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5335 |
18798-18807 |
VB |
denotes |
disengage |
| T5336 |
18808-18812 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T5337 |
18813-18823 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T5338 |
18824-18835 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T5339 |
18842-18855 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T5340 |
18836-18837 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T5341 |
18837-18838 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T5342 |
18838-18839 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5343 |
18839-18840 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T5344 |
18840-18841 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5345 |
18856-18857 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5346 |
18898-18902 |
NN |
denotes |
Fig. |
| T5347 |
18857-18867 |
VBG |
denotes |
responding |
| T5348 |
18868-18870 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5349 |
18871-18872 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5350 |
18888-18896 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T5351 |
18873-18887 |
JJ |
denotes |
discriminative |
| T5352 |
18896-18897 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T5353 |
18903-18904 |
CD |
denotes |
4 |
| T5354 |
18904-18905 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5355 |
18906-18914 |
RB |
denotes |
strongly |
| T5356 |
18922-18926 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5357 |
18999-19008 |
VBZ |
denotes |
modulates |
| T5358 |
18927-18937 |
JJ |
denotes |
mesolimbic |
| T5359 |
18938-18946 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5360 |
18946-18948 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5361 |
18948-18951 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5362 |
18952-18954 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5363 |
18988-18997 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5364 |
18955-18965 |
JJ |
denotes |
particular |
| T5365 |
18966-18974 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5366 |
18975-18978 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5367 |
18979-18987 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5368 |
18978-18979 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5369 |
18997-18999 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5370 |
19009-19012 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5371 |
19013-19020 |
NN |
denotes |
process |
| T5372 |
19021-19023 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5373 |
19024-19032 |
VBG |
denotes |
alerting |
| T5374 |
19033-19036 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5375 |
19037-19044 |
NN |
denotes |
subject |
| T5376 |
19045-19049 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5377 |
19081-19091 |
VBN |
denotes |
associated |
| T5378 |
19050-19058 |
JJ |
denotes |
familiar |
| T5379 |
19059-19072 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T5380 |
19073-19076 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T5381 |
19077-19080 |
RB |
denotes |
now |
| T5382 |
19092-19102 |
JJ |
denotes |
unexpected |
| T5383 |
19103-19115 |
NNS |
denotes |
consequences |
| T5384 |
19115-19116 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5385 |
19116-19273 |
sentence |
denotes |
Schultz and colleagues have demonstrated that dopamine cells display consistent tonic firing patterns during maintenance of associative learning tasks [33]. |
| T5386 |
19117-19124 |
NNP |
denotes |
Schultz |
| T5387 |
19145-19157 |
VBN |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T5388 |
19125-19128 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5389 |
19129-19139 |
NNS |
denotes |
colleagues |
| T5390 |
19140-19144 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T5391 |
19158-19162 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5392 |
19178-19185 |
VBP |
denotes |
display |
| T5393 |
19163-19171 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5394 |
19172-19177 |
NNS |
denotes |
cells |
| T5395 |
19186-19196 |
JJ |
denotes |
consistent |
| T5396 |
19210-19218 |
NNS |
denotes |
patterns |
| T5397 |
19197-19202 |
JJ |
denotes |
tonic |
| T5398 |
19203-19209 |
NN |
denotes |
firing |
| T5399 |
19219-19225 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5400 |
19226-19237 |
NN |
denotes |
maintenance |
| T5401 |
19238-19240 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5402 |
19241-19252 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T5403 |
19253-19261 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5404 |
19262-19267 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T5405 |
19268-19269 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5406 |
19269-19271 |
CD |
denotes |
33 |
| T5407 |
19271-19272 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5408 |
19272-19273 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5409 |
19273-19425 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, phasic burst activity of dopaminergic cells occurs when discrepancies between predicted and actual reinforcement contingencies transpire [14]. |
| T5410 |
19274-19281 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T5411 |
19327-19333 |
VBZ |
denotes |
occurs |
| T5412 |
19281-19283 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5413 |
19283-19289 |
JJ |
denotes |
phasic |
| T5414 |
19296-19304 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5415 |
19290-19295 |
NN |
denotes |
burst |
| T5416 |
19305-19307 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5417 |
19308-19320 |
JJ |
denotes |
dopaminergic |
| T5418 |
19321-19326 |
NNS |
denotes |
cells |
| T5419 |
19334-19338 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T5420 |
19410-19419 |
VBP |
denotes |
transpire |
| T5421 |
19339-19352 |
NNS |
denotes |
discrepancies |
| T5422 |
19353-19360 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T5423 |
19361-19370 |
JJ |
denotes |
predicted |
| T5424 |
19396-19409 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T5425 |
19371-19374 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5426 |
19375-19381 |
JJ |
denotes |
actual |
| T5427 |
19382-19395 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T5428 |
19420-19421 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5429 |
19421-19423 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T5430 |
19423-19424 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5431 |
19424-19425 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5432 |
19425-19562 |
sentence |
denotes |
This robust increase of dopaminergic cell activation in response to unpredicted outcomes has been referred to as an "error" signal [14]. |
| T5433 |
19426-19430 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T5434 |
19438-19446 |
NN |
denotes |
increase |
| T5435 |
19431-19437 |
JJ |
denotes |
robust |
| T5436 |
19524-19532 |
VBN |
denotes |
referred |
| T5437 |
19447-19449 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5438 |
19450-19462 |
JJ |
denotes |
dopaminergic |
| T5439 |
19468-19478 |
NN |
denotes |
activation |
| T5440 |
19463-19467 |
NN |
denotes |
cell |
| T5441 |
19479-19481 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5442 |
19482-19490 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T5443 |
19491-19493 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5444 |
19494-19505 |
JJ |
denotes |
unpredicted |
| T5445 |
19506-19514 |
NNS |
denotes |
outcomes |
| T5446 |
19515-19518 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T5447 |
19519-19523 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T5448 |
19533-19535 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5449 |
19536-19538 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T5450 |
19539-19541 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T5451 |
19550-19556 |
NN |
denotes |
signal |
| T5452 |
19542-19543 |
`` |
denotes |
" |
| T5453 |
19543-19548 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T5454 |
19548-19549 |
'' |
denotes |
" |
| T5455 |
19557-19558 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5456 |
19558-19560 |
CD |
denotes |
14 |
| T5457 |
19560-19561 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5458 |
19561-19562 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5459 |
19562-19637 |
sentence |
denotes |
To date, the molecular basis of this error signal has not been identified. |
| T5460 |
19563-19565 |
IN |
denotes |
To |
| T5461 |
19626-19636 |
VBN |
denotes |
identified |
| T5462 |
19566-19570 |
NN |
denotes |
date |
| T5463 |
19570-19572 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5464 |
19572-19575 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5465 |
19586-19591 |
NN |
denotes |
basis |
| T5466 |
19576-19585 |
JJ |
denotes |
molecular |
| T5467 |
19592-19594 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5468 |
19595-19599 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T5469 |
19606-19612 |
NN |
denotes |
signal |
| T5470 |
19600-19605 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T5471 |
19613-19616 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T5472 |
19617-19620 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T5473 |
19621-19625 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T5474 |
19636-19637 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5475 |
19637-19824 |
sentence |
denotes |
The inability of the D2R-/- mice to desist responding to a previously reinforced stimulus suggests that the dopamine D2R might in fact be the focal point of this error-signaling cascade. |
| T5476 |
19638-19641 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T5477 |
19642-19651 |
NN |
denotes |
inability |
| T5478 |
19728-19736 |
VBZ |
denotes |
suggests |
| T5479 |
19652-19654 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5480 |
19655-19658 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5481 |
19666-19670 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5482 |
19659-19662 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5483 |
19662-19663 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5484 |
19663-19664 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5485 |
19664-19665 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5486 |
19671-19673 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5487 |
19674-19680 |
VB |
denotes |
desist |
| T5488 |
19681-19691 |
VBG |
denotes |
responding |
| T5489 |
19692-19694 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5490 |
19695-19696 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5491 |
19719-19727 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T5492 |
19697-19707 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T5493 |
19708-19718 |
VBN |
denotes |
reinforced |
| T5494 |
19737-19741 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5495 |
19773-19775 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T5496 |
19742-19745 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5497 |
19755-19758 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5498 |
19746-19754 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5499 |
19759-19764 |
MD |
denotes |
might |
| T5500 |
19765-19767 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5501 |
19768-19772 |
NN |
denotes |
fact |
| T5502 |
19776-19779 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5503 |
19786-19791 |
NN |
denotes |
point |
| T5504 |
19780-19785 |
JJ |
denotes |
focal |
| T5505 |
19792-19794 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5506 |
19795-19799 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T5507 |
19816-19823 |
NN |
denotes |
cascade |
| T5508 |
19800-19805 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T5509 |
19806-19815 |
VBG |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5510 |
19805-19806 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5511 |
19823-19824 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5512 |
19824-19967 |
sentence |
denotes |
Electrophysiological data further support the hypothesis that signaling mediated by dopamine D2Rs tunes D1R-mediated mesocorticolimbic output. |
| T5513 |
19825-19845 |
JJ |
denotes |
Electrophysiological |
| T5514 |
19846-19850 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T5515 |
19859-19866 |
VBP |
denotes |
support |
| T5516 |
19851-19858 |
RB |
denotes |
further |
| T5517 |
19867-19870 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5518 |
19871-19881 |
NN |
denotes |
hypothesis |
| T5519 |
19882-19886 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5520 |
19923-19928 |
VBZ |
denotes |
tunes |
| T5521 |
19887-19896 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5522 |
19897-19905 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5523 |
19906-19908 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T5524 |
19909-19917 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5525 |
19918-19922 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5526 |
19929-19932 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T5527 |
19933-19941 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5528 |
19932-19933 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5529 |
19960-19966 |
NN |
denotes |
output |
| T5530 |
19942-19959 |
JJ |
denotes |
mesocorticolimbic |
| T5531 |
19966-19967 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5532 |
19967-20166 |
sentence |
denotes |
Calabresi et al. [34] demonstrated that tetanic stimulation of dorsal striatum slices prepared from D2R-/- mice is associated with enhanced EPSP and as a result increased striatal synaptic efficacy. |
| T5533 |
19968-19977 |
NNP |
denotes |
Calabresi |
| T5534 |
19990-20002 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T5535 |
19978-19980 |
FW |
denotes |
et |
| T5536 |
19981-19984 |
FW |
denotes |
al. |
| T5537 |
19985-19986 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5538 |
19986-19988 |
CD |
denotes |
34 |
| T5539 |
19988-19989 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5540 |
20003-20007 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5541 |
20083-20093 |
VBN |
denotes |
associated |
| T5542 |
20008-20015 |
JJ |
denotes |
tetanic |
| T5543 |
20016-20027 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulation |
| T5544 |
20028-20030 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5545 |
20031-20037 |
JJ |
denotes |
dorsal |
| T5546 |
20047-20053 |
NNS |
denotes |
slices |
| T5547 |
20038-20046 |
NN |
denotes |
striatum |
| T5548 |
20054-20062 |
VBN |
denotes |
prepared |
| T5549 |
20063-20067 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T5550 |
20068-20071 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5551 |
20075-20079 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5552 |
20071-20072 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5553 |
20072-20073 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5554 |
20073-20074 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5555 |
20080-20082 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T5556 |
20094-20098 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T5557 |
20099-20107 |
VBN |
denotes |
enhanced |
| T5558 |
20108-20112 |
NN |
denotes |
EPSP |
| T5559 |
20113-20116 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5560 |
20117-20119 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T5561 |
20157-20165 |
NN |
denotes |
efficacy |
| T5562 |
20120-20121 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5563 |
20122-20128 |
NN |
denotes |
result |
| T5564 |
20129-20138 |
VBN |
denotes |
increased |
| T5565 |
20139-20147 |
JJ |
denotes |
striatal |
| T5566 |
20148-20156 |
JJ |
denotes |
synaptic |
| T5567 |
20165-20166 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5568 |
20166-20346 |
sentence |
denotes |
In contrast, stimulation of dorsal striatum slices from wild-type mice resulted in IPSP activity, long-term depression, and decreased neuronal activity of striatal efferents [34]. |
| T5569 |
20167-20169 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T5570 |
20238-20246 |
VBD |
denotes |
resulted |
| T5571 |
20170-20178 |
NN |
denotes |
contrast |
| T5572 |
20178-20180 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5573 |
20180-20191 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulation |
| T5574 |
20192-20194 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5575 |
20195-20201 |
JJ |
denotes |
dorsal |
| T5576 |
20211-20217 |
NNS |
denotes |
slices |
| T5577 |
20202-20210 |
NN |
denotes |
striatum |
| T5578 |
20218-20222 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T5579 |
20223-20227 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T5580 |
20228-20232 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T5581 |
20227-20228 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5582 |
20233-20237 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5583 |
20247-20249 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5584 |
20250-20254 |
NN |
denotes |
IPSP |
| T5585 |
20255-20263 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5586 |
20263-20265 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5587 |
20265-20269 |
JJ |
denotes |
long |
| T5588 |
20270-20274 |
NN |
denotes |
term |
| T5589 |
20269-20270 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5590 |
20275-20285 |
NN |
denotes |
depression |
| T5591 |
20285-20287 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5592 |
20287-20290 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5593 |
20291-20300 |
VBN |
denotes |
decreased |
| T5594 |
20310-20318 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5595 |
20301-20309 |
JJ |
denotes |
neuronal |
| T5596 |
20319-20321 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5597 |
20322-20330 |
JJ |
denotes |
striatal |
| T5598 |
20331-20340 |
NNS |
denotes |
efferents |
| T5599 |
20341-20342 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5600 |
20342-20344 |
CD |
denotes |
34 |
| T5601 |
20344-20345 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5602 |
20345-20346 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5603 |
20346-20520 |
sentence |
denotes |
Carlsson and colleagues [35] have speculated that dopamine D2R stimulation in the striatum serves to "brake" or diminish excitatory corticostriatal signaling and plasticity. |
| T5604 |
20347-20355 |
NNP |
denotes |
Carlsson |
| T5605 |
20381-20391 |
VBN |
denotes |
speculated |
| T5606 |
20356-20359 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5607 |
20360-20370 |
NNS |
denotes |
colleagues |
| T5608 |
20371-20372 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5609 |
20372-20374 |
CD |
denotes |
35 |
| T5610 |
20374-20375 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5611 |
20376-20380 |
VBP |
denotes |
have |
| T5612 |
20392-20396 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5613 |
20438-20444 |
VBZ |
denotes |
serves |
| T5614 |
20397-20405 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5615 |
20406-20409 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5616 |
20410-20421 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulation |
| T5617 |
20422-20424 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5618 |
20425-20428 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5619 |
20429-20437 |
NN |
denotes |
striatum |
| T5620 |
20445-20447 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5621 |
20449-20454 |
VB |
denotes |
brake |
| T5622 |
20448-20449 |
`` |
denotes |
" |
| T5623 |
20454-20455 |
'' |
denotes |
" |
| T5624 |
20456-20458 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T5625 |
20459-20467 |
VB |
denotes |
diminish |
| T5626 |
20468-20478 |
JJ |
denotes |
excitatory |
| T5627 |
20495-20504 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5628 |
20479-20494 |
JJ |
denotes |
corticostriatal |
| T5629 |
20505-20508 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5630 |
20509-20519 |
NN |
denotes |
plasticity |
| T5631 |
20519-20520 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5632 |
20520-20780 |
sentence |
denotes |
Indeed, perseverative behavior is associated with over activity of the dorsal striatum in rodents [36] and over activity of the caudate in patients with ADHD [37] and a strong inverse correlation of D2R binding with compulsive behavior has been reported [22]. |
| T5633 |
20521-20527 |
RB |
denotes |
Indeed |
| T5634 |
20555-20565 |
VBN |
denotes |
associated |
| T5635 |
20527-20529 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5636 |
20529-20542 |
JJ |
denotes |
perseverative |
| T5637 |
20543-20551 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T5638 |
20552-20554 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T5639 |
20566-20570 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T5640 |
20571-20575 |
JJ |
denotes |
over |
| T5641 |
20576-20584 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5642 |
20585-20587 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5643 |
20588-20591 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5644 |
20599-20607 |
NN |
denotes |
striatum |
| T5645 |
20592-20598 |
JJ |
denotes |
dorsal |
| T5646 |
20608-20610 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5647 |
20611-20618 |
NNS |
denotes |
rodents |
| T5648 |
20619-20620 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5649 |
20620-20622 |
CD |
denotes |
36 |
| T5650 |
20622-20623 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5651 |
20624-20627 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5652 |
20628-20632 |
JJ |
denotes |
over |
| T5653 |
20633-20641 |
NN |
denotes |
activity |
| T5654 |
20642-20644 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5655 |
20645-20648 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5656 |
20649-20656 |
NN |
denotes |
caudate |
| T5657 |
20657-20659 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5658 |
20660-20668 |
NNS |
denotes |
patients |
| T5659 |
20669-20673 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T5660 |
20674-20678 |
NN |
denotes |
ADHD |
| T5661 |
20679-20680 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5662 |
20680-20682 |
CD |
denotes |
37 |
| T5663 |
20682-20683 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5664 |
20684-20687 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5665 |
20688-20689 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5666 |
20705-20716 |
NN |
denotes |
correlation |
| T5667 |
20690-20696 |
JJ |
denotes |
strong |
| T5668 |
20697-20704 |
JJ |
denotes |
inverse |
| T5669 |
20766-20774 |
VBN |
denotes |
reported |
| T5670 |
20717-20719 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5671 |
20720-20723 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5672 |
20724-20731 |
NN |
denotes |
binding |
| T5673 |
20732-20736 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T5674 |
20737-20747 |
JJ |
denotes |
compulsive |
| T5675 |
20748-20756 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T5676 |
20757-20760 |
VBZ |
denotes |
has |
| T5677 |
20761-20765 |
VBN |
denotes |
been |
| T5678 |
20775-20776 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5679 |
20776-20778 |
CD |
denotes |
22 |
| T5680 |
20778-20779 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5681 |
20779-20780 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5682 |
20780-20967 |
sentence |
denotes |
Importantly, our data indicate that the poor performances displayed by the D2R-/- mice are manifestations of reversal learning deficits and not gross motivational or sensory impairments. |
| T5683 |
20781-20792 |
RB |
denotes |
Importantly |
| T5684 |
20803-20811 |
VBP |
denotes |
indicate |
| T5685 |
20792-20794 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5686 |
20794-20797 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T5687 |
20798-20802 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T5688 |
20812-20816 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5689 |
20868-20871 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T5690 |
20817-20820 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5691 |
20826-20838 |
NNS |
denotes |
performances |
| T5692 |
20821-20825 |
JJ |
denotes |
poor |
| T5693 |
20839-20848 |
VBN |
denotes |
displayed |
| T5694 |
20849-20851 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T5695 |
20852-20855 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5696 |
20863-20867 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5697 |
20856-20859 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T5698 |
20859-20860 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5699 |
20860-20861 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5700 |
20861-20862 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5701 |
20872-20886 |
NNS |
denotes |
manifestations |
| T5702 |
20887-20889 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5703 |
20890-20898 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5704 |
20899-20907 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5705 |
20908-20916 |
NNS |
denotes |
deficits |
| T5706 |
20917-20920 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5707 |
20921-20924 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T5708 |
20925-20930 |
JJ |
denotes |
gross |
| T5709 |
20955-20966 |
NNS |
denotes |
impairments |
| T5854 |
21160-21164 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T5855 |
21165-21170 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T5856 |
21171-21183 |
VBZ |
denotes |
demonstrates |
| T5857 |
21184-21188 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5858 |
21225-21232 |
VB |
denotes |
mediate |
| T5859 |
21189-21198 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5860 |
21199-21201 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T5861 |
21202-21210 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5862 |
21211-21215 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5863 |
21216-21220 |
VBZ |
denotes |
does |
| T5864 |
21221-21224 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T5865 |
21233-21236 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5866 |
21245-21250 |
NN |
denotes |
value |
| T5867 |
21237-21244 |
JJ |
denotes |
hedonic |
| T5868 |
21251-21253 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5869 |
21254-21265 |
NNS |
denotes |
reinforcers |
| T5870 |
21265-21267 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5871 |
21267-21277 |
VBG |
denotes |
supporting |
| T5872 |
21278-21281 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5873 |
21282-21290 |
VBG |
denotes |
refining |
| T5874 |
21291-21298 |
JJR |
denotes |
earlier |
| T5875 |
21299-21307 |
NNS |
denotes |
findings |
| T5876 |
21308-21309 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5877 |
21311-21312 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T5878 |
21309-21310 |
CD |
denotes |
1 |
| T5879 |
21310-21311 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5880 |
21312-21313 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5881 |
21313-21314 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5882 |
21314-21506 |
sentence |
denotes |
However, mice completely deficient in D2Rs demonstrated disrupted acquisition of discriminative stimulus relationships and an impaired ability to recognize changes in behavioral determinants. |
| T5883 |
21315-21322 |
RB |
denotes |
However |
| T5884 |
21358-21370 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T5885 |
21322-21324 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5886 |
21324-21328 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T5887 |
21329-21339 |
RB |
denotes |
completely |
| T5888 |
21340-21349 |
JJ |
denotes |
deficient |
| T5889 |
21350-21352 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5890 |
21353-21357 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5891 |
21371-21380 |
JJ |
denotes |
disrupted |
| T5892 |
21381-21392 |
NN |
denotes |
acquisition |
| T5893 |
21393-21395 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5894 |
21396-21410 |
JJ |
denotes |
discriminative |
| T5895 |
21411-21419 |
NN |
denotes |
stimulus |
| T5896 |
21420-21433 |
NNS |
denotes |
relationships |
| T5897 |
21434-21437 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5898 |
21438-21440 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T5899 |
21450-21457 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T5900 |
21441-21449 |
JJ |
denotes |
impaired |
| T5901 |
21458-21460 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5902 |
21461-21470 |
VB |
denotes |
recognize |
| T5903 |
21471-21478 |
NNS |
denotes |
changes |
| T5904 |
21479-21481 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5905 |
21482-21492 |
JJ |
denotes |
behavioral |
| T5906 |
21493-21505 |
NNS |
denotes |
determinants |
| T5907 |
21505-21506 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5908 |
21506-21720 |
sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, we suggest that during associative learning or when unexpected reinforcement outcomes are modified (reversal learning) dopamine-driven reinforcement impulses involve signaling mediated by dopamine D2Rs. |
| T5909 |
21507-21516 |
RB |
denotes |
Therefore |
| T5910 |
21521-21528 |
VBP |
denotes |
suggest |
| T5911 |
21516-21518 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5912 |
21518-21520 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T5913 |
21529-21533 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5914 |
21676-21683 |
VBP |
denotes |
involve |
| T5915 |
21534-21540 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5916 |
21541-21552 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T5917 |
21553-21561 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5918 |
21562-21564 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T5919 |
21565-21569 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T5920 |
21608-21616 |
VBN |
denotes |
modified |
| T5921 |
21570-21580 |
JJ |
denotes |
unexpected |
| T5922 |
21595-21603 |
NNS |
denotes |
outcomes |
| T5923 |
21581-21594 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T5924 |
21604-21607 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T5925 |
21617-21618 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T5926 |
21627-21635 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5927 |
21618-21626 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5928 |
21635-21636 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T5929 |
21637-21645 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5930 |
21646-21652 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T5931 |
21645-21646 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5932 |
21667-21675 |
NNS |
denotes |
impulses |
| T5933 |
21653-21666 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T5934 |
21684-21693 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5935 |
21694-21702 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5936 |
21703-21705 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T5937 |
21706-21714 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T5938 |
21715-21719 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5939 |
21719-21720 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5940 |
21720-22001 |
sentence |
denotes |
In the course of associative learning, striatal synapses [38] receive experience-driven gain [7], thus permitting newly established reinforcement-mediated signals to traverse ascending efferents en route to the frontal cortex, completing a functional limbic/motor circuit [39-41]. |
| T5941 |
21721-21723 |
IN |
denotes |
In |
| T5942 |
21783-21790 |
VBP |
denotes |
receive |
| T5943 |
21724-21727 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5944 |
21728-21734 |
NN |
denotes |
course |
| T5945 |
21735-21737 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5946 |
21738-21749 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T5947 |
21750-21758 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5948 |
21758-21760 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5949 |
21760-21768 |
JJ |
denotes |
striatal |
| T5950 |
21769-21777 |
NNS |
denotes |
synapses |
| T5951 |
21778-21779 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5952 |
21779-21781 |
CD |
denotes |
38 |
| T5953 |
21781-21782 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5954 |
21791-21801 |
NN |
denotes |
experience |
| T5955 |
21802-21808 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T5956 |
21801-21802 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5957 |
21809-21813 |
NN |
denotes |
gain |
| T5958 |
21814-21815 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5959 |
21815-21816 |
CD |
denotes |
7 |
| T5960 |
21816-21817 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5961 |
21817-21819 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5962 |
21819-21823 |
RB |
denotes |
thus |
| T5963 |
21824-21834 |
VBG |
denotes |
permitting |
| T5964 |
21835-21840 |
RB |
denotes |
newly |
| T5965 |
21841-21852 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T5966 |
21867-21875 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T5967 |
21853-21866 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T5968 |
21866-21867 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5969 |
21876-21883 |
NNS |
denotes |
signals |
| T5970 |
21884-21886 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T5971 |
21887-21895 |
VB |
denotes |
traverse |
| T5972 |
21896-21905 |
VBG |
denotes |
ascending |
| T5973 |
21906-21915 |
NNS |
denotes |
efferents |
| T5974 |
21916-21918 |
FW |
denotes |
en |
| T5975 |
21925-21927 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T5976 |
21919-21924 |
FW |
denotes |
route |
| T5977 |
21928-21931 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5978 |
21940-21946 |
NN |
denotes |
cortex |
| T5979 |
21932-21939 |
JJ |
denotes |
frontal |
| T5980 |
21946-21948 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5981 |
21948-21958 |
VBG |
denotes |
completing |
| T5982 |
21959-21960 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T5983 |
21985-21992 |
NN |
denotes |
circuit |
| T5984 |
21961-21971 |
JJ |
denotes |
functional |
| T5985 |
21972-21978 |
JJ |
denotes |
limbic |
| T5986 |
21979-21984 |
JJ |
denotes |
motor |
| T5987 |
21978-21979 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T5988 |
21993-21994 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T5989 |
21994-21996 |
CD |
denotes |
39 |
| T5990 |
21996-21997 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T5991 |
21997-21999 |
CD |
denotes |
41 |
| T5992 |
21999-22000 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T5993 |
22000-22001 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5994 |
22001-22351 |
sentence |
denotes |
Possibly, the lack of dopamine D2R-mediated signaling prevents refinement of the corticostriatal reinforcement circuits in the brains of the D2R-/- mice, thus impairing their ability to form S+/S- contingencies and disengage inappropriate dopamine D1R-mediated associative responding when unexpected consequences to goal-directed behaviors happened. |
| T5995 |
22002-22010 |
RB |
denotes |
Possibly |
| T5996 |
22056-22064 |
VBZ |
denotes |
prevents |
| T5997 |
22010-22012 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T5998 |
22012-22015 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5999 |
22016-22020 |
NN |
denotes |
lack |
| T6000 |
22021-22023 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6001 |
22024-22032 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T6002 |
22033-22036 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T6003 |
22037-22045 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T6004 |
22036-22037 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6005 |
22046-22055 |
NN |
denotes |
signaling |
| T6006 |
22065-22075 |
NN |
denotes |
refinement |
| T6007 |
22076-22078 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6008 |
22079-22082 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6009 |
22113-22121 |
NNS |
denotes |
circuits |
| T6010 |
22083-22098 |
JJ |
denotes |
corticostriatal |
| T6011 |
22099-22112 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T6012 |
22122-22124 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6013 |
22125-22128 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6014 |
22129-22135 |
NNS |
denotes |
brains |
| T6015 |
22136-22138 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6016 |
22139-22142 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6017 |
22150-22154 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6018 |
22143-22146 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T6019 |
22146-22147 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6020 |
22147-22148 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6021 |
22148-22149 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6022 |
22154-22156 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6023 |
22156-22160 |
RB |
denotes |
thus |
| T6024 |
22161-22170 |
VBG |
denotes |
impairing |
| T6025 |
22171-22176 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
their |
| T6026 |
22177-22184 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T6027 |
22185-22187 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6028 |
22188-22192 |
VB |
denotes |
form |
| T6029 |
22193-22194 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6030 |
22199-22212 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T6031 |
22194-22195 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6032 |
22195-22196 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6033 |
22196-22197 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6034 |
22197-22198 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6035 |
22213-22216 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6036 |
22217-22226 |
VB |
denotes |
disengage |
| T6037 |
22227-22240 |
JJ |
denotes |
inappropriate |
| T6038 |
22275-22285 |
NN |
denotes |
responding |
| T6039 |
22241-22249 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T6040 |
22250-22253 |
NN |
denotes |
D1R |
| T6041 |
22254-22262 |
VBN |
denotes |
mediated |
| T6042 |
22253-22254 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6043 |
22263-22274 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T6044 |
22286-22290 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T6045 |
22342-22350 |
VBD |
denotes |
happened |
| T6046 |
22291-22301 |
JJ |
denotes |
unexpected |
| T6047 |
22302-22314 |
NNS |
denotes |
consequences |
| T6048 |
22315-22317 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6049 |
22318-22322 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T6050 |
22323-22331 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T6051 |
22322-22323 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6052 |
22332-22341 |
NNS |
denotes |
behaviors |
| T6053 |
22350-22351 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6054 |
22351-22592 |
sentence |
denotes |
Consequently, we are compelled to conclude that the perseverative performance deficits demonstrated by the D2R-/- mice in the tasks used in the present study reveal a previously unreported role for D2Rs in associative and reversal learning. |
| T6055 |
22352-22364 |
RB |
denotes |
Consequently |
| T6056 |
22373-22382 |
VBN |
denotes |
compelled |
| T6057 |
22364-22366 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6058 |
22366-22368 |
PRP |
denotes |
we |
| T6059 |
22369-22372 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T6060 |
22383-22385 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6061 |
22386-22394 |
VB |
denotes |
conclude |
| T6062 |
22395-22399 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T6063 |
22510-22516 |
VBP |
denotes |
reveal |
| T6064 |
22400-22403 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6065 |
22430-22438 |
NNS |
denotes |
deficits |
| T6066 |
22404-22417 |
JJ |
denotes |
perseverative |
| T6067 |
22418-22429 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T6068 |
22439-22451 |
VBN |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T6069 |
22452-22454 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T6070 |
22455-22458 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6071 |
22466-22470 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6072 |
22459-22462 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T6073 |
22462-22463 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6074 |
22463-22464 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6075 |
22464-22465 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6076 |
22471-22473 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6077 |
22474-22477 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6078 |
22478-22483 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T6079 |
22484-22488 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T6080 |
22489-22491 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6081 |
22492-22495 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6082 |
22504-22509 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T6083 |
22496-22503 |
JJ |
denotes |
present |
| T6084 |
22517-22518 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6085 |
22541-22545 |
NN |
denotes |
role |
| T6086 |
22519-22529 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T6087 |
22530-22540 |
JJ |
denotes |
unreported |
| T6088 |
22546-22549 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T6089 |
22550-22554 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T6090 |
22555-22557 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6091 |
22558-22569 |
JJ |
denotes |
associative |
| T6092 |
22583-22591 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T6093 |
22570-22573 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6094 |
22574-22582 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T6095 |
22591-22592 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6113 |
22603-22611 |
NNS |
denotes |
Subjects |
| T6114 |
22611-22890 |
sentence |
denotes |
The sixteen, 8–10 week old, 25–30 g mice (8 per genotype) used in this study were the congenic offspring of breeders that were descendants of the original F2 hybrid (129/Sv × C57BL/6J; Kelly et al., 1997) that was backcrossed to inbred C57Bl/6J stock (Jackson Laboratories, ME). |
| T6115 |
22612-22615 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T6116 |
22648-22652 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6117 |
22616-22623 |
CD |
denotes |
sixteen |
| T6118 |
22623-22625 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6119 |
22625-22626 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T6120 |
22627-22629 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T6121 |
22626-22627 |
HYPH |
denotes |
– |
| T6122 |
22630-22634 |
NN |
denotes |
week |
| T6123 |
22635-22638 |
JJ |
denotes |
old |
| T6124 |
22638-22640 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6125 |
22640-22642 |
CD |
denotes |
25 |
| T6126 |
22643-22645 |
CD |
denotes |
30 |
| T6127 |
22642-22643 |
HYPH |
denotes |
– |
| T6128 |
22646-22647 |
NN |
denotes |
g |
| T6129 |
22689-22693 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6130 |
22653-22654 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6131 |
22654-22655 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T6132 |
22656-22659 |
IN |
denotes |
per |
| T6133 |
22660-22668 |
NN |
denotes |
genotype |
| T6134 |
22668-22669 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6135 |
22670-22674 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T6136 |
22675-22677 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6137 |
22678-22682 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T6138 |
22683-22688 |
NN |
denotes |
study |
| T6139 |
22694-22697 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6140 |
22707-22716 |
NN |
denotes |
offspring |
| T6141 |
22698-22706 |
JJ |
denotes |
congenic |
| T6142 |
22717-22719 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6143 |
22720-22728 |
NNS |
denotes |
breeders |
| T6144 |
22729-22733 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T6145 |
22734-22738 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6146 |
22739-22750 |
NNS |
denotes |
descendants |
| T6147 |
22751-22753 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6148 |
22754-22757 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6149 |
22770-22776 |
NN |
denotes |
hybrid |
| T6150 |
22758-22766 |
JJ |
denotes |
original |
| T6151 |
22767-22769 |
NN |
denotes |
F2 |
| T6152 |
22777-22778 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6153 |
22782-22784 |
NN |
denotes |
Sv |
| T6154 |
22778-22781 |
CD |
denotes |
129 |
| T6155 |
22781-22782 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6156 |
22785-22786 |
SYM |
denotes |
× |
| T6157 |
22793-22795 |
NN |
denotes |
6J |
| T6158 |
22787-22792 |
NN |
denotes |
C57BL |
| T6159 |
22792-22793 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6160 |
22795-22796 |
: |
denotes |
; |
| T6161 |
22797-22802 |
NNP |
denotes |
Kelly |
| T6162 |
22803-22805 |
FW |
denotes |
et |
| T6163 |
22806-22809 |
FW |
denotes |
al. |
| T6164 |
22809-22811 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6165 |
22811-22815 |
CD |
denotes |
1997 |
| T6166 |
22815-22816 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6167 |
22817-22821 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T6168 |
22826-22837 |
VBN |
denotes |
backcrossed |
| T6169 |
22822-22825 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6170 |
22838-22840 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6171 |
22841-22847 |
JJ |
denotes |
inbred |
| T6172 |
22857-22862 |
NN |
denotes |
stock |
| T6173 |
22848-22853 |
NN |
denotes |
C57Bl |
| T6174 |
22854-22856 |
NN |
denotes |
6J |
| T6175 |
22853-22854 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6176 |
22863-22864 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6177 |
22872-22884 |
NNP |
denotes |
Laboratories |
| T6178 |
22864-22871 |
NNP |
denotes |
Jackson |
| T6179 |
22884-22886 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6180 |
22886-22888 |
NNP |
denotes |
ME |
| T6181 |
22888-22889 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6182 |
22889-22890 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6183 |
22890-23026 |
sentence |
denotes |
This breeding strategy was repeated for 20 successive generations with the gender of the donor/mutant alternating with each generation. |
| T6184 |
22891-22895 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T6185 |
22905-22913 |
NN |
denotes |
strategy |
| T6186 |
22896-22904 |
NN |
denotes |
breeding |
| T6187 |
22918-22926 |
VBN |
denotes |
repeated |
| T6188 |
22914-22917 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6189 |
22927-22930 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T6190 |
22931-22933 |
CD |
denotes |
20 |
| T6191 |
22945-22956 |
NNS |
denotes |
generations |
| T6192 |
22934-22944 |
JJ |
denotes |
successive |
| T6193 |
22957-22961 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6194 |
22962-22965 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6195 |
22966-22972 |
NN |
denotes |
gender |
| T6196 |
22973-22975 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6197 |
22976-22979 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6198 |
22986-22992 |
NN |
denotes |
mutant |
| T6199 |
22980-22985 |
NN |
denotes |
donor |
| T6200 |
22985-22986 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6201 |
22993-23004 |
VBG |
denotes |
alternating |
| T6202 |
23005-23009 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6203 |
23010-23014 |
DT |
denotes |
each |
| T6204 |
23015-23025 |
NN |
denotes |
generation |
| T6205 |
23025-23026 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6206 |
23026-23104 |
sentence |
denotes |
All experimental subjects were genotyped by PCR as previously described [23]. |
| T6207 |
23027-23030 |
DT |
denotes |
All |
| T6208 |
23044-23052 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T6209 |
23031-23043 |
JJ |
denotes |
experimental |
| T6210 |
23058-23067 |
VBN |
denotes |
genotyped |
| T6211 |
23053-23057 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6212 |
23068-23070 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T6213 |
23071-23074 |
NN |
denotes |
PCR |
| T6214 |
23075-23077 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T6215 |
23089-23098 |
VBN |
denotes |
described |
| T6216 |
23078-23088 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T6217 |
23099-23100 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T6218 |
23100-23102 |
CD |
denotes |
23 |
| T6219 |
23102-23103 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T6220 |
23103-23104 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6221 |
23104-23156 |
sentence |
denotes |
All testing occured randomly across estrous cycles. |
| T6222 |
23105-23108 |
DT |
denotes |
All |
| T6223 |
23109-23116 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T6224 |
23117-23124 |
VBN |
denotes |
occured |
| T6225 |
23125-23133 |
RB |
denotes |
randomly |
| T6226 |
23134-23140 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T6227 |
23141-23148 |
JJ |
denotes |
estrous |
| T6228 |
23149-23155 |
NNS |
denotes |
cycles |
| T6229 |
23155-23156 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6230 |
23156-23390 |
sentence |
denotes |
The Department of Comparative Medicine at Oregon Health and Science University approved all protocols, and all animals were maintained in accordance to National Institutes of Health's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. |
| T6231 |
23157-23160 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T6232 |
23161-23171 |
NNP |
denotes |
Department |
| T6233 |
23236-23244 |
VBD |
denotes |
approved |
| T6234 |
23172-23174 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6235 |
23175-23186 |
NNP |
denotes |
Comparative |
| T6236 |
23187-23195 |
NNP |
denotes |
Medicine |
| T6237 |
23196-23198 |
IN |
denotes |
at |
| T6238 |
23199-23205 |
NNP |
denotes |
Oregon |
| T6239 |
23225-23235 |
NNP |
denotes |
University |
| T6240 |
23206-23212 |
NNP |
denotes |
Health |
| T6241 |
23213-23216 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6242 |
23217-23224 |
NNP |
denotes |
Science |
| T6243 |
23245-23248 |
DT |
denotes |
all |
| T6244 |
23249-23258 |
NNS |
denotes |
protocols |
| T6245 |
23258-23260 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6246 |
23260-23263 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6247 |
23264-23267 |
DT |
denotes |
all |
| T6248 |
23268-23275 |
NNS |
denotes |
animals |
| T6249 |
23281-23291 |
VBN |
denotes |
maintained |
| T6250 |
23276-23280 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6251 |
23292-23294 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6252 |
23295-23305 |
NN |
denotes |
accordance |
| T6253 |
23306-23308 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6254 |
23309-23317 |
NNP |
denotes |
National |
| T6255 |
23318-23328 |
NNPS |
denotes |
Institutes |
| T6256 |
23341-23346 |
NN |
denotes |
Guide |
| T6257 |
23329-23331 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6258 |
23332-23338 |
NNP |
denotes |
Health |
| T6259 |
23338-23340 |
POS |
denotes |
's |
| T6260 |
23347-23350 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T6261 |
23351-23354 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6262 |
23355-23359 |
NNP |
denotes |
Care |
| T6263 |
23360-23363 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6264 |
23364-23367 |
NNP |
denotes |
Use |
| T6265 |
23368-23370 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6266 |
23371-23381 |
NNP |
denotes |
Laboratory |
| T6267 |
23382-23389 |
NNPS |
denotes |
Animals |
| T6268 |
23389-23390 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6404 |
23392-23404 |
JJ |
denotes |
Experimental |
| T6405 |
23405-23415 |
NNS |
denotes |
procedures |
| T6406 |
23415-23457 |
sentence |
denotes |
Odor discrimination training and testing |
| T6407 |
23417-23421 |
NN |
denotes |
Odor |
| T6408 |
23437-23445 |
NN |
denotes |
training |
| T6409 |
23422-23436 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T6410 |
23446-23449 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6411 |
23450-23457 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T6412 |
23457-23578 |
sentence |
denotes |
A 2-odor discrimination paradigm was chosen because it permits a measure of attentional focus in goal-directed behavior. |
| T6413 |
23458-23459 |
DT |
denotes |
A |
| T6414 |
23482-23490 |
NN |
denotes |
paradigm |
| T6415 |
23460-23461 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T6416 |
23462-23466 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T6417 |
23461-23462 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6418 |
23467-23481 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T6419 |
23495-23501 |
VBN |
denotes |
chosen |
| T6420 |
23491-23494 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6421 |
23502-23509 |
IN |
denotes |
because |
| T6422 |
23513-23520 |
VBZ |
denotes |
permits |
| T6423 |
23510-23512 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T6424 |
23521-23522 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6425 |
23523-23530 |
NN |
denotes |
measure |
| T6426 |
23531-23533 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6427 |
23534-23545 |
JJ |
denotes |
attentional |
| T6428 |
23546-23551 |
NN |
denotes |
focus |
| T6429 |
23552-23554 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6430 |
23555-23559 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T6431 |
23560-23568 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T6432 |
23559-23560 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6433 |
23569-23577 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T6434 |
23577-23578 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6435 |
23578-23688 |
sentence |
denotes |
Odor discrimination was chosen as the particular task because it is a highly robust behavior in rodents [18]. |
| T6436 |
23579-23583 |
NN |
denotes |
Odor |
| T6437 |
23584-23598 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T6438 |
23603-23609 |
VBN |
denotes |
chosen |
| T6439 |
23599-23602 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6440 |
23610-23612 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T6441 |
23613-23616 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6442 |
23628-23632 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T6443 |
23617-23627 |
JJ |
denotes |
particular |
| T6444 |
23633-23640 |
IN |
denotes |
because |
| T6445 |
23644-23646 |
VBZ |
denotes |
is |
| T6446 |
23641-23643 |
PRP |
denotes |
it |
| T6447 |
23647-23648 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6448 |
23663-23671 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T6449 |
23649-23655 |
RB |
denotes |
highly |
| T6450 |
23656-23662 |
JJ |
denotes |
robust |
| T6451 |
23672-23674 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6453 |
23683-23684 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T6454 |
23684-23686 |
CD |
denotes |
18 |
| T6455 |
23686-23687 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T6456 |
23687-23688 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6457 |
23688-23775 |
sentence |
denotes |
To minimize experimental error, the experimenter was blind to genotype during testing. |
| T6458 |
23689-23691 |
TO |
denotes |
To |
| T6459 |
23692-23700 |
VB |
denotes |
minimize |
| T6460 |
23738-23741 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6461 |
23701-23713 |
JJ |
denotes |
experimental |
| T6462 |
23714-23719 |
NN |
denotes |
error |
| T6463 |
23719-23721 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6464 |
23721-23724 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6465 |
23725-23737 |
NN |
denotes |
experimenter |
| T6466 |
23742-23747 |
JJ |
denotes |
blind |
| T6467 |
23748-23750 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6468 |
23751-23759 |
NN |
denotes |
genotype |
| T6469 |
23760-23766 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T6470 |
23767-23774 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T6471 |
23774-23775 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6472 |
23775-23846 |
sentence |
denotes |
Mice were mildly food deprived to approximately 85% ad libitum weight. |
| T6473 |
23776-23780 |
NNS |
denotes |
Mice |
| T6474 |
23781-23785 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6475 |
23786-23792 |
RB |
denotes |
mildly |
| T6476 |
23798-23806 |
VBN |
denotes |
deprived |
| T6477 |
23793-23797 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6478 |
23807-23809 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6479 |
23810-23823 |
RB |
denotes |
approximately |
| T6480 |
23824-23826 |
CD |
denotes |
85 |
| T6481 |
23826-23827 |
NN |
denotes |
% |
| T6482 |
23839-23845 |
NN |
denotes |
weight |
| T6483 |
23828-23830 |
FW |
denotes |
ad |
| T6484 |
23831-23838 |
FW |
denotes |
libitum |
| T6485 |
23845-23846 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6486 |
23846-24131 |
sentence |
denotes |
Dopamine D2R-/- and D2R+/+ mice (n = 8 per group) were initially trained to ambulate the length of a polyvinyl mouse cage (30-cm) to retrieve ~30-mg of Pico® fat supplemented rodent food located in a small plastic cup (3-cm) attached to the floor of the testing apparatus with Velcro. |
| T6487 |
23847-23855 |
NN |
denotes |
Dopamine |
| T6488 |
23856-23859 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T6489 |
23874-23878 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6490 |
23859-23860 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6491 |
23860-23861 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6492 |
23861-23862 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6493 |
23863-23866 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6494 |
23867-23870 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T6495 |
23870-23871 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6496 |
23871-23872 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6497 |
23872-23873 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6498 |
23912-23919 |
VBN |
denotes |
trained |
| T6499 |
23879-23880 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6500 |
23884-23885 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T6501 |
23880-23881 |
NN |
denotes |
n |
| T6502 |
23882-23883 |
SYM |
denotes |
= |
| T6503 |
23886-23889 |
IN |
denotes |
per |
| T6504 |
23890-23895 |
NN |
denotes |
group |
| T6505 |
23895-23896 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6506 |
23897-23901 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6507 |
23902-23911 |
RB |
denotes |
initially |
| T6508 |
23920-23922 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6509 |
23923-23931 |
VB |
denotes |
ambulate |
| T6510 |
23932-23935 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6511 |
23936-23942 |
NN |
denotes |
length |
| T6512 |
23943-23945 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6513 |
23946-23947 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6514 |
23964-23968 |
NN |
denotes |
cage |
| T6515 |
23948-23957 |
NN |
denotes |
polyvinyl |
| T6516 |
23958-23963 |
NN |
denotes |
mouse |
| T6517 |
23969-23970 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6518 |
23973-23975 |
NNS |
denotes |
cm |
| T6519 |
23970-23972 |
CD |
denotes |
30 |
| T6520 |
23972-23973 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6521 |
23975-23976 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6522 |
23977-23979 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6523 |
23980-23988 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T6524 |
23989-23990 |
SYM |
denotes |
~ |
| T6525 |
23990-23992 |
CD |
denotes |
30 |
| T6526 |
23993-23995 |
NNS |
denotes |
mg |
| T6527 |
23992-23993 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6528 |
23996-23998 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6529 |
23999-24004 |
NNP |
denotes |
Pico® |
| T6530 |
24005-24008 |
NN |
denotes |
fat |
| T6531 |
24009-24021 |
VBN |
denotes |
supplemented |
| T6532 |
24029-24033 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6533 |
24022-24028 |
NN |
denotes |
rodent |
| T6534 |
24034-24041 |
VBN |
denotes |
located |
| T6535 |
24042-24044 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6536 |
24045-24046 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6537 |
24061-24064 |
NN |
denotes |
cup |
| T6538 |
24047-24052 |
JJ |
denotes |
small |
| T6539 |
24053-24060 |
NN |
denotes |
plastic |
| T6540 |
24065-24066 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6541 |
24068-24070 |
NNS |
denotes |
cm |
| T6542 |
24066-24067 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T6543 |
24067-24068 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6544 |
24070-24071 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6545 |
24072-24080 |
VBN |
denotes |
attached |
| T6546 |
24081-24083 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6547 |
24084-24087 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6548 |
24088-24093 |
NN |
denotes |
floor |
| T6549 |
24094-24096 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6550 |
24097-24100 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6551 |
24109-24118 |
NN |
denotes |
apparatus |
| T6552 |
24101-24108 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T6553 |
24119-24123 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6554 |
24124-24130 |
NNP |
denotes |
Velcro |
| T6555 |
24130-24131 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6556 |
24131-24288 |
sentence |
denotes |
Each subject received five trials, and the latency to locate and start to consume the food pellet was recorded manually with a standard hand-held stopwatch. |
| T6557 |
24132-24136 |
DT |
denotes |
Each |
| T6558 |
24137-24144 |
NN |
denotes |
subject |
| T6559 |
24145-24153 |
VBD |
denotes |
received |
| T6560 |
24154-24158 |
CD |
denotes |
five |
| T6561 |
24159-24165 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T6562 |
24165-24167 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6563 |
24167-24170 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6564 |
24171-24174 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6565 |
24175-24182 |
NN |
denotes |
latency |
| T6566 |
24234-24242 |
VBN |
denotes |
recorded |
| T6567 |
24183-24185 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6568 |
24186-24192 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T6569 |
24193-24196 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6570 |
24197-24202 |
VB |
denotes |
start |
| T6571 |
24203-24205 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6572 |
24206-24213 |
VB |
denotes |
consume |
| T6573 |
24214-24217 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6574 |
24223-24229 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6575 |
24218-24222 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6576 |
24230-24233 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6577 |
24243-24251 |
RB |
denotes |
manually |
| T6578 |
24252-24256 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6579 |
24257-24258 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6580 |
24278-24287 |
NN |
denotes |
stopwatch |
| T6581 |
24259-24267 |
JJ |
denotes |
standard |
| T6582 |
24268-24272 |
JJ |
denotes |
hand |
| T6583 |
24273-24277 |
JJ |
denotes |
held |
| T6584 |
24272-24273 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6585 |
24287-24288 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6586 |
24288-24466 |
sentence |
denotes |
Twenty-four hours later subjects were trained to ambulate towards and dig through the same 3-cm dish filled with sterile sand to locate a food pellet buried underneath the sand. |
| T6587 |
24289-24295 |
CD |
denotes |
Twenty |
| T6588 |
24296-24300 |
CD |
denotes |
four |
| T6589 |
24295-24296 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6590 |
24301-24306 |
NNS |
denotes |
hours |
| T6591 |
24307-24312 |
RB |
denotes |
later |
| T6592 |
24327-24334 |
VBN |
denotes |
trained |
| T6593 |
24313-24321 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T6594 |
24322-24326 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6595 |
24335-24337 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6596 |
24338-24346 |
VB |
denotes |
ambulate |
| T6597 |
24347-24354 |
IN |
denotes |
towards |
| T6598 |
24355-24358 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6599 |
24359-24362 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T6600 |
24363-24370 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T6601 |
24371-24374 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6602 |
24385-24389 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6603 |
24375-24379 |
JJ |
denotes |
same |
| T6604 |
24380-24381 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T6605 |
24382-24384 |
NN |
denotes |
cm |
| T6606 |
24381-24382 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6607 |
24390-24396 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T6608 |
24397-24401 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6609 |
24402-24409 |
JJ |
denotes |
sterile |
| T6610 |
24410-24414 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6611 |
24415-24417 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6612 |
24418-24424 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T6613 |
24425-24426 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6614 |
24432-24438 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6615 |
24427-24431 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6616 |
24439-24445 |
VBN |
denotes |
buried |
| T6617 |
24446-24456 |
IN |
denotes |
underneath |
| T6618 |
24457-24460 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6619 |
24461-24465 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6620 |
24465-24466 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6621 |
24466-24495 |
sentence |
denotes |
Subjects received 10 trials. |
| T6622 |
24467-24475 |
NNS |
denotes |
Subjects |
| T6623 |
24476-24484 |
VBD |
denotes |
received |
| T6624 |
24485-24487 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T6625 |
24488-24494 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T6626 |
24494-24495 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6627 |
24495-24629 |
sentence |
denotes |
If a mouse failed to locate a food pellet within 10-min of the first trial, an additional food pellet was dropped on top of the dish. |
| T6628 |
24496-24498 |
IN |
denotes |
If |
| T6629 |
24507-24513 |
VBD |
denotes |
failed |
| T6630 |
24499-24500 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6631 |
24501-24506 |
NN |
denotes |
mouse |
| T6632 |
24602-24609 |
VBN |
denotes |
dropped |
| T6633 |
24514-24516 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6634 |
24517-24523 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T6635 |
24524-24525 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6636 |
24531-24537 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6637 |
24526-24530 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6638 |
24538-24544 |
IN |
denotes |
within |
| T6639 |
24545-24547 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T6640 |
24548-24551 |
NN |
denotes |
min |
| T6641 |
24547-24548 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6642 |
24552-24554 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6643 |
24555-24558 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6644 |
24565-24570 |
NN |
denotes |
trial |
| T6645 |
24559-24564 |
JJ |
denotes |
first |
| T6646 |
24570-24572 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6647 |
24572-24574 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T6648 |
24591-24597 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6649 |
24575-24585 |
JJ |
denotes |
additional |
| T6650 |
24586-24590 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6651 |
24598-24601 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6652 |
24610-24612 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T6653 |
24613-24616 |
NN |
denotes |
top |
| T6654 |
24617-24619 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6655 |
24620-24623 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6656 |
24624-24628 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6657 |
24628-24629 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6658 |
24629-24756 |
sentence |
denotes |
This manipulation usually ensured that a subject would dig through the sand to locate the original pellet and learn this task. |
| T6659 |
24630-24634 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T6660 |
24635-24647 |
NN |
denotes |
manipulation |
| T6661 |
24656-24663 |
VBD |
denotes |
ensured |
| T6662 |
24648-24655 |
RB |
denotes |
usually |
| T6663 |
24664-24668 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T6664 |
24685-24688 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T6665 |
24669-24670 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6666 |
24671-24678 |
NN |
denotes |
subject |
| T6667 |
24679-24684 |
MD |
denotes |
would |
| T6668 |
24689-24696 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T6669 |
24697-24700 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6670 |
24701-24705 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6671 |
24706-24708 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6672 |
24709-24715 |
VB |
denotes |
locate |
| T6673 |
24716-24719 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6674 |
24729-24735 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6675 |
24720-24728 |
JJ |
denotes |
original |
| T6676 |
24736-24739 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6677 |
24740-24745 |
VB |
denotes |
learn |
| T6678 |
24746-24750 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T6679 |
24751-24755 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T6680 |
24755-24756 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6681 |
24756-24885 |
sentence |
denotes |
The next day, mice were presented to the testing apparatus that now contained 2 dishes, each filled with different scented sand. |
| T6682 |
24757-24760 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T6683 |
24766-24769 |
NN |
denotes |
day |
| T6684 |
24761-24765 |
JJ |
denotes |
next |
| T6685 |
24781-24790 |
VBN |
denotes |
presented |
| T6686 |
24769-24771 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6687 |
24771-24775 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6688 |
24776-24780 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6689 |
24791-24793 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6690 |
24794-24797 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6691 |
24806-24815 |
NN |
denotes |
apparatus |
| T6692 |
24798-24805 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T6693 |
24816-24820 |
WDT |
denotes |
that |
| T6694 |
24825-24834 |
VBD |
denotes |
contained |
| T6695 |
24821-24824 |
RB |
denotes |
now |
| T6696 |
24835-24836 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T6697 |
24837-24843 |
NNS |
denotes |
dishes |
| T6698 |
24843-24845 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6699 |
24845-24849 |
DT |
denotes |
each |
| T6700 |
24850-24856 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T6701 |
24857-24861 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6702 |
24862-24871 |
JJ |
denotes |
different |
| T6703 |
24872-24879 |
JJ |
denotes |
scented |
| T6704 |
24880-24884 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6705 |
24884-24885 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6706 |
24885-25063 |
sentence |
denotes |
One odor signaled that a food reinforcer was buried in that particular dish (S+) while the other odor signaled that no reinforcer was contained within that particular dish (S-). |
| T6707 |
24886-24889 |
CD |
denotes |
One |
| T6708 |
24890-24894 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T6709 |
24895-24903 |
VBD |
denotes |
signaled |
| T6710 |
24904-24908 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T6711 |
24931-24937 |
VBN |
denotes |
buried |
| T6712 |
24909-24910 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6713 |
24916-24926 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T6714 |
24911-24915 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6715 |
24927-24930 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6716 |
24938-24940 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6717 |
24941-24945 |
DT |
denotes |
that |
| T6718 |
24957-24961 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6719 |
24946-24956 |
JJ |
denotes |
particular |
| T6720 |
24962-24963 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6721 |
24963-24964 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6722 |
24964-24965 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6723 |
24965-24966 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6724 |
24967-24972 |
IN |
denotes |
while |
| T6725 |
24988-24996 |
VBD |
denotes |
signaled |
| T6726 |
24973-24976 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6727 |
24983-24987 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T6728 |
24977-24982 |
JJ |
denotes |
other |
| T6729 |
24997-25001 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T6730 |
25020-25029 |
VBN |
denotes |
contained |
| T6731 |
25002-25004 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T6732 |
25005-25015 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T6733 |
25016-25019 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6734 |
25030-25036 |
IN |
denotes |
within |
| T6735 |
25037-25041 |
DT |
denotes |
that |
| T6736 |
25053-25057 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6737 |
25042-25052 |
JJ |
denotes |
particular |
| T6738 |
25058-25059 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6739 |
25059-25060 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6740 |
25060-25061 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6741 |
25061-25062 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6742 |
25062-25063 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6743 |
25063-25227 |
sentence |
denotes |
The sand was scented by adding 0.80 grams of either cinnamon or dill weed to 98.8 grams of autoclaved playground sand purchased from a local farm and garden store. |
| T6744 |
25064-25067 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T6745 |
25068-25072 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6746 |
25077-25084 |
VBN |
denotes |
scented |
| T6747 |
25073-25076 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6748 |
25085-25087 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T6749 |
25088-25094 |
VBG |
denotes |
adding |
| T6750 |
25095-25099 |
CD |
denotes |
0.80 |
| T6751 |
25100-25105 |
NNS |
denotes |
grams |
| T6752 |
25106-25108 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6753 |
25109-25115 |
CC |
denotes |
either |
| T6754 |
25116-25124 |
NN |
denotes |
cinnamon |
| T6755 |
25125-25127 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T6756 |
25128-25132 |
NN |
denotes |
dill |
| T6757 |
25133-25137 |
NN |
denotes |
weed |
| T6758 |
25138-25140 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6759 |
25141-25145 |
CD |
denotes |
98.8 |
| T6760 |
25146-25151 |
NNS |
denotes |
grams |
| T6761 |
25152-25154 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6762 |
25155-25165 |
JJ |
denotes |
autoclaved |
| T6763 |
25177-25181 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6764 |
25166-25176 |
NN |
denotes |
playground |
| T6765 |
25182-25191 |
VBN |
denotes |
purchased |
| T6766 |
25192-25196 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T6767 |
25197-25198 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6768 |
25221-25226 |
NN |
denotes |
store |
| T6769 |
25199-25204 |
JJ |
denotes |
local |
| T6770 |
25205-25209 |
NN |
denotes |
farm |
| T6771 |
25210-25213 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6772 |
25214-25220 |
NN |
denotes |
garden |
| T6773 |
25226-25227 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6774 |
25227-25374 |
sentence |
denotes |
Finally, 0.40 grams of finely ground food was mixed with the scented sand in order to mask any odor emitted by the food reinforcer in the S+ dish. |
| T6775 |
25228-25235 |
RB |
denotes |
Finally |
| T6776 |
25274-25279 |
VBN |
denotes |
mixed |
| T6777 |
25235-25237 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6778 |
25237-25241 |
CD |
denotes |
0.40 |
| T6779 |
25242-25247 |
NNS |
denotes |
grams |
| T6780 |
25248-25250 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6781 |
25251-25257 |
RB |
denotes |
finely |
| T6782 |
25258-25264 |
VBN |
denotes |
ground |
| T6783 |
25265-25269 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6784 |
25270-25273 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6785 |
25280-25284 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6786 |
25285-25288 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6787 |
25297-25301 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6788 |
25289-25296 |
VBN |
denotes |
scented |
| T6789 |
25302-25304 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6790 |
25305-25310 |
NN |
denotes |
order |
| T6791 |
25311-25313 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6792 |
25314-25318 |
VB |
denotes |
mask |
| T6793 |
25319-25322 |
DT |
denotes |
any |
| T6794 |
25323-25327 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T6795 |
25328-25335 |
VBN |
denotes |
emitted |
| T6796 |
25336-25338 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T6797 |
25339-25342 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6798 |
25348-25358 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T6799 |
25343-25347 |
NN |
denotes |
food |
| T6800 |
25359-25361 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6801 |
25362-25365 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6802 |
25369-25373 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6803 |
25366-25367 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6804 |
25367-25368 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6805 |
25373-25374 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6806 |
25374-25441 |
sentence |
denotes |
This final mixture did not appear to be palatable to the subjects. |
| T6807 |
25375-25379 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T6808 |
25386-25393 |
NN |
denotes |
mixture |
| T6809 |
25380-25385 |
JJ |
denotes |
final |
| T6810 |
25402-25408 |
VB |
denotes |
appear |
| T6811 |
25394-25397 |
VBD |
denotes |
did |
| T6812 |
25398-25401 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6813 |
25409-25411 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6814 |
25412-25414 |
VB |
denotes |
be |
| T6815 |
25415-25424 |
JJ |
denotes |
palatable |
| T6816 |
25425-25427 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T6817 |
25428-25431 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6818 |
25432-25440 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T6819 |
25440-25441 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6820 |
25441-25571 |
sentence |
denotes |
A trial terminated when the mouse: dug in the correct dish and consumed the hidden pellet, or began to dig in the incorrect dish. |
| T6821 |
25442-25443 |
DT |
denotes |
A |
| T6822 |
25444-25449 |
NN |
denotes |
trial |
| T6823 |
25450-25460 |
VBN |
denotes |
terminated |
| T6824 |
25461-25465 |
WRB |
denotes |
when |
| T6825 |
25477-25480 |
VBD |
denotes |
dug |
| T6826 |
25466-25469 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6827 |
25470-25475 |
NN |
denotes |
mouse |
| T6828 |
25475-25477 |
: |
denotes |
: |
| T6829 |
25481-25483 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6830 |
25484-25487 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6831 |
25496-25500 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6832 |
25488-25495 |
JJ |
denotes |
correct |
| T6833 |
25501-25504 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6834 |
25505-25513 |
VBD |
denotes |
consumed |
| T6835 |
25514-25517 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6836 |
25525-25531 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T6837 |
25518-25524 |
JJ |
denotes |
hidden |
| T6838 |
25531-25533 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6839 |
25533-25535 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T6840 |
25536-25541 |
VBD |
denotes |
began |
| T6841 |
25542-25544 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6842 |
25545-25548 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T6843 |
25549-25551 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6844 |
25552-25555 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6845 |
25566-25570 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T6846 |
25556-25565 |
JJ |
denotes |
incorrect |
| T6847 |
25570-25571 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6848 |
25571-25667 |
sentence |
denotes |
Digging was considered the actual physical displacement of sand with the forepaws and/or snout. |
| T6849 |
25572-25579 |
VBG |
denotes |
Digging |
| T6850 |
25584-25594 |
VBN |
denotes |
considered |
| T6851 |
25580-25583 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6852 |
25595-25598 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6853 |
25615-25627 |
NN |
denotes |
displacement |
| T6854 |
25599-25605 |
JJ |
denotes |
actual |
| T6855 |
25606-25614 |
JJ |
denotes |
physical |
| T6856 |
25628-25630 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6857 |
25631-25635 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T6858 |
25636-25640 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T6859 |
25641-25644 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6860 |
25645-25653 |
NNS |
denotes |
forepaws |
| T6861 |
25654-25657 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6862 |
25657-25658 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T6863 |
25658-25660 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T6864 |
25661-25666 |
NN |
denotes |
snout |
| T6865 |
25666-25667 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6866 |
25667-25782 |
sentence |
denotes |
Placing forelimbs on either of the dishes and sniffing was not considered digging and was not penalized or scored. |
| T6867 |
25668-25675 |
VBG |
denotes |
Placing |
| T6868 |
25731-25741 |
VBN |
denotes |
considered |
| T6869 |
25676-25685 |
NNS |
denotes |
forelimbs |
| T6870 |
25686-25688 |
IN |
denotes |
on |
| T6871 |
25689-25695 |
DT |
denotes |
either |
| T6872 |
25696-25698 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T6873 |
25699-25702 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6874 |
25703-25709 |
NNS |
denotes |
dishes |
| T6875 |
25710-25713 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6876 |
25714-25722 |
VBG |
denotes |
sniffing |
| T6877 |
25723-25726 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6878 |
25727-25730 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6879 |
25742-25749 |
NN |
denotes |
digging |
| T6880 |
25750-25753 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6881 |
25754-25757 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6882 |
25762-25771 |
VBN |
denotes |
penalized |
| T6883 |
25758-25761 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6884 |
25772-25774 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T6885 |
25775-25781 |
VBN |
denotes |
scored |
| T6886 |
25781-25782 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6887 |
25782-25857 |
sentence |
denotes |
Each completed trial was separated by a 20-sec inter-trial-interval (ITI). |
| T6888 |
25783-25787 |
DT |
denotes |
Each |
| T6889 |
25798-25803 |
NN |
denotes |
trial |
| T6890 |
25788-25797 |
JJ |
denotes |
completed |
| T6891 |
25808-25817 |
VBN |
denotes |
separated |
| T6892 |
25804-25807 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6893 |
25818-25820 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T6894 |
25821-25822 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T6895 |
25826-25829 |
NN |
denotes |
sec |
| T6896 |
25823-25825 |
CD |
denotes |
20 |
| T6897 |
25825-25826 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6898 |
25830-25841 |
NN |
denotes |
inter-trial |
| T6899 |
25842-25850 |
NN |
denotes |
interval |
| T6900 |
25841-25842 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6901 |
25851-25852 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6902 |
25852-25855 |
NN |
denotes |
ITI |
| T6903 |
25855-25856 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6904 |
25856-25857 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6905 |
25857-26084 |
sentence |
denotes |
Preliminary experiments demonstrated that an extended time-out period following an incorrect response was not required to ensure goal-directed behavior in the wild-type or mutant mice for this particular task (data not shown). |
| T6906 |
25858-25869 |
JJ |
denotes |
Preliminary |
| T6907 |
25870-25881 |
NNS |
denotes |
experiments |
| T6908 |
25882-25894 |
VBD |
denotes |
demonstrated |
| T6909 |
25895-25899 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T6910 |
25968-25976 |
VBN |
denotes |
required |
| T6911 |
25900-25902 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T6912 |
25921-25927 |
NN |
denotes |
period |
| T6913 |
25903-25911 |
VBN |
denotes |
extended |
| T6914 |
25912-25916 |
NN |
denotes |
time |
| T6915 |
25916-25917 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6916 |
25917-25920 |
RP |
denotes |
out |
| T6917 |
25928-25937 |
VBG |
denotes |
following |
| T6918 |
25938-25940 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T6919 |
25951-25959 |
NN |
denotes |
response |
| T6920 |
25941-25950 |
JJ |
denotes |
incorrect |
| T6921 |
25960-25963 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6922 |
25964-25967 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6923 |
25977-25979 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6924 |
25980-25986 |
VB |
denotes |
ensure |
| T6925 |
25987-25991 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T6926 |
25992-26000 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T6927 |
25991-25992 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6928 |
26001-26009 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T6929 |
26010-26012 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6930 |
26013-26016 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6931 |
26037-26041 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T6932 |
26017-26021 |
JJ |
denotes |
wild |
| T6933 |
26022-26026 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T6934 |
26021-26022 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6935 |
26027-26029 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T6936 |
26030-26036 |
JJ |
denotes |
mutant |
| T6937 |
26042-26045 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T6938 |
26046-26050 |
DT |
denotes |
this |
| T6939 |
26062-26066 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T6940 |
26051-26061 |
JJ |
denotes |
particular |
| T6941 |
26067-26068 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6942 |
26077-26082 |
VBN |
denotes |
shown |
| T6943 |
26068-26072 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T6944 |
26073-26076 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6945 |
26082-26083 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6946 |
26083-26084 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6947 |
26084-26173 |
sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, the 20-sec ITI was used to separate all trials (successful and unsuccessful). |
| T6948 |
26085-26094 |
RB |
denotes |
Therefore |
| T6949 |
26115-26119 |
VBN |
denotes |
used |
| T6950 |
26094-26096 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6951 |
26096-26099 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T6952 |
26107-26110 |
NN |
denotes |
ITI |
| T6953 |
26100-26102 |
CD |
denotes |
20 |
| T6954 |
26103-26106 |
NN |
denotes |
sec |
| T6955 |
26102-26103 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T6956 |
26111-26114 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T6957 |
26120-26122 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6958 |
26123-26131 |
VB |
denotes |
separate |
| T6959 |
26132-26135 |
DT |
denotes |
all |
| T6960 |
26136-26142 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T6961 |
26143-26144 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6962 |
26144-26154 |
JJ |
denotes |
successful |
| T6963 |
26155-26158 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6964 |
26159-26171 |
JJ |
denotes |
unsuccessful |
| T6965 |
26171-26172 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T6966 |
26172-26173 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T6967 |
26173-26334 |
sentence |
denotes |
The S+ and S- scents were counterbalanced across subjects in order to control for potential scent bias (pilot data suggest there are no biases, data not shown). |
| T6968 |
26174-26177 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T6969 |
26188-26194 |
NNS |
denotes |
scents |
| T6970 |
26178-26179 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6971 |
26179-26180 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T6972 |
26181-26184 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T6973 |
26185-26186 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T6974 |
26186-26187 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T6975 |
26200-26215 |
VBN |
denotes |
counterbalanced |
| T6976 |
26195-26199 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T6977 |
26216-26222 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T6978 |
26223-26231 |
NNS |
denotes |
subjects |
| T6979 |
26232-26234 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T6980 |
26235-26240 |
NN |
denotes |
order |
| T6981 |
26241-26243 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T6982 |
26244-26251 |
VB |
denotes |
control |
| T6983 |
26252-26255 |
IN |
denotes |
for |
| T6984 |
26256-26265 |
JJ |
denotes |
potential |
| T6985 |
26272-26276 |
NN |
denotes |
bias |
| T6986 |
26266-26271 |
JJ |
denotes |
scent |
| T6987 |
26277-26278 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T6988 |
26327-26332 |
VBN |
denotes |
shown |
| T6989 |
26278-26283 |
NN |
denotes |
pilot |
| T6990 |
26284-26288 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T6991 |
26289-26296 |
VBP |
denotes |
suggest |
| T6992 |
26297-26302 |
EX |
denotes |
there |
| T6993 |
26303-26306 |
VBP |
denotes |
are |
| T6994 |
26307-26309 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T6995 |
26310-26316 |
NNS |
denotes |
biases |
| T6996 |
26316-26318 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T6997 |
26318-26322 |
NNS |
denotes |
data |
| T6998 |
26323-26326 |
RB |
denotes |
not |
| T6999 |
26332-26333 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7000 |
26333-26334 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7001 |
26334-26454 |
sentence |
denotes |
Following accurate discrimination, defined as 8 correct retrievals across 10 consecutive trials, reversal trials began. |
| T7002 |
26335-26344 |
VBG |
denotes |
Following |
| T7003 |
26448-26453 |
VBD |
denotes |
began |
| T7004 |
26345-26353 |
JJ |
denotes |
accurate |
| T7005 |
26354-26368 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T7006 |
26368-26370 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T7007 |
26370-26377 |
VBN |
denotes |
defined |
| T7008 |
26378-26380 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T7009 |
26381-26382 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T7010 |
26391-26401 |
NNS |
denotes |
retrievals |
| T7011 |
26383-26390 |
JJ |
denotes |
correct |
| T7012 |
26402-26408 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T7013 |
26409-26411 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T7014 |
26424-26430 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7015 |
26412-26423 |
JJ |
denotes |
consecutive |
| T7016 |
26430-26432 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T7017 |
26432-26440 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7018 |
26441-26447 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7019 |
26453-26454 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7020 |
26454-26485 |
sentence |
denotes |
Reversal learning measurement |
| T7021 |
26456-26464 |
NN |
denotes |
Reversal |
| T7022 |
26465-26473 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T7023 |
26474-26485 |
NN |
denotes |
measurement |
| T7024 |
26485-26720 |
sentence |
denotes |
We next investigated the contribution of dopamine D2Rs to reversal learning behavior by inverting the reinforcement contingencies – now the former S+ signaled no reinforcer and the previous S- now indicated reinforcement availability. |
| T7025 |
26486-26488 |
PRP |
denotes |
We |
| T7026 |
26494-26506 |
VBD |
denotes |
investigated |
| T7027 |
26489-26493 |
RB |
denotes |
next |
| T7028 |
26636-26644 |
VBD |
denotes |
signaled |
| T7029 |
26507-26510 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7030 |
26511-26523 |
NN |
denotes |
contribution |
| T7031 |
26524-26526 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7032 |
26527-26535 |
NN |
denotes |
dopamine |
| T7033 |
26536-26540 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T7034 |
26541-26543 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T7035 |
26544-26552 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7036 |
26553-26561 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T7037 |
26562-26570 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T7038 |
26571-26573 |
IN |
denotes |
by |
| T7039 |
26574-26583 |
VBG |
denotes |
inverting |
| T7040 |
26584-26587 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7041 |
26602-26615 |
NNS |
denotes |
contingencies |
| T7042 |
26588-26601 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T7043 |
26616-26617 |
: |
denotes |
– |
| T7044 |
26618-26621 |
RB |
denotes |
now |
| T7045 |
26622-26625 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7046 |
26633-26634 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T7047 |
26626-26632 |
JJ |
denotes |
former |
| T7048 |
26634-26635 |
SYM |
denotes |
+ |
| T7049 |
26645-26647 |
DT |
denotes |
no |
| T7050 |
26648-26658 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcer |
| T7051 |
26659-26662 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7052 |
26663-26666 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7053 |
26676-26677 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T7054 |
26667-26675 |
JJ |
denotes |
previous |
| T7055 |
26683-26692 |
VBD |
denotes |
indicated |
| T7056 |
26677-26678 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T7057 |
26679-26682 |
RB |
denotes |
now |
| T7058 |
26693-26706 |
NN |
denotes |
reinforcement |
| T7059 |
26707-26719 |
NN |
denotes |
availability |
| T7060 |
26719-26720 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7061 |
26720-26850 |
sentence |
denotes |
This manipulation permits an evaluation of the ability to inhibit responses to previously reinforced discriminative stimuli [18]. |
| T7062 |
26721-26725 |
DT |
denotes |
This |
| T7063 |
26726-26738 |
NN |
denotes |
manipulation |
| T7064 |
26739-26746 |
VBZ |
denotes |
permits |
| T7065 |
26747-26749 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T7066 |
26750-26760 |
NN |
denotes |
evaluation |
| T7067 |
26761-26763 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7068 |
26764-26767 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7069 |
26768-26775 |
NN |
denotes |
ability |
| T7070 |
26776-26778 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7071 |
26779-26786 |
VB |
denotes |
inhibit |
| T7072 |
26787-26796 |
NNS |
denotes |
responses |
| T7073 |
26797-26799 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T7074 |
26800-26810 |
RB |
denotes |
previously |
| T7075 |
26811-26821 |
VBN |
denotes |
reinforced |
| T7076 |
26837-26844 |
NNS |
denotes |
stimuli |
| T7077 |
26822-26836 |
JJ |
denotes |
discriminative |
| T7078 |
26845-26846 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
[ |
| T7079 |
26846-26848 |
CD |
denotes |
18 |
| T7080 |
26848-26849 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
] |
| T7081 |
26849-26850 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7082 |
26850-26977 |
sentence |
denotes |
The number of trials necessary to establish 8 out of 10 accurate responses was our definition of successful reversal learning. |
| T7083 |
26851-26854 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T7084 |
26855-26861 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T7085 |
26926-26929 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T7086 |
26862-26864 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7087 |
26865-26871 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7088 |
26872-26881 |
JJ |
denotes |
necessary |
| T7089 |
26882-26884 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7090 |
26885-26894 |
VB |
denotes |
establish |
| T7091 |
26895-26896 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T7092 |
26916-26925 |
NNS |
denotes |
responses |
| T7093 |
26897-26900 |
IN |
denotes |
out |
| T7094 |
26901-26903 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7095 |
26904-26906 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T7096 |
26907-26915 |
JJ |
denotes |
accurate |
| T7097 |
26930-26933 |
PRP$ |
denotes |
our |
| T7098 |
26934-26944 |
NN |
denotes |
definition |
| T7099 |
26945-26947 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7100 |
26948-26958 |
JJ |
denotes |
successful |
| T7101 |
26968-26976 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T7102 |
26959-26967 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7103 |
26976-26977 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7118 |
26979-26983 |
NN |
denotes |
Data |
| T7119 |
26984-26992 |
NN |
denotes |
analysis |
| T7120 |
26992-27252 |
sentence |
denotes |
The latency to retrieve a pellet from an empty dish, the latency to dig through a dish filled with unscented sand, and the number of errors of commission committed across the reversal sessions were analyzed with 2-way analyses of variance (genotype × trials). |
| T7121 |
26993-26996 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T7122 |
26997-27004 |
NN |
denotes |
latency |
| T7123 |
27191-27199 |
VBN |
denotes |
analyzed |
| T7124 |
27005-27007 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7125 |
27008-27016 |
VB |
denotes |
retrieve |
| T7126 |
27017-27018 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T7127 |
27019-27025 |
NN |
denotes |
pellet |
| T7128 |
27026-27030 |
IN |
denotes |
from |
| T7129 |
27031-27033 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T7130 |
27040-27044 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T7131 |
27034-27039 |
JJ |
denotes |
empty |
| T7132 |
27044-27046 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T7133 |
27046-27049 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7134 |
27050-27057 |
NN |
denotes |
latency |
| T7135 |
27058-27060 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7136 |
27061-27064 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T7137 |
27065-27072 |
IN |
denotes |
through |
| T7138 |
27073-27074 |
DT |
denotes |
a |
| T7139 |
27075-27079 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T7140 |
27080-27086 |
VBN |
denotes |
filled |
| T7141 |
27087-27091 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T7142 |
27092-27101 |
JJ |
denotes |
unscented |
| T7143 |
27102-27106 |
NN |
denotes |
sand |
| T7144 |
27106-27108 |
, |
denotes |
, |
| T7145 |
27108-27111 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7146 |
27112-27115 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7147 |
27116-27122 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T7148 |
27123-27125 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7149 |
27126-27132 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7150 |
27133-27135 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7151 |
27136-27146 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T7152 |
27147-27156 |
VBN |
denotes |
committed |
| T7153 |
27157-27163 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T7154 |
27164-27167 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7155 |
27177-27185 |
NNS |
denotes |
sessions |
| T7156 |
27168-27176 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7157 |
27186-27190 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T7158 |
27200-27204 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T7159 |
27205-27206 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T7160 |
27207-27210 |
NN |
denotes |
way |
| T7161 |
27206-27207 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T7162 |
27211-27219 |
NNS |
denotes |
analyses |
| T7163 |
27220-27222 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7164 |
27223-27231 |
NN |
denotes |
variance |
| T7165 |
27232-27233 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T7166 |
27244-27250 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7167 |
27233-27241 |
NN |
denotes |
genotype |
| T7168 |
27242-27243 |
SYM |
denotes |
× |
| T7169 |
27250-27251 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7170 |
27251-27252 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7171 |
27252-27599 |
sentence |
denotes |
The number of trials necessary to attain criterion performance in odor discrimination (8 correct responses across 10 consecutive trials) and errors committed while learning the discrimination tasks were separated as individual testing phases (e.g. odor discrimination and reversal learning) and analyzed separately with unpaired 2-tailed t-tests. |
| T7172 |
27253-27256 |
DT |
denotes |
The |
| T7173 |
27257-27263 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T7174 |
27456-27465 |
VBN |
denotes |
separated |
| T7175 |
27264-27266 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7176 |
27267-27273 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7177 |
27274-27283 |
JJ |
denotes |
necessary |
| T7178 |
27284-27286 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7179 |
27287-27293 |
VB |
denotes |
attain |
| T7180 |
27294-27303 |
NN |
denotes |
criterion |
| T7181 |
27304-27315 |
NN |
denotes |
performance |
| T7182 |
27316-27318 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T7183 |
27319-27323 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T7184 |
27324-27338 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T7185 |
27339-27340 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T7186 |
27350-27359 |
NNS |
denotes |
responses |
| T7187 |
27340-27341 |
CD |
denotes |
8 |
| T7188 |
27342-27349 |
JJ |
denotes |
correct |
| T7189 |
27360-27366 |
IN |
denotes |
across |
| T7190 |
27367-27369 |
CD |
denotes |
10 |
| T7191 |
27382-27388 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7192 |
27370-27381 |
JJ |
denotes |
consecutive |
| T7193 |
27388-27389 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7194 |
27390-27393 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7195 |
27394-27400 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7196 |
27401-27410 |
VBN |
denotes |
committed |
| T7197 |
27411-27416 |
IN |
denotes |
while |
| T7198 |
27417-27425 |
VBG |
denotes |
learning |
| T7199 |
27426-27429 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7200 |
27445-27450 |
NNS |
denotes |
tasks |
| T7201 |
27430-27444 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T7202 |
27451-27455 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T7203 |
27466-27468 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T7204 |
27469-27479 |
JJ |
denotes |
individual |
| T7205 |
27488-27494 |
NNS |
denotes |
phases |
| T7206 |
27480-27487 |
NN |
denotes |
testing |
| T7207 |
27495-27496 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T7208 |
27506-27520 |
NN |
denotes |
discrimination |
| T7209 |
27496-27500 |
FW |
denotes |
e.g. |
| T7210 |
27501-27505 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T7211 |
27521-27524 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7212 |
27525-27533 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7213 |
27534-27542 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T7214 |
27542-27543 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7215 |
27544-27547 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7216 |
27548-27556 |
VBN |
denotes |
analyzed |
| T7217 |
27557-27567 |
RB |
denotes |
separately |
| T7218 |
27568-27572 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T7219 |
27573-27581 |
JJ |
denotes |
unpaired |
| T7220 |
27593-27598 |
NNS |
denotes |
tests |
| T7221 |
27582-27583 |
CD |
denotes |
2 |
| T7222 |
27584-27590 |
JJ |
denotes |
tailed |
| T7223 |
27583-27584 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T7224 |
27591-27592 |
NN |
denotes |
t |
| T7225 |
27592-27593 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T7226 |
27598-27599 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7227 |
27599-27641 |
sentence |
denotes |
Significance was established at p < 0.05. |
| T7228 |
27600-27612 |
NN |
denotes |
Significance |
| T7229 |
27617-27628 |
VBN |
denotes |
established |
| T7230 |
27613-27616 |
VBD |
denotes |
was |
| T7231 |
27629-27631 |
IN |
denotes |
at |
| T7232 |
27632-27633 |
NN |
denotes |
p |
| T7233 |
27634-27635 |
SYM |
denotes |
< |
| T7234 |
27636-27640 |
CD |
denotes |
0.05 |
| T7235 |
27640-27641 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7236 |
27641-27861 |
sentence |
denotes |
Errors committed during reversal trials were further categorically separated as errors of commission (failing to withhold responding to S-) and errors of omission (failing to dig in either dish after 3-min had expired). |
| T7237 |
27642-27648 |
NNS |
denotes |
Errors |
| T7238 |
27709-27718 |
VBN |
denotes |
separated |
| T7239 |
27649-27658 |
VBN |
denotes |
committed |
| T7240 |
27659-27665 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T7241 |
27666-27674 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7242 |
27675-27681 |
NNS |
denotes |
trials |
| T7243 |
27682-27686 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T7244 |
27687-27694 |
RB |
denotes |
further |
| T7245 |
27695-27708 |
RB |
denotes |
categorically |
| T7246 |
27719-27721 |
IN |
denotes |
as |
| T7247 |
27722-27728 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7248 |
27729-27731 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7249 |
27732-27742 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T7250 |
27743-27744 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T7251 |
27744-27751 |
VBG |
denotes |
failing |
| T7252 |
27752-27754 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7253 |
27755-27763 |
VB |
denotes |
withhold |
| T7254 |
27764-27774 |
VBG |
denotes |
responding |
| T7255 |
27775-27777 |
IN |
denotes |
to |
| T7256 |
27778-27779 |
NN |
denotes |
S |
| T7257 |
27779-27780 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T7258 |
27780-27781 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7259 |
27782-27785 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7260 |
27786-27792 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7261 |
27793-27795 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7262 |
27796-27804 |
NN |
denotes |
omission |
| T7263 |
27805-27806 |
-LRB- |
denotes |
( |
| T7264 |
27806-27813 |
VBG |
denotes |
failing |
| T7265 |
27814-27816 |
TO |
denotes |
to |
| T7266 |
27817-27820 |
VB |
denotes |
dig |
| T7267 |
27821-27823 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T7268 |
27824-27830 |
DT |
denotes |
either |
| T7269 |
27831-27835 |
NN |
denotes |
dish |
| T7270 |
27836-27841 |
IN |
denotes |
after |
| T7271 |
27852-27859 |
VBN |
denotes |
expired |
| T7272 |
27842-27843 |
CD |
denotes |
3 |
| T7273 |
27844-27847 |
NN |
denotes |
min |
| T7274 |
27843-27844 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T7275 |
27848-27851 |
VBD |
denotes |
had |
| T7276 |
27859-27860 |
-RRB- |
denotes |
) |
| T7277 |
27860-27861 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T7278 |
27861-28035 |
sentence |
denotes |
Categorical errors and number of commission errors committed during the first reversal learning session were analyzed between groups with nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests. |
| T7279 |
27862-27873 |
JJ |
denotes |
Categorical |
| T7280 |
27874-27880 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7281 |
27971-27979 |
VBN |
denotes |
analyzed |
| T7282 |
27881-27884 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T7283 |
27885-27891 |
NN |
denotes |
number |
| T7284 |
27892-27894 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T7285 |
27895-27905 |
NN |
denotes |
commission |
| T7286 |
27906-27912 |
NNS |
denotes |
errors |
| T7287 |
27913-27922 |
VBN |
denotes |
committed |
| T7288 |
27923-27929 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T7289 |
27930-27933 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T7290 |
27958-27965 |
NN |
denotes |
session |
| T7291 |
27934-27939 |
JJ |
denotes |
first |
| T7292 |
27940-27948 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T7293 |
27949-27957 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T7294 |
27966-27970 |
VBD |
denotes |
were |
| T7295 |
27980-27987 |
IN |
denotes |
between |
| T7296 |
27988-27994 |
NNS |
denotes |
groups |
| T7297 |
27995-27999 |
IN |
denotes |
with |
| T7298 |
28000-28013 |
JJ |
denotes |
nonparametric |
| T7299 |
28029-28034 |
NNS |
denotes |
tests |
| T7300 |
28014-28018 |
NNP |
denotes |
Mann |
| T7301 |
28019-28026 |
NNP |
denotes |
Whitney |
| T7302 |
28018-28019 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T7303 |
28027-28028 |
NN |
denotes |
U |
| T7304 |
28034-28035 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T2413 |
8943-8947 |
JJ |
denotes |
Wild |
| T2414 |
8948-8952 |
NN |
denotes |
type |
| T2415 |
8947-8948 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2416 |
8953-8957 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2417 |
8958-8968 |
VBP |
denotes |
outperform |
| T2418 |
8969-8972 |
NN |
denotes |
D2R |
| T2419 |
8976-8980 |
NNS |
denotes |
mice |
| T2420 |
8972-8973 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2421 |
8973-8974 |
HYPH |
denotes |
/ |
| T2422 |
8974-8975 |
SYM |
denotes |
- |
| T2423 |
8981-8983 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T2424 |
8984-8986 |
DT |
denotes |
an |
| T2425 |
9033-9037 |
NN |
denotes |
task |
| T2426 |
8987-8991 |
NN |
denotes |
odor |
| T2427 |
8992-8998 |
VBN |
denotes |
driven |
| T2428 |
8991-8992 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T2802 |
9942-9949 |
VBG |
denotes |
digging |
| T229 |
0-8 |
NN |
denotes |
Dopamine |
| T4546 |
14524-14529 |
JJ |
denotes |
motor |
| T5710 |
20931-20943 |
JJ |
denotes |
motivational |
| T5711 |
20944-20946 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T5712 |
20947-20954 |
JJ |
denotes |
sensory |
| T5713 |
20966-20967 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| T5714 |
20967-21146 |
sentence |
denotes |
We therefore argue that D2Rs participate in signaling or alerting the organism of learning contingency changes during reversal learning and sculpt ongoing goal-directed behavior. |
| T5715 |
20968-20970 |
PRP |
denotes |
We |
| T5716 |
20981-20986 |
VBP |
denotes |
argue |
| T5717 |
20971-20980 |
RB |
denotes |
therefore |
| T5718 |
20987-20991 |
IN |
denotes |
that |
| T5719 |
20997-21008 |
VBP |
denotes |
participate |
| T5720 |
20992-20996 |
NNS |
denotes |
D2Rs |
| T5721 |
21009-21011 |
IN |
denotes |
in |
| T5722 |
21012-21021 |
VBG |
denotes |
signaling |
| T5723 |
21022-21024 |
CC |
denotes |
or |
| T5724 |
21025-21033 |
VBG |
denotes |
alerting |
| T5725 |
21034-21037 |
DT |
denotes |
the |
| T5726 |
21038-21046 |
NN |
denotes |
organism |
| T5727 |
21047-21049 |
IN |
denotes |
of |
| T5728 |
21050-21058 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5729 |
21059-21070 |
NN |
denotes |
contingency |
| T5730 |
21071-21078 |
NNS |
denotes |
changes |
| T5731 |
21079-21085 |
IN |
denotes |
during |
| T5732 |
21086-21094 |
NN |
denotes |
reversal |
| T5733 |
21095-21103 |
NN |
denotes |
learning |
| T5734 |
21104-21107 |
CC |
denotes |
and |
| T5735 |
21108-21114 |
VBP |
denotes |
sculpt |
| T5736 |
21115-21122 |
JJ |
denotes |
ongoing |
| T5737 |
21137-21145 |
NN |
denotes |
behavior |
| T5738 |
21123-21127 |
NN |
denotes |
goal |
| T5739 |
21128-21136 |
VBN |
denotes |
directed |
| T5740 |
21127-21128 |
HYPH |
denotes |
- |
| T5741 |
21145-21146 |
. |
denotes |
. |
| R7 |
T230 |
T232 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R8 |
T232 |
T233 |
nsubj |
receptors,mediate |
| R9 |
T234 |
T235 |
nummod |
two,odor |
| R10 |
T235 |
T237 |
compound |
odor,discrimination |
| R11 |
T236 |
T235 |
punct |
-,odor |
| R12 |
T237 |
T233 |
dobj |
discrimination,mediate |
| R13 |
T238 |
T237 |
cc |
and,discrimination |
| R14 |
T239 |
T240 |
amod |
reversal,learning |
| R15 |
T240 |
T237 |
conj |
learning,discrimination |
| R16 |
T241 |
T233 |
prep |
in,mediate |
| R17 |
T242 |
T243 |
nmod |
C57BL,mice |
| R18 |
T243 |
T241 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R19 |
T244 |
T242 |
punct |
/,C57BL |
| R20 |
T245 |
T242 |
nummod |
6,C57BL |
| R21 |
T250 |
T251 |
compound |
Dopamine,modulation |
| R22 |
T251 |
T252 |
nsubj |
modulation,is |
| R23 |
T253 |
T251 |
prep |
of,modulation |
| R24 |
T254 |
T255 |
amod |
neuronal,signaling |
| R25 |
T255 |
T253 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R26 |
T256 |
T251 |
prep |
in,modulation |
| R27 |
T257 |
T258 |
det |
the,cortex |
| R28 |
T258 |
T256 |
pobj |
cortex,in |
| R29 |
T259 |
T258 |
amod |
frontal,cortex |
| R30 |
T260 |
T258 |
punct |
", ",cortex |
| R31 |
T261 |
T258 |
conj |
midbrain,cortex |
| R32 |
T262 |
T261 |
punct |
", ",midbrain |
| R33 |
T263 |
T261 |
cc |
and,midbrain |
| R34 |
T264 |
T261 |
conj |
striatum,midbrain |
| R35 |
T265 |
T252 |
acomp |
essential,is |
| R36 |
T266 |
T252 |
prep |
for,is |
| R37 |
T267 |
T266 |
pcomp |
processing,for |
| R38 |
T268 |
T267 |
cc |
and,processing |
| R39 |
T269 |
T267 |
conj |
integrating,processing |
| R40 |
T270 |
T271 |
amod |
diverse,stimuli |
| R41 |
T271 |
T269 |
dobj |
stimuli,integrating |
| R42 |
T272 |
T271 |
amod |
external,stimuli |
| R43 |
T273 |
T271 |
amod |
sensory,stimuli |
| R44 |
T274 |
T267 |
cc |
and,processing |
| R45 |
T275 |
T267 |
conj |
attaching,processing |
| R46 |
T276 |
T275 |
dobj |
salience,attaching |
| R47 |
T277 |
T275 |
prep |
to,attaching |
| R48 |
T278 |
T279 |
amod |
environmental,cues |
| R49 |
T279 |
T277 |
pobj |
cues,to |
| R50 |
T280 |
T281 |
dep |
that,signal |
| R51 |
T281 |
T279 |
relcl |
signal,cues |
| R52 |
T282 |
T283 |
amod |
causal,relationships |
| R53 |
T283 |
T281 |
dobj |
relationships,signal |
| R54 |
T284 |
T275 |
punct |
", ",attaching |
| R55 |
T285 |
T286 |
advmod |
thereby,guiding |
| R56 |
T286 |
T275 |
advcl |
guiding,attaching |
| R57 |
T287 |
T288 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R58 |
T288 |
T290 |
amod |
directed,behaviors |
| R59 |
T289 |
T288 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R60 |
T290 |
T286 |
dobj |
behaviors,guiding |
| R61 |
T291 |
T290 |
punct |
", ",behaviors |
| R62 |
T292 |
T290 |
amod |
adaptable,behaviors |
| R63 |
T293 |
T252 |
punct |
.,is |
| R64 |
T295 |
T296 |
prep |
At,mediated |
| R65 |
T297 |
T298 |
det |
the,level |
| R66 |
T298 |
T295 |
pobj |
level,At |
| R67 |
T299 |
T298 |
amod |
cellular,level |
| R68 |
T300 |
T296 |
punct |
", ",mediated |
| R69 |
T301 |
T302 |
compound |
dopamine,signaling |
| R70 |
T302 |
T296 |
nsubjpass |
signaling,mediated |
| R71 |
T303 |
T296 |
auxpass |
is,mediated |
| R72 |
T304 |
T296 |
prep |
through,mediated |
| R73 |
T305 |
T306 |
npadvmod |
D1,like |
| R74 |
T306 |
T308 |
amod |
like,receptors |
| R75 |
T307 |
T306 |
punct |
-,like |
| R76 |
T308 |
T304 |
pobj |
receptors,through |
| R77 |
T309 |
T306 |
cc |
or,like |
| R78 |
T310 |
T311 |
npadvmod |
D2,like |
| R79 |
T311 |
T306 |
conj |
like,like |
| R80 |
T312 |
T311 |
punct |
-,like |
| R81 |
T313 |
T296 |
punct |
.,mediated |
| R82 |
T315 |
T316 |
mark |
Although,identified |
| R83 |
T316 |
T334 |
advcl |
identified,established |
| R84 |
T317 |
T318 |
det |
a,role |
| R85 |
T318 |
T316 |
nsubjpass |
role,identified |
| R86 |
T319 |
T318 |
prep |
for,role |
| R87 |
T320 |
T321 |
npadvmod |
D1,like |
| R88 |
T321 |
T323 |
amod |
like,receptors |
| R89 |
T322 |
T321 |
punct |
-,like |
| R90 |
T323 |
T319 |
pobj |
receptors,for |
| R91 |
T324 |
T318 |
prep |
in,role |
| R92 |
T325 |
T326 |
det |
a,variety |
| R93 |
T326 |
T324 |
pobj |
variety,in |
| R94 |
T327 |
T326 |
prep |
of,variety |
| R95 |
T328 |
T329 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R96 |
T329 |
T331 |
amod |
directed,behaviors |
| R97 |
T330 |
T329 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R98 |
T331 |
T327 |
pobj |
behaviors,of |
| R99 |
T332 |
T316 |
aux |
has,identified |
| R100 |
T333 |
T316 |
auxpass |
been,identified |
| R101 |
T335 |
T334 |
punct |
", ",established |
| R102 |
T336 |
T337 |
det |
an,involvement |
| R103 |
T337 |
T334 |
nsubjpass |
involvement,established |
| R104 |
T338 |
T337 |
amod |
explicit,involvement |
| R105 |
T339 |
T337 |
prep |
of,involvement |
| R106 |
T340 |
T341 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R107 |
T341 |
T339 |
pobj |
receptors,of |
| R108 |
T342 |
T334 |
aux |
has,established |
| R109 |
T343 |
T334 |
neg |
not,established |
| R110 |
T344 |
T334 |
auxpass |
been,established |
| R111 |
T345 |
T334 |
advmod |
clearly,established |
| R112 |
T346 |
T334 |
punct |
.,established |
| R113 |
T348 |
T349 |
aux |
To,determine |
| R114 |
T349 |
T350 |
advcl |
determine,compared |
| R115 |
T351 |
T352 |
mark |
whether,contributes |
| R116 |
T352 |
T349 |
ccomp |
contributes,determine |
| R117 |
T353 |
T354 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R118 |
T354 |
T355 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R119 |
T355 |
T356 |
npadvmod |
receptor,mediated |
| R120 |
T356 |
T358 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R121 |
T357 |
T356 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R122 |
T358 |
T352 |
nsubj |
signaling,contributes |
| R123 |
T359 |
T352 |
prep |
to,contributes |
| R124 |
T360 |
T361 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R125 |
T361 |
T359 |
pobj |
learning,to |
| R126 |
T362 |
T360 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R127 |
T363 |
T360 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R128 |
T364 |
T350 |
punct |
", ",compared |
| R129 |
T365 |
T350 |
nsubj |
we,compared |
| R130 |
T366 |
T367 |
compound |
C57Bl,6J |
| R131 |
T367 |
T369 |
compound |
6J,mice |
| R132 |
T368 |
T367 |
punct |
/,6J |
| R133 |
T369 |
T350 |
dobj |
mice,compared |
| R134 |
T370 |
T371 |
dep |
that,lack |
| R135 |
T371 |
T369 |
relcl |
lack,mice |
| R136 |
T372 |
T371 |
advmod |
completely,lack |
| R137 |
T373 |
T374 |
amod |
functional,receptors |
| R138 |
T374 |
T371 |
dobj |
receptors,lack |
| R139 |
T375 |
T376 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R140 |
T376 |
T374 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R141 |
T377 |
T350 |
prep |
to,compared |
| R142 |
T378 |
T379 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R143 |
T379 |
T381 |
compound |
type,mice |
| R144 |
T380 |
T379 |
punct |
-,type |
| R145 |
T381 |
T377 |
pobj |
mice,to |
| R146 |
T382 |
T350 |
prep |
with,compared |
| R147 |
T383 |
T382 |
pobj |
respect,with |
| R148 |
T384 |
T383 |
prep |
to,respect |
| R149 |
T385 |
T386 |
poss |
their,ability |
| R150 |
T386 |
T384 |
pobj |
ability,to |
| R151 |
T387 |
T388 |
aux |
to,attach |
| R152 |
T388 |
T386 |
acl |
attach,ability |
| R153 |
T389 |
T390 |
amod |
appropriate,salience |
| R154 |
T390 |
T388 |
dobj |
salience,attach |
| R155 |
T391 |
T388 |
prep |
to,attach |
| R156 |
T392 |
T393 |
amod |
external,stimuli |
| R157 |
T393 |
T391 |
pobj |
stimuli,to |
| R158 |
T394 |
T395 |
punct |
(,discrimination |
| R159 |
T395 |
T388 |
parataxis |
discrimination,attach |
| R160 |
T396 |
T395 |
compound |
stimulus,discrimination |
| R161 |
T397 |
T395 |
punct |
),discrimination |
| R162 |
T398 |
T388 |
cc |
and,attach |
| R163 |
T399 |
T388 |
conj |
disengage,attach |
| R164 |
T400 |
T399 |
prep |
from,disengage |
| R165 |
T401 |
T402 |
amod |
inappropriate,strategies |
| R166 |
T402 |
T400 |
pobj |
strategies,from |
| R167 |
T403 |
T402 |
amod |
behavioral,strategies |
| R168 |
T404 |
T405 |
advmod |
when,change |
| R169 |
T405 |
T399 |
advcl |
change,disengage |
| R170 |
T406 |
T407 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R171 |
T407 |
T405 |
nsubj |
contingencies,change |
| R172 |
T408 |
T409 |
punct |
(,learning |
| R173 |
T409 |
T399 |
parataxis |
learning,disengage |
| R174 |
T410 |
T409 |
advmod |
e.g.,learning |
| R175 |
T411 |
T409 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R176 |
T412 |
T409 |
punct |
),learning |
| R177 |
T413 |
T350 |
punct |
.,compared |
| R178 |
T417 |
T418 |
advmod |
Mildly,deprived |
| R179 |
T418 |
T421 |
amod |
deprived,mice |
| R180 |
T419 |
T418 |
npadvmod |
food,deprived |
| R181 |
T420 |
T418 |
punct |
-,deprived |
| R182 |
T421 |
T431 |
nsubj |
mice,learned |
| R183 |
T422 |
T421 |
amod |
female,mice |
| R184 |
T423 |
T424 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R185 |
T424 |
T421 |
nmod |
type,mice |
| R186 |
T425 |
T424 |
punct |
-,type |
| R187 |
T426 |
T424 |
cc |
and,type |
| R188 |
T427 |
T428 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R189 |
T428 |
T430 |
npadvmod |
receptor,deficient |
| R190 |
T429 |
T428 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R191 |
T430 |
T424 |
conj |
deficient,type |
| R192 |
T432 |
T431 |
advmod |
rapidly,learned |
| R193 |
T433 |
T434 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R194 |
T434 |
T431 |
xcomp |
retrieve,learned |
| R195 |
T435 |
T434 |
cc |
and,retrieve |
| R196 |
T436 |
T434 |
conj |
consume,retrieve |
| R197 |
T437 |
T438 |
amod |
visible,reinforcers |
| R198 |
T438 |
T436 |
dobj |
reinforcers,consume |
| R199 |
T439 |
T438 |
compound |
food,reinforcers |
| R200 |
T440 |
T436 |
prep |
from,consume |
| R201 |
T441 |
T442 |
det |
a,dish |
| R202 |
T442 |
T440 |
pobj |
dish,from |
| R203 |
T443 |
T442 |
amod |
small,dish |
| R204 |
T444 |
T442 |
amod |
plastic,dish |
| R205 |
T445 |
T431 |
punct |
.,learned |
| R206 |
T447 |
T448 |
advmod |
Furthermore,learned |
| R207 |
T449 |
T448 |
punct |
", ",learned |
| R208 |
T450 |
T451 |
det |
both,genotypes |
| R209 |
T451 |
T448 |
nsubj |
genotypes,learned |
| R210 |
T452 |
T448 |
advmod |
readily,learned |
| R211 |
T453 |
T454 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R212 |
T454 |
T448 |
xcomp |
dig,learned |
| R213 |
T455 |
T454 |
prep |
through,dig |
| R214 |
T456 |
T457 |
det |
the,dish |
| R215 |
T457 |
T455 |
pobj |
dish,through |
| R216 |
T458 |
T457 |
amod |
same,dish |
| R217 |
T459 |
T457 |
acl |
filled,dish |
| R218 |
T460 |
T459 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R219 |
T461 |
T462 |
amod |
sterile,sand |
| R220 |
T462 |
T460 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R221 |
T463 |
T454 |
prep |
in,dig |
| R222 |
T464 |
T463 |
pobj |
order,in |
| R223 |
T465 |
T466 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R224 |
T466 |
T464 |
acl |
locate,order |
| R225 |
T467 |
T468 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R226 |
T468 |
T466 |
dobj |
pellet,locate |
| R227 |
T469 |
T468 |
amod |
buried,pellet |
| R228 |
T470 |
T468 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R229 |
T471 |
T448 |
punct |
.,learned |
| R230 |
T473 |
T474 |
advmod |
However,required |
| R231 |
T475 |
T474 |
punct |
", ",required |
| R232 |
T476 |
T477 |
det |
the,mice |
| R233 |
T477 |
T474 |
nsubj |
mice,required |
| R234 |
T478 |
T479 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R235 |
T479 |
T480 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R236 |
T480 |
T481 |
npadvmod |
receptor,deficient |
| R237 |
T481 |
T477 |
amod |
deficient,mice |
| R238 |
T482 |
T483 |
advmod |
significantly,more |
| R239 |
T483 |
T484 |
amod |
more,trials |
| R240 |
T484 |
T474 |
dobj |
trials,required |
| R241 |
T485 |
T484 |
prep |
than,trials |
| R242 |
T486 |
T487 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R243 |
T487 |
T489 |
compound |
type,mice |
| R244 |
T488 |
T487 |
punct |
-,type |
| R245 |
T489 |
T485 |
pobj |
mice,than |
| R246 |
T490 |
T491 |
aux |
to,discriminate |
| R247 |
T491 |
T474 |
advcl |
discriminate,required |
| R248 |
T492 |
T491 |
prep |
between,discriminate |
| R249 |
T493 |
T494 |
nummod |
two,dishes |
| R250 |
T494 |
T492 |
pobj |
dishes,between |
| R251 |
T495 |
T494 |
punct |
", ",dishes |
| R252 |
T496 |
T494 |
appos |
each,dishes |
| R253 |
T497 |
T496 |
acl |
filled,each |
| R254 |
T498 |
T497 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R255 |
T499 |
T500 |
det |
a,sand |
| R256 |
T500 |
T498 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R257 |
T501 |
T500 |
amod |
different,sand |
| R258 |
T502 |
T500 |
amod |
scented,sand |
| R259 |
T503 |
T491 |
punct |
", ",discriminate |
| R260 |
T504 |
T491 |
cc |
and,discriminate |
| R261 |
T505 |
T506 |
aux |
to,associate |
| R262 |
T506 |
T491 |
conj |
associate,discriminate |
| R263 |
T507 |
T506 |
dobj |
one,associate |
| R264 |
T508 |
T507 |
prep |
of,one |
| R265 |
T509 |
T510 |
det |
the,odors |
| R266 |
T510 |
T508 |
pobj |
odors,of |
| R267 |
T511 |
T510 |
nummod |
two,odors |
| R268 |
T512 |
T506 |
prep |
with,associate |
| R269 |
T513 |
T514 |
det |
the,presence |
| R270 |
T514 |
T512 |
pobj |
presence,with |
| R271 |
T515 |
T514 |
prep |
of,presence |
| R272 |
T516 |
T517 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R273 |
T517 |
T515 |
pobj |
reinforcer,of |
| R274 |
T518 |
T517 |
punct |
(,reinforcer |
| R275 |
T519 |
T517 |
appos |
food,reinforcer |
| R276 |
T520 |
T517 |
punct |
),reinforcer |
| R277 |
T521 |
T474 |
punct |
.,required |
| R278 |
T523 |
T524 |
prep |
In,fail |
| R279 |
T525 |
T523 |
pobj |
addition,In |
| R280 |
T526 |
T524 |
punct |
", ",fail |
| R281 |
T527 |
T528 |
det |
the,mice |
| R282 |
T528 |
T524 |
nsubj |
mice,fail |
| R283 |
T529 |
T530 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R284 |
T530 |
T531 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R285 |
T531 |
T532 |
npadvmod |
receptor,deficient |
| R286 |
T532 |
T528 |
amod |
deficient,mice |
| R287 |
T533 |
T524 |
advmod |
repeatedly,fail |
| R288 |
T534 |
T535 |
aux |
to,alter |
| R289 |
T535 |
T524 |
xcomp |
alter,fail |
| R290 |
T536 |
T537 |
poss |
their,patterns |
| R291 |
T537 |
T535 |
dobj |
patterns,alter |
| R292 |
T538 |
T537 |
compound |
response,patterns |
| R293 |
T539 |
T535 |
prep |
during,alter |
| R294 |
T540 |
T541 |
compound |
reversal,trials |
| R295 |
T541 |
T539 |
pobj |
trials,during |
| R296 |
T542 |
T543 |
advmod |
where,inverted |
| R297 |
T543 |
T541 |
relcl |
inverted,trials |
| R298 |
T544 |
T545 |
det |
the,rules |
| R299 |
T545 |
T543 |
nsubjpass |
rules,inverted |
| R300 |
T546 |
T545 |
compound |
reinforcement,rules |
| R301 |
T547 |
T543 |
auxpass |
were,inverted |
| R302 |
T548 |
T524 |
punct |
.,fail |
| R303 |
T552 |
T553 |
amod |
Inbred,mice |
| R304 |
T553 |
T557 |
nsubj |
mice,are |
| R305 |
T554 |
T555 |
compound |
C57Bl,6J |
| R306 |
T555 |
T553 |
compound |
6J,mice |
| R307 |
T556 |
T555 |
punct |
/,6J |
| R308 |
T558 |
T559 |
dep |
that,develop |
| R309 |
T559 |
T553 |
relcl |
develop,mice |
| R310 |
T560 |
T559 |
prep |
in,develop |
| R311 |
T561 |
T562 |
det |
the,absence |
| R312 |
T562 |
T560 |
pobj |
absence,in |
| R313 |
T563 |
T562 |
amod |
complete,absence |
| R314 |
T564 |
T562 |
prep |
of,absence |
| R315 |
T565 |
T566 |
amod |
functional,receptors |
| R316 |
T566 |
T564 |
pobj |
receptors,of |
| R317 |
T567 |
T568 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R318 |
T568 |
T566 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R319 |
T569 |
T557 |
acomp |
capable,are |
| R320 |
T570 |
T569 |
prep |
of,capable |
| R321 |
T571 |
T570 |
pobj |
olfaction,of |
| R322 |
T572 |
T557 |
cc |
but,are |
| R323 |
T573 |
T557 |
conj |
display,are |
| R324 |
T574 |
T575 |
det |
an,ability |
| R325 |
T575 |
T573 |
dobj |
ability,display |
| R326 |
T576 |
T575 |
amod |
impaired,ability |
| R327 |
T577 |
T578 |
aux |
to,acquire |
| R328 |
T578 |
T575 |
acl |
acquire,ability |
| R329 |
T579 |
T580 |
npadvmod |
odor,driven |
| R330 |
T580 |
T582 |
amod |
driven,contingencies |
| R331 |
T581 |
T580 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R332 |
T582 |
T578 |
dobj |
contingencies,acquire |
| R333 |
T583 |
T582 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R334 |
T584 |
T557 |
punct |
.,are |
| R335 |
T586 |
T587 |
advmod |
Furthermore,is |
| R336 |
T588 |
T587 |
punct |
", ",is |
| R337 |
T589 |
T590 |
det |
the,ability |
| R338 |
T590 |
T587 |
nsubj |
ability,is |
| R339 |
T591 |
T590 |
prep |
of,ability |
| R340 |
T592 |
T593 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R341 |
T593 |
T595 |
npadvmod |
receptor,deficient |
| R342 |
T594 |
T593 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R343 |
T595 |
T596 |
amod |
deficient,mice |
| R344 |
T596 |
T591 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R345 |
T597 |
T598 |
aux |
to,adjust |
| R346 |
T598 |
T590 |
acl |
adjust,ability |
| R347 |
T599 |
T600 |
poss |
their,responding |
| R348 |
T600 |
T598 |
dobj |
responding,adjust |
| R349 |
T601 |
T600 |
prep |
to,responding |
| R350 |
T602 |
T603 |
det |
a,stimulus |
| R351 |
T603 |
T601 |
pobj |
stimulus,to |
| R352 |
T604 |
T605 |
advmod |
previously,reinforced |
| R353 |
T605 |
T603 |
amod |
reinforced,stimulus |
| R354 |
T606 |
T607 |
advmod |
when,encountered |
| R355 |
T607 |
T598 |
advcl |
encountered,adjust |
| R356 |
T608 |
T609 |
amod |
unexpected,outcomes |
| R357 |
T609 |
T607 |
nsubjpass |
outcomes,encountered |
| R358 |
T610 |
T607 |
auxpass |
are,encountered |
| R359 |
T611 |
T612 |
advmod |
significantly,impaired |
| R360 |
T612 |
T587 |
acomp |
impaired,is |
| R361 |
T613 |
T587 |
punct |
.,is |
| R362 |
T615 |
T616 |
det |
These,findings |
| R363 |
T616 |
T617 |
nsubj |
findings,suggest |
| R364 |
T618 |
T619 |
mark |
that,is |
| R365 |
T619 |
T617 |
ccomp |
is,suggest |
| R366 |
T620 |
T619 |
nsubj |
signaling,is |
| R367 |
T621 |
T620 |
acl |
mediated,signaling |
| R368 |
T622 |
T621 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R369 |
T623 |
T624 |
det |
the,receptor |
| R370 |
T624 |
T622 |
pobj |
receptor,by |
| R371 |
T625 |
T624 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R372 |
T626 |
T624 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R373 |
T627 |
T619 |
acomp |
important,is |
| R374 |
T628 |
T619 |
prep |
for,is |
| R375 |
T629 |
T628 |
pcomp |
regulating,for |
| R376 |
T630 |
T631 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R377 |
T631 |
T629 |
dobj |
learning,regulating |
| R378 |
T632 |
T630 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R379 |
T633 |
T630 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R380 |
T634 |
T619 |
cc |
and,is |
| R381 |
T635 |
T636 |
aux |
may,have |
| R382 |
T636 |
T619 |
conj |
have,is |
| R383 |
T637 |
T636 |
dobj |
implications,have |
| R384 |
T638 |
T636 |
prep |
for,have |
| R385 |
T639 |
T640 |
det |
the,treatment |
| R386 |
T640 |
T638 |
pobj |
treatment,for |
| R387 |
T641 |
T640 |
prep |
of,treatment |
| R388 |
T642 |
T643 |
amod |
human,disorders |
| R389 |
T643 |
T641 |
pobj |
disorders,of |
| R390 |
T644 |
T643 |
compound |
attention,disorders |
| R391 |
T645 |
T617 |
punct |
.,suggest |
| R392 |
T229 |
T230 |
compound |
Dopamine,D2 |
| R405 |
T1116 |
T1117 |
npadvmod |
Reinforcement,mediated |
| R406 |
T1117 |
T1119 |
amod |
mediated,learning |
| R407 |
T1118 |
T1117 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R408 |
T1119 |
T1121 |
nsubjpass |
learning,divided |
| R409 |
T1120 |
T1119 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R410 |
T1122 |
T1119 |
punct |
", ",learning |
| R411 |
T1123 |
T1119 |
cc |
or,learning |
| R412 |
T1124 |
T1125 |
det |
the,ability |
| R413 |
T1125 |
T1119 |
conj |
ability,learning |
| R414 |
T1126 |
T1127 |
aux |
to,ascribe |
| R415 |
T1127 |
T1125 |
acl |
ascribe,ability |
| R416 |
T1128 |
T1129 |
amod |
deterministic,relationships |
| R417 |
T1129 |
T1127 |
dobj |
relationships,ascribe |
| R418 |
T1130 |
T1129 |
prep |
between,relationships |
| R419 |
T1131 |
T1132 |
amod |
environmental,stimuli |
| R420 |
T1132 |
T1130 |
pobj |
stimuli,between |
| R421 |
T1133 |
T1134 |
dep |
that,signal |
| R422 |
T1134 |
T1132 |
relcl |
signal,stimuli |
| R423 |
T1135 |
T1136 |
det |
the,probability |
| R424 |
T1136 |
T1134 |
dobj |
probability,signal |
| R425 |
T1137 |
T1136 |
prep |
of,probability |
| R426 |
T1138 |
T1137 |
pcomp |
receiving,of |
| R427 |
T1139 |
T1140 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R428 |
T1140 |
T1138 |
dobj |
reinforcer,receiving |
| R429 |
T1141 |
T1140 |
amod |
primary,reinforcer |
| R430 |
T1142 |
T1140 |
punct |
(,reinforcer |
| R431 |
T1143 |
T1144 |
advmod |
e.g.,food |
| R432 |
T1144 |
T1140 |
appos |
food,reinforcer |
| R433 |
T1145 |
T1140 |
punct |
),reinforcer |
| R434 |
T1146 |
T1121 |
punct |
", ",divided |
| R435 |
T1147 |
T1121 |
aux |
has,divided |
| R436 |
T1148 |
T1121 |
auxpass |
been,divided |
| R437 |
T1149 |
T1121 |
prep |
into,divided |
| R438 |
T1150 |
T1151 |
nummod |
3,components |
| R439 |
T1151 |
T1149 |
pobj |
components,into |
| R440 |
T1152 |
T1151 |
cc |
or,components |
| R441 |
T1153 |
T1151 |
conj |
stages,components |
| R442 |
T1154 |
T1155 |
punct |
[,1 |
| R443 |
T1155 |
T1121 |
parataxis |
1,divided |
| R444 |
T1156 |
T1155 |
punct |
],1 |
| R445 |
T1157 |
T1121 |
punct |
.,divided |
| R446 |
T1159 |
T1160 |
det |
The,stage |
| R447 |
T1160 |
T1164 |
nsubj |
stage,is |
| R448 |
T1161 |
T1160 |
amod |
first,stage |
| R449 |
T1162 |
T1160 |
punct |
", ",stage |
| R450 |
T1163 |
T1160 |
amod |
unlearned,stage |
| R451 |
T1165 |
T1166 |
det |
the,organism |
| R452 |
T1166 |
T1167 |
poss |
organism,experience |
| R453 |
T1167 |
T1164 |
attr |
experience,is |
| R454 |
T1168 |
T1166 |
case |
's,organism |
| R455 |
T1169 |
T1167 |
prep |
with,experience |
| R456 |
T1170 |
T1171 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R457 |
T1171 |
T1169 |
pobj |
reinforcer,with |
| R458 |
T1172 |
T1171 |
amod |
primary,reinforcer |
| R459 |
T1173 |
T1174 |
dep |
that,elicits |
| R460 |
T1174 |
T1171 |
relcl |
elicits,reinforcer |
| R461 |
T1175 |
T1176 |
det |
some,response |
| R462 |
T1176 |
T1174 |
dobj |
response,elicits |
| R463 |
T1177 |
T1178 |
amod |
unlearned,innate |
| R464 |
T1178 |
T1176 |
amod |
innate,response |
| R465 |
T1179 |
T1178 |
punct |
/,innate |
| R466 |
T1180 |
T1176 |
amod |
physiological,response |
| R467 |
T1181 |
T1176 |
punct |
(,response |
| R468 |
T1182 |
T1183 |
advmod |
e.g.,palatability |
| R469 |
T1183 |
T1176 |
appos |
palatability,response |
| R470 |
T1184 |
T1183 |
prep |
of,palatability |
| R471 |
T1185 |
T1186 |
det |
a,food |
| R472 |
T1186 |
T1184 |
pobj |
food,of |
| R473 |
T1187 |
T1183 |
cc |
or,palatability |
| R474 |
T1188 |
T1183 |
conj |
satiety,palatability |
| R475 |
T1189 |
T1176 |
punct |
),response |
| R476 |
T1190 |
T1164 |
punct |
.,is |
| R477 |
T1192 |
T1193 |
det |
The,phase |
| R478 |
T1193 |
T1195 |
nsubj |
phase,involves |
| R479 |
T1194 |
T1193 |
amod |
second,phase |
| R480 |
T1196 |
T1197 |
det |
the,attachment |
| R481 |
T1197 |
T1195 |
dobj |
attachment,involves |
| R482 |
T1198 |
T1197 |
prep |
of,attachment |
| R483 |
T1199 |
T1198 |
pobj |
salience,of |
| R484 |
T1200 |
T1197 |
prep |
to,attachment |
| R485 |
T1201 |
T1202 |
amod |
external,stimuli |
| R486 |
T1202 |
T1200 |
pobj |
stimuli,to |
| R487 |
T1203 |
T1202 |
punct |
(,stimuli |
| R488 |
T1204 |
T1205 |
amod |
discriminative,stimuli |
| R489 |
T1205 |
T1202 |
appos |
stimuli,stimuli |
| R490 |
T1206 |
T1202 |
punct |
),stimuli |
| R491 |
T1207 |
T1208 |
dep |
that,signal |
| R492 |
T1208 |
T1202 |
relcl |
signal,stimuli |
| R493 |
T1209 |
T1210 |
mark |
whether,will |
| R494 |
T1210 |
T1208 |
ccomp |
will,signal |
| R495 |
T1211 |
T1212 |
det |
the,delivery |
| R496 |
T1212 |
T1210 |
nsubj |
delivery,will |
| R497 |
T1213 |
T1212 |
prep |
of,delivery |
| R498 |
T1214 |
T1215 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R499 |
T1215 |
T1213 |
pobj |
reinforcer,of |
| R500 |
T1216 |
T1215 |
amod |
primary,reinforcer |
| R501 |
T1217 |
T1210 |
cc |
or,will |
| R502 |
T1218 |
T1210 |
conj |
will,will |
| R503 |
T1219 |
T1218 |
neg |
not,will |
| R504 |
T1220 |
T1218 |
dep |
occur,will |
| R505 |
T1221 |
T1208 |
prep |
based,signal |
| R506 |
T1222 |
T1221 |
prep |
on,based |
| R507 |
T1223 |
T1224 |
det |
some,behavior |
| R508 |
T1224 |
T1222 |
pobj |
behavior,on |
| R509 |
T1225 |
T1224 |
amod |
emitted,behavior |
| R510 |
T1226 |
T1227 |
punct |
(,presses |
| R511 |
T1227 |
T1224 |
parataxis |
presses,behavior |
| R512 |
T1228 |
T1227 |
advmod |
e.g.,presses |
| R513 |
T1229 |
T1230 |
det |
a,rodent |
| R514 |
T1230 |
T1227 |
nsubj |
rodent,presses |
| R515 |
T1231 |
T1227 |
dep |
lever,presses |
| R516 |
T1232 |
T1227 |
prep |
for,presses |
| R517 |
T1233 |
T1234 |
compound |
food,pellets |
| R518 |
T1234 |
T1232 |
pobj |
pellets,for |
| R519 |
T1235 |
T1236 |
advmod |
only,illuminated |
| R520 |
T1236 |
T1227 |
advcl |
illuminated,presses |
| R521 |
T1237 |
T1236 |
advmod |
when,illuminated |
| R522 |
T1238 |
T1239 |
det |
a,light |
| R523 |
T1239 |
T1236 |
nsubjpass |
light,illuminated |
| R524 |
T1240 |
T1239 |
compound |
stimulus,light |
| R525 |
T1241 |
T1236 |
auxpass |
is,illuminated |
| R526 |
T1242 |
T1236 |
prep |
in,illuminated |
| R527 |
T1243 |
T1244 |
det |
an,chamber |
| R528 |
T1244 |
T1242 |
pobj |
chamber,in |
| R529 |
T1245 |
T1244 |
compound |
operant,chamber |
| R530 |
T1246 |
T1227 |
punct |
),presses |
| R531 |
T1247 |
T1195 |
punct |
.,involves |
| R532 |
T1249 |
T1250 |
advmod |
Finally,is |
| R533 |
T1251 |
T1250 |
punct |
", ",is |
| R534 |
T1252 |
T1250 |
expl |
there,is |
| R535 |
T1253 |
T1254 |
det |
the,maintenance |
| R536 |
T1254 |
T1250 |
attr |
maintenance,is |
| R537 |
T1255 |
T1254 |
prep |
of,maintenance |
| R538 |
T1256 |
T1257 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R539 |
T1257 |
T1258 |
compound |
learning,relationships |
| R540 |
T1258 |
T1255 |
pobj |
relationships,of |
| R541 |
T1259 |
T1254 |
prep |
over,maintenance |
| R542 |
T1260 |
T1259 |
pobj |
time,over |
| R543 |
T1261 |
T1262 |
punct |
(,signifies |
| R544 |
T1262 |
T1250 |
parataxis |
signifies,is |
| R545 |
T1263 |
T1264 |
det |
a,light |
| R546 |
T1264 |
T1262 |
nsubj |
light,signifies |
| R547 |
T1265 |
T1264 |
compound |
stimulus,light |
| R548 |
T1266 |
T1262 |
advmod |
always,signifies |
| R549 |
T1267 |
T1268 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R550 |
T1268 |
T1270 |
nsubj |
pellet,is |
| R551 |
T1269 |
T1268 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R552 |
T1270 |
T1262 |
advcl |
is,signifies |
| R553 |
T1271 |
T1270 |
acomp |
available,is |
| R554 |
T1272 |
T1273 |
amod |
subsequent,to |
| R555 |
T1273 |
T1270 |
prep |
to,is |
| R556 |
T1274 |
T1275 |
det |
a,press |
| R557 |
T1275 |
T1273 |
pobj |
press,to |
| R558 |
T1276 |
T1275 |
compound |
lever,press |
| R559 |
T1277 |
T1262 |
punct |
),signifies |
| R560 |
T1278 |
T1279 |
punct |
[,see |
| R561 |
T1279 |
T1250 |
parataxis |
see,is |
| R562 |
T1280 |
T1281 |
nmod |
refs.,2 |
| R563 |
T1281 |
T1279 |
dobj |
2,see |
| R564 |
T1282 |
T1281 |
punct |
[,2 |
| R565 |
T1283 |
T1281 |
nummod |
1,2 |
| R566 |
T1284 |
T1281 |
punct |
",",2 |
| R567 |
T1285 |
T1281 |
punct |
],2 |
| R568 |
T1286 |
T1279 |
prep |
for,see |
| R569 |
T1287 |
T1286 |
pobj |
review,for |
| R570 |
T1288 |
T1279 |
punct |
],see |
| R571 |
T1289 |
T1250 |
punct |
.,is |
| R572 |
T1291 |
T1292 |
nsubj |
Berridge,proposed |
| R573 |
T1293 |
T1291 |
cc |
and,Berridge |
| R574 |
T1294 |
T1291 |
conj |
Robinson,Berridge |
| R575 |
T1295 |
T1296 |
punct |
[,1 |
| R576 |
T1296 |
T1294 |
parataxis |
1,Robinson |
| R577 |
T1297 |
T1296 |
punct |
],1 |
| R578 |
T1298 |
T1292 |
aux |
have,proposed |
| R579 |
T1299 |
T1300 |
mark |
that,plays |
| R580 |
T1300 |
T1292 |
ccomp |
plays,proposed |
| R581 |
T1301 |
T1300 |
nsubj |
dopamine,plays |
| R582 |
T1302 |
T1303 |
det |
a,role |
| R583 |
T1303 |
T1300 |
dobj |
role,plays |
| R584 |
T1304 |
T1303 |
amod |
pivotal,role |
| R585 |
T1305 |
T1300 |
prep |
in,plays |
| R586 |
T1306 |
T1307 |
det |
the,phase |
| R587 |
T1307 |
T1305 |
pobj |
phase,in |
| R588 |
T1308 |
T1307 |
amod |
second,phase |
| R589 |
T1309 |
T1307 |
prep |
of,phase |
| R590 |
T1310 |
T1311 |
npadvmod |
reinforcement,mediated |
| R591 |
T1311 |
T1313 |
amod |
mediated,learning |
| R592 |
T1312 |
T1311 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R593 |
T1313 |
T1309 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R594 |
T1314 |
T1313 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R595 |
T1315 |
T1300 |
prep |
by,plays |
| R596 |
T1316 |
T1315 |
pcomp |
molding,by |
| R597 |
T1317 |
T1318 |
det |
the,salience |
| R598 |
T1318 |
T1316 |
dobj |
salience,molding |
| R599 |
T1319 |
T1318 |
punct |
"""",salience |
| R600 |
T1320 |
T1318 |
compound |
incentive,salience |
| R601 |
T1321 |
T1318 |
punct |
"""",salience |
| R602 |
T1322 |
T1318 |
cc |
or,salience |
| R603 |
T1323 |
T1324 |
amod |
learned,properties |
| R604 |
T1324 |
T1318 |
conj |
properties,salience |
| R605 |
T1325 |
T1324 |
amod |
motivational,properties |
| R606 |
T1326 |
T1318 |
prep |
of,salience |
| R607 |
T1327 |
T1328 |
amod |
conditioned,stimuli |
| R608 |
T1328 |
T1326 |
pobj |
stimuli,of |
| R609 |
T1329 |
T1292 |
punct |
.,proposed |
| R610 |
T1331 |
T1332 |
prep |
In,are |
| R611 |
T1333 |
T1331 |
pobj |
support,In |
| R612 |
T1334 |
T1333 |
prep |
of,support |
| R613 |
T1335 |
T1336 |
det |
this,view |
| R614 |
T1336 |
T1334 |
pobj |
view,of |
| R615 |
T1337 |
T1338 |
amod |
several,studies |
| R616 |
T1338 |
T1332 |
nsubj |
studies,are |
| R617 |
T1339 |
T1338 |
acl |
demonstrating,studies |
| R618 |
T1340 |
T1341 |
mark |
that,disrupt |
| R619 |
T1341 |
T1339 |
ccomp |
disrupt,demonstrating |
| R620 |
T1342 |
T1343 |
det |
the,disruption |
| R621 |
T1343 |
T1341 |
nsubj |
disruption,disrupt |
| R622 |
T1344 |
T1343 |
prep |
of,disruption |
| R623 |
T1345 |
T1346 |
compound |
dopamine,signaling |
| R624 |
T1346 |
T1344 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R625 |
T1347 |
T1343 |
prep |
via,disruption |
| R626 |
T1348 |
T1349 |
amod |
acute,blockade |
| R627 |
T1349 |
T1347 |
pobj |
blockade,via |
| R628 |
T1350 |
T1349 |
prep |
of,blockade |
| R629 |
T1351 |
T1352 |
compound |
dopamine,receptors |
| R630 |
T1352 |
T1350 |
pobj |
receptors,of |
| R631 |
T1353 |
T1349 |
prep |
with,blockade |
| R632 |
T1354 |
T1355 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R633 |
T1355 |
T1356 |
compound |
receptor,antagonists |
| R634 |
T1356 |
T1353 |
pobj |
antagonists,with |
| R635 |
T1357 |
T1358 |
punct |
[,3 |
| R636 |
T1358 |
T1356 |
parataxis |
3,antagonists |
| R637 |
T1359 |
T1360 |
punct |
-,9 |
| R638 |
T1360 |
T1358 |
prep |
9,3 |
| R639 |
T1361 |
T1358 |
punct |
],3 |
| R640 |
T1362 |
T1356 |
cc |
or,antagonists |
| R641 |
T1363 |
T1364 |
nummod |
6,OHDA |
| R642 |
T1364 |
T1366 |
compound |
OHDA,lesions |
| R643 |
T1365 |
T1364 |
punct |
-,OHDA |
| R644 |
T1366 |
T1356 |
conj |
lesions,antagonists |
| R645 |
T1367 |
T1368 |
punct |
[,11 |
| R646 |
T1368 |
T1366 |
parataxis |
11,lesions |
| R647 |
T1369 |
T1368 |
nummod |
1,11 |
| R648 |
T1370 |
T1368 |
punct |
",",11 |
| R649 |
T1371 |
T1368 |
nummod |
10,11 |
| R650 |
T1372 |
T1368 |
punct |
",",11 |
| R651 |
T1373 |
T1368 |
punct |
],11 |
| R652 |
T1374 |
T1341 |
aux |
do,disrupt |
| R653 |
T1375 |
T1341 |
neg |
not,disrupt |
| R654 |
T1376 |
T1341 |
dobj |
phase,disrupt |
| R655 |
T1377 |
T1376 |
nummod |
1,phase |
| R656 |
T1378 |
T1376 |
punct |
", ",phase |
| R657 |
T1379 |
T1380 |
det |
the,palatability |
| R658 |
T1380 |
T1376 |
appos |
palatability,phase |
| R659 |
T1381 |
T1380 |
cc |
or,palatability |
| R660 |
T1382 |
T1383 |
amod |
primary,characteristics |
| R661 |
T1383 |
T1380 |
conj |
characteristics,palatability |
| R662 |
T1384 |
T1383 |
amod |
reinforcing,characteristics |
| R663 |
T1385 |
T1383 |
prep |
of,characteristics |
| R664 |
T1386 |
T1387 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R665 |
T1387 |
T1385 |
pobj |
reinforcer,of |
| R666 |
T1388 |
T1387 |
amod |
natural,reinforcer |
| R667 |
T1389 |
T1390 |
punct |
(,palatability |
| R668 |
T1390 |
T1383 |
appos |
palatability,characteristics |
| R669 |
T1391 |
T1390 |
advmod |
e.g.,palatability |
| R670 |
T1392 |
T1390 |
punct |
),palatability |
| R671 |
T1393 |
T1341 |
cc |
but,disrupt |
| R672 |
T1394 |
T1341 |
conj |
disrupt,disrupt |
| R673 |
T1395 |
T1394 |
dobj |
phase,disrupt |
| R674 |
T1396 |
T1395 |
nummod |
2,phase |
| R675 |
T1397 |
T1395 |
punct |
", ",phase |
| R676 |
T1398 |
T1399 |
det |
the,formation |
| R677 |
T1399 |
T1395 |
appos |
formation,phase |
| R678 |
T1400 |
T1399 |
prep |
of,formation |
| R679 |
T1401 |
T1402 |
compound |
incentive,salience |
| R680 |
T1402 |
T1400 |
pobj |
salience,of |
| R681 |
T1403 |
T1332 |
punct |
.,are |
| R682 |
T1405 |
T1406 |
compound |
Dopamine,signaling |
| R683 |
T1406 |
T1407 |
nsubjpass |
signaling,mediated |
| R684 |
T1408 |
T1407 |
auxpass |
is,mediated |
| R685 |
T1409 |
T1407 |
prep |
at,mediated |
| R686 |
T1410 |
T1411 |
det |
the,level |
| R687 |
T1411 |
T1409 |
pobj |
level,at |
| R688 |
T1412 |
T1411 |
amod |
cellular,level |
| R689 |
T1413 |
T1407 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R690 |
T1414 |
T1415 |
nummod |
two,subclasses |
| R691 |
T1415 |
T1413 |
pobj |
subclasses,by |
| R692 |
T1416 |
T1415 |
amod |
major,subclasses |
| R693 |
T1417 |
T1415 |
prep |
of,subclasses |
| R694 |
T1418 |
T1419 |
compound |
G,protein |
| R695 |
T1419 |
T1421 |
npadvmod |
protein,coupled |
| R696 |
T1420 |
T1419 |
punct |
-,protein |
| R697 |
T1421 |
T1422 |
amod |
coupled,receptors |
| R698 |
T1422 |
T1417 |
pobj |
receptors,of |
| R699 |
T1423 |
T1424 |
dep |
that,referred |
| R700 |
T1424 |
T1415 |
relcl |
referred,subclasses |
| R701 |
T1425 |
T1424 |
auxpass |
are,referred |
| R702 |
T1426 |
T1424 |
prep |
to,referred |
| R703 |
T1427 |
T1424 |
prep |
as,referred |
| R704 |
T1428 |
T1429 |
npadvmod |
D,like |
| R705 |
T1429 |
T1427 |
amod |
like,as |
| R706 |
T1430 |
T1428 |
punct |
-,D |
| R707 |
T1431 |
T1428 |
nummod |
1,D |
| R708 |
T1432 |
T1433 |
punct |
(,D1aR |
| R709 |
T1433 |
T1429 |
parataxis |
D1aR,like |
| R710 |
T1434 |
T1433 |
punct |
", ",D1aR |
| R711 |
T1435 |
T1436 |
compound |
D1b,5R |
| R712 |
T1436 |
T1433 |
appos |
5R,D1aR |
| R713 |
T1437 |
T1436 |
punct |
/,5R |
| R714 |
T1438 |
T1433 |
punct |
),D1aR |
| R715 |
T1439 |
T1429 |
cc |
or,like |
| R716 |
T1440 |
T1441 |
npadvmod |
D,like |
| R717 |
T1441 |
T1429 |
conj |
like,like |
| R718 |
T1442 |
T1440 |
punct |
-,D |
| R719 |
T1443 |
T1440 |
nummod |
2,D |
| R720 |
T1444 |
T1445 |
punct |
(,D4R |
| R721 |
T1445 |
T1441 |
parataxis |
D4R,like |
| R722 |
T1446 |
T1445 |
nmod |
D2R,D4R |
| R723 |
T1447 |
T1445 |
punct |
", ",D4R |
| R724 |
T1448 |
T1445 |
nmod |
D3R,D4R |
| R725 |
T1449 |
T1445 |
punct |
", ",D4R |
| R726 |
T1450 |
T1445 |
punct |
),D4R |
| R727 |
T1451 |
T1452 |
punct |
[,13 |
| R728 |
T1452 |
T1407 |
parataxis |
13,mediated |
| R729 |
T1453 |
T1452 |
nummod |
12,13 |
| R730 |
T1454 |
T1452 |
punct |
",",13 |
| R731 |
T1455 |
T1452 |
punct |
],13 |
| R732 |
T1456 |
T1407 |
punct |
.,mediated |
| R733 |
T1458 |
T1459 |
mark |
Although,code |
| R734 |
T1459 |
T1462 |
advcl |
code,is |
| R735 |
T1460 |
T1461 |
amod |
individual,genes |
| R736 |
T1461 |
T1459 |
nsubj |
genes,code |
| R737 |
T1463 |
T1459 |
prep |
for,code |
| R738 |
T1464 |
T1465 |
det |
each,subtype |
| R739 |
T1465 |
T1463 |
pobj |
subtype,for |
| R740 |
T1466 |
T1467 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R741 |
T1467 |
T1465 |
compound |
receptor,subtype |
| R742 |
T1468 |
T1462 |
punct |
", ",is |
| R743 |
T1469 |
T1462 |
expl |
there,is |
| R744 |
T1470 |
T1471 |
amod |
considerable,overlap |
| R745 |
T1471 |
T1462 |
attr |
overlap,is |
| R746 |
T1472 |
T1471 |
amod |
pharmacological,overlap |
| R747 |
T1473 |
T1471 |
prep |
between,overlap |
| R748 |
T1474 |
T1475 |
npadvmod |
D1,like |
| R749 |
T1475 |
T1477 |
amod |
like,receptors |
| R750 |
T1476 |
T1475 |
punct |
-,like |
| R751 |
T1477 |
T1473 |
pobj |
receptors,between |
| R752 |
T1478 |
T1475 |
cc |
and,like |
| R753 |
T1479 |
T1480 |
npadvmod |
D2,like |
| R754 |
T1480 |
T1475 |
conj |
like,like |
| R755 |
T1481 |
T1480 |
punct |
-,like |
| R756 |
T1482 |
T1462 |
punct |
.,is |
| R757 |
T1484 |
T1485 |
amod |
Several,studies |
| R758 |
T1485 |
T1486 |
nsubj |
studies,used |
| R759 |
T1487 |
T1486 |
aux |
have,used |
| R760 |
T1488 |
T1489 |
amod |
pharmacological,manipulations |
| R761 |
T1489 |
T1486 |
dobj |
manipulations,used |
| R762 |
T1490 |
T1491 |
aux |
to,investigate |
| R763 |
T1491 |
T1486 |
advcl |
investigate,used |
| R764 |
T1492 |
T1493 |
det |
the,contribution |
| R765 |
T1493 |
T1491 |
dobj |
contribution,investigate |
| R766 |
T1494 |
T1493 |
prep |
of,contribution |
| R767 |
T1495 |
T1496 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R768 |
T1496 |
T1497 |
compound |
receptor,subtypes |
| R769 |
T1497 |
T1494 |
pobj |
subtypes,of |
| R770 |
T1498 |
T1493 |
prep |
in,contribution |
| R771 |
T1499 |
T1500 |
amod |
various,stages |
| R772 |
T1500 |
T1498 |
pobj |
stages,in |
| R773 |
T1501 |
T1500 |
prep |
of,stages |
| R774 |
T1502 |
T1503 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R775 |
T1503 |
T1501 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R776 |
T1504 |
T1505 |
punct |
[,14 |
| R777 |
T1505 |
T1503 |
parataxis |
14,learning |
| R778 |
T1506 |
T1505 |
nummod |
1,14 |
| R779 |
T1507 |
T1505 |
punct |
",",14 |
| R780 |
T1508 |
T1505 |
nummod |
2,14 |
| R781 |
T1509 |
T1505 |
punct |
",",14 |
| R782 |
T1510 |
T1505 |
punct |
],14 |
| R783 |
T1511 |
T1486 |
punct |
.,used |
| R784 |
T1513 |
T1514 |
advmod |
Currently,held |
| R785 |
T1515 |
T1514 |
nsubjpass |
it,held |
| R786 |
T1516 |
T1514 |
auxpass |
is,held |
| R787 |
T1517 |
T1518 |
mark |
that,mediate |
| R788 |
T1518 |
T1514 |
ccomp |
mediate,held |
| R789 |
T1519 |
T1520 |
amod |
excitatory,D1Rs |
| R790 |
T1520 |
T1518 |
nsubj |
D1Rs,mediate |
| R791 |
T1521 |
T1520 |
compound |
dopamine,D1Rs |
| R792 |
T1522 |
T1523 |
det |
the,acquisition |
| R793 |
T1523 |
T1518 |
dobj |
acquisition,mediate |
| R794 |
T1524 |
T1523 |
cc |
and,acquisition |
| R795 |
T1525 |
T1523 |
conj |
expression,acquisition |
| R796 |
T1526 |
T1523 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R797 |
T1527 |
T1528 |
amod |
several,behaviors |
| R798 |
T1528 |
T1526 |
pobj |
behaviors,of |
| R799 |
T1529 |
T1528 |
amod |
conditioned,behaviors |
| R800 |
T1530 |
T1528 |
acl |
involving,behaviors |
| R801 |
T1531 |
T1532 |
compound |
food,reinforcers |
| R802 |
T1532 |
T1530 |
dobj |
reinforcers,involving |
| R803 |
T1533 |
T1534 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R804 |
T1534 |
T1530 |
parataxis |
7,involving |
| R805 |
T1535 |
T1534 |
advmod |
e.g.,7 |
| R806 |
T1536 |
T1534 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R807 |
T1537 |
T1534 |
nummod |
6,7 |
| R808 |
T1538 |
T1534 |
punct |
",",7 |
| R809 |
T1539 |
T1534 |
punct |
],7 |
| R810 |
T1540 |
T1534 |
punct |
],7 |
| R811 |
T1541 |
T1542 |
advmod |
as,as |
| R812 |
T1542 |
T1530 |
cc |
as,involving |
| R813 |
T1543 |
T1542 |
advmod |
well,as |
| R814 |
T1544 |
T1530 |
conj |
responding,involving |
| R815 |
T1545 |
T1544 |
prep |
for,responding |
| R816 |
T1546 |
T1547 |
amod |
conditioned,cues |
| R817 |
T1547 |
T1545 |
pobj |
cues,for |
| R818 |
T1548 |
T1547 |
amod |
predictive,cues |
| R819 |
T1549 |
T1548 |
prep |
of,predictive |
| R820 |
T1550 |
T1551 |
compound |
cocaine,delivery |
| R821 |
T1551 |
T1549 |
pobj |
delivery,of |
| R822 |
T1552 |
T1553 |
punct |
[,9 |
| R823 |
T1553 |
T1551 |
parataxis |
9,delivery |
| R824 |
T1554 |
T1553 |
punct |
],9 |
| R825 |
T1555 |
T1518 |
punct |
–,mediate |
| R826 |
T1556 |
T1518 |
advcl |
consistent,mediate |
| R827 |
T1557 |
T1556 |
prep |
with,consistent |
| R828 |
T1558 |
T1559 |
det |
the,interpretation |
| R829 |
T1559 |
T1557 |
pobj |
interpretation,with |
| R830 |
T1560 |
T1561 |
mark |
that,modulate |
| R831 |
T1561 |
T1559 |
acl |
modulate,interpretation |
| R832 |
T1562 |
T1563 |
npadvmod |
D1R,mediated |
| R833 |
T1563 |
T1564 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R834 |
T1564 |
T1561 |
nsubj |
signaling,modulate |
| R835 |
T1565 |
T1561 |
aux |
might,modulate |
| R836 |
T1566 |
T1567 |
det |
the,maintenance |
| R837 |
T1567 |
T1561 |
dobj |
maintenance,modulate |
| R838 |
T1568 |
T1567 |
prep |
of,maintenance |
| R839 |
T1569 |
T1570 |
compound |
stimulus,response |
| R840 |
T1570 |
T1572 |
compound |
response,outcomes |
| R841 |
T1571 |
T1570 |
punct |
-,response |
| R842 |
T1572 |
T1568 |
pobj |
outcomes,of |
| R843 |
T1573 |
T1514 |
punct |
.,held |
| R844 |
T1575 |
T1576 |
prep |
Despite,is |
| R845 |
T1577 |
T1578 |
det |
a,literature |
| R846 |
T1578 |
T1575 |
pobj |
literature,Despite |
| R847 |
T1579 |
T1578 |
amod |
growing,literature |
| R848 |
T1580 |
T1578 |
acl |
demonstrating,literature |
| R849 |
T1581 |
T1582 |
amod |
disrupted,learning |
| R850 |
T1582 |
T1580 |
dobj |
learning,demonstrating |
| R851 |
T1583 |
T1582 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R852 |
T1584 |
T1582 |
acl |
following,learning |
| R853 |
T1585 |
T1586 |
amod |
acute,manipulations |
| R854 |
T1586 |
T1584 |
dobj |
manipulations,following |
| R855 |
T1587 |
T1586 |
prep |
of,manipulations |
| R856 |
T1588 |
T1589 |
compound |
dopamine,D1R |
| R857 |
T1589 |
T1590 |
compound |
D1R,signaling |
| R858 |
T1590 |
T1587 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R859 |
T1591 |
T1586 |
prep |
during,manipulations |
| R860 |
T1592 |
T1591 |
pobj |
acquisition,during |
| R861 |
T1593 |
T1592 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R862 |
T1594 |
T1595 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R863 |
T1595 |
T1596 |
compound |
learning,tasks |
| R864 |
T1596 |
T1593 |
pobj |
tasks,of |
| R865 |
T1597 |
T1592 |
prep |
with,acquisition |
| R866 |
T1598 |
T1597 |
pobj |
food,with |
| R867 |
T1599 |
T1600 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R868 |
T1600 |
T1592 |
parataxis |
7,acquisition |
| R869 |
T1601 |
T1600 |
advmod |
e.g.,7 |
| R870 |
T1602 |
T1600 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R871 |
T1603 |
T1600 |
nummod |
6,7 |
| R872 |
T1604 |
T1600 |
punct |
",",7 |
| R873 |
T1605 |
T1600 |
punct |
],7 |
| R874 |
T1606 |
T1600 |
punct |
],7 |
| R875 |
T1607 |
T1576 |
punct |
", ",is |
| R876 |
T1608 |
T1609 |
det |
the,contribution |
| R877 |
T1609 |
T1576 |
nsubj |
contribution,is |
| R878 |
T1610 |
T1609 |
amod |
actual,contribution |
| R879 |
T1611 |
T1609 |
prep |
of,contribution |
| R880 |
T1612 |
T1613 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R881 |
T1613 |
T1615 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R882 |
T1614 |
T1613 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R883 |
T1615 |
T1611 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R884 |
T1616 |
T1609 |
prep |
on,contribution |
| R885 |
T1617 |
T1616 |
pobj |
acquisition,on |
| R886 |
T1618 |
T1617 |
cc |
and,acquisition |
| R887 |
T1619 |
T1617 |
conj |
maintenance,acquisition |
| R888 |
T1620 |
T1617 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R889 |
T1621 |
T1622 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R890 |
T1622 |
T1620 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R891 |
T1623 |
T1622 |
prep |
in,learning |
| R892 |
T1624 |
T1623 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R893 |
T1625 |
T1576 |
acomp |
unresolved,is |
| R894 |
T1626 |
T1576 |
punct |
.,is |
| R895 |
T1628 |
T1629 |
mark |
While,used |
| R896 |
T1629 |
T1634 |
advcl |
used,prevented |
| R897 |
T1630 |
T1631 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R898 |
T1631 |
T1629 |
nsubjpass |
antagonists,used |
| R899 |
T1632 |
T1629 |
aux |
have,used |
| R900 |
T1633 |
T1629 |
auxpass |
been,used |
| R901 |
T1635 |
T1629 |
prep |
in,used |
| R902 |
T1636 |
T1637 |
det |
the,context |
| R903 |
T1637 |
T1635 |
pobj |
context,in |
| R904 |
T1638 |
T1637 |
prep |
of,context |
| R905 |
T1639 |
T1640 |
nmod |
rodent,paradigms |
| R906 |
T1640 |
T1638 |
pobj |
paradigms,of |
| R907 |
T1641 |
T1642 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R908 |
T1642 |
T1640 |
compound |
learning,paradigms |
| R909 |
T1643 |
T1634 |
punct |
", ",prevented |
| R910 |
T1644 |
T1645 |
poss |
their,lack |
| R911 |
T1645 |
T1634 |
nsubj |
lack,prevented |
| R912 |
T1646 |
T1645 |
prep |
of,lack |
| R913 |
T1647 |
T1648 |
compound |
receptor,subtype |
| R914 |
T1648 |
T1649 |
compound |
subtype,specificity |
| R915 |
T1649 |
T1646 |
pobj |
specificity,of |
| R916 |
T1650 |
T1651 |
punct |
[,13 |
| R917 |
T1651 |
T1649 |
parataxis |
13,specificity |
| R918 |
T1652 |
T1651 |
punct |
],13 |
| R919 |
T1653 |
T1649 |
cc |
and,specificity |
| R920 |
T1654 |
T1655 |
npadvmod |
motor,disrupting |
| R921 |
T1655 |
T1657 |
amod |
disrupting,effects |
| R922 |
T1656 |
T1655 |
punct |
-,disrupting |
| R923 |
T1657 |
T1649 |
conj |
effects,specificity |
| R924 |
T1658 |
T1659 |
punct |
[,8 |
| R925 |
T1659 |
T1657 |
parataxis |
8,effects |
| R926 |
T1660 |
T1659 |
nummod |
6,8 |
| R927 |
T1661 |
T1659 |
punct |
",",8 |
| R928 |
T1662 |
T1659 |
punct |
],8 |
| R929 |
T1663 |
T1634 |
aux |
have,prevented |
| R930 |
T1664 |
T1665 |
det |
a,examination |
| R931 |
T1665 |
T1634 |
dobj |
examination,prevented |
| R932 |
T1666 |
T1665 |
amod |
rigorous,examination |
| R933 |
T1667 |
T1665 |
prep |
of,examination |
| R934 |
T1668 |
T1669 |
det |
the,role |
| R935 |
T1669 |
T1667 |
pobj |
role,of |
| R936 |
T1670 |
T1669 |
amod |
actual,role |
| R937 |
T1671 |
T1672 |
det |
this,subtype |
| R938 |
T1672 |
T1675 |
nsubj |
subtype,plays |
| R939 |
T1673 |
T1674 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R940 |
T1674 |
T1672 |
compound |
receptor,subtype |
| R941 |
T1675 |
T1669 |
advcl |
plays,role |
| R942 |
T1676 |
T1675 |
prep |
in,plays |
| R943 |
T1677 |
T1678 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R944 |
T1678 |
T1676 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R945 |
T1679 |
T1677 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R946 |
T1680 |
T1677 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R947 |
T1681 |
T1675 |
prep |
in,plays |
| R948 |
T1682 |
T1683 |
det |
the,context |
| R949 |
T1683 |
T1681 |
pobj |
context,in |
| R950 |
T1684 |
T1683 |
prep |
of,context |
| R951 |
T1685 |
T1686 |
det |
an,behavior |
| R952 |
T1686 |
T1684 |
pobj |
behavior,of |
| R953 |
T1687 |
T1686 |
compound |
operant,behavior |
| R954 |
T1688 |
T1634 |
punct |
.,prevented |
| R955 |
T1690 |
T1691 |
amod |
Past,experiments |
| R956 |
T1691 |
T1692 |
nsubj |
experiments,utilized |
| R957 |
T1693 |
T1691 |
acl |
seeking,experiments |
| R958 |
T1694 |
T1695 |
aux |
to,explore |
| R959 |
T1695 |
T1693 |
xcomp |
explore,seeking |
| R960 |
T1696 |
T1697 |
det |
the,involvement |
| R961 |
T1697 |
T1695 |
dobj |
involvement,explore |
| R962 |
T1698 |
T1697 |
amod |
possible,involvement |
| R963 |
T1699 |
T1697 |
prep |
of,involvement |
| R964 |
T1700 |
T1701 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R965 |
T1701 |
T1699 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R966 |
T1702 |
T1697 |
prep |
in,involvement |
| R967 |
T1703 |
T1704 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R968 |
T1704 |
T1702 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R969 |
T1705 |
T1692 |
aux |
have,utilized |
| R970 |
T1706 |
T1707 |
amod |
low,doses |
| R971 |
T1707 |
T1692 |
dobj |
doses,utilized |
| R972 |
T1708 |
T1706 |
prep |
to,low |
| R973 |
T1709 |
T1708 |
amod |
moderate,to |
| R974 |
T1710 |
T1707 |
prep |
of,doses |
| R975 |
T1711 |
T1710 |
pobj |
drugs,of |
| R976 |
T1712 |
T1713 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R977 |
T1713 |
T1707 |
parataxis |
6,doses |
| R978 |
T1714 |
T1713 |
nummod |
2,6 |
| R979 |
T1715 |
T1713 |
punct |
",",6 |
| R980 |
T1716 |
T1713 |
nummod |
5,6 |
| R981 |
T1717 |
T1713 |
punct |
",",6 |
| R982 |
T1718 |
T1713 |
punct |
],6 |
| R983 |
T1719 |
T1707 |
cc |
and,doses |
| R984 |
T1720 |
T1721 |
npadvmod |
site,specific |
| R985 |
T1721 |
T1723 |
amod |
specific,administration |
| R986 |
T1722 |
T1721 |
punct |
-,specific |
| R987 |
T1723 |
T1707 |
conj |
administration,doses |
| R988 |
T1724 |
T1725 |
punct |
[,9 |
| R989 |
T1725 |
T1723 |
parataxis |
9,administration |
| R990 |
T1726 |
T1725 |
nummod |
7,9 |
| R991 |
T1727 |
T1725 |
punct |
",",9 |
| R992 |
T1728 |
T1725 |
punct |
],9 |
| R993 |
T1729 |
T1692 |
prep |
in,utilized |
| R994 |
T1730 |
T1729 |
pobj |
order,in |
| R995 |
T1731 |
T1732 |
aux |
to,avoid |
| R996 |
T1732 |
T1730 |
acl |
avoid,order |
| R997 |
T1733 |
T1734 |
det |
the,effect |
| R998 |
T1734 |
T1732 |
dobj |
effect,avoid |
| R999 |
T1735 |
T1734 |
amod |
confounding,effect |
| R1000 |
T1736 |
T1737 |
dep |
that,have |
| R1001 |
T1737 |
T1734 |
relcl |
have,effect |
| R1002 |
T1738 |
T1739 |
compound |
locomotor,disruption |
| R1003 |
T1739 |
T1737 |
nsubj |
disruption,have |
| R1004 |
T1740 |
T1739 |
acl |
associated,disruption |
| R1005 |
T1741 |
T1740 |
prep |
with,associated |
| R1006 |
T1742 |
T1743 |
amod |
acute,blockade |
| R1007 |
T1743 |
T1741 |
pobj |
blockade,with |
| R1008 |
T1744 |
T1743 |
compound |
D2R,blockade |
| R1009 |
T1745 |
T1737 |
aux |
can,have |
| R1010 |
T1746 |
T1737 |
prep |
on,have |
| R1011 |
T1747 |
T1748 |
compound |
learning,performance |
| R1012 |
T1748 |
T1746 |
pobj |
performance,on |
| R1013 |
T1749 |
T1737 |
prep |
in,have |
| R1014 |
T1750 |
T1749 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R1015 |
T1751 |
T1692 |
punct |
.,utilized |
| R1016 |
T1753 |
T1754 |
prep |
Besides,fails |
| R1017 |
T1755 |
T1756 |
poss |
their,lack |
| R1018 |
T1756 |
T1753 |
pobj |
lack,Besides |
| R1019 |
T1757 |
T1756 |
prep |
of,lack |
| R1020 |
T1758 |
T1759 |
compound |
receptor,subtype |
| R1021 |
T1759 |
T1760 |
compound |
subtype,specificity |
| R1022 |
T1760 |
T1757 |
pobj |
specificity,of |
| R1023 |
T1761 |
T1754 |
punct |
", ",fails |
| R1024 |
T1762 |
T1763 |
det |
an,exposure |
| R1025 |
T1763 |
T1754 |
nsubj |
exposure,fails |
| R1026 |
T1764 |
T1763 |
amod |
acute,exposure |
| R1027 |
T1765 |
T1763 |
prep |
to,exposure |
| R1028 |
T1766 |
T1767 |
advmod |
commercially,available |
| R1029 |
T1767 |
T1768 |
amod |
available,antagonists |
| R1030 |
T1768 |
T1765 |
pobj |
antagonists,to |
| R1031 |
T1769 |
T1770 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R1032 |
T1770 |
T1768 |
compound |
receptor,antagonists |
| R1033 |
T1771 |
T1772 |
aux |
to,block |
| R1034 |
T1772 |
T1754 |
xcomp |
block,fails |
| R1035 |
T1773 |
T1772 |
advmod |
completely,block |
| R1036 |
T1774 |
T1772 |
dobj |
signaling,block |
| R1037 |
T1775 |
T1774 |
acl |
mediated,signaling |
| R1038 |
T1776 |
T1775 |
advmod |
solely,mediated |
| R1039 |
T1777 |
T1775 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R1040 |
T1778 |
T1777 |
pobj |
D2Rs,by |
| R1041 |
T1779 |
T1754 |
punct |
.,fails |
| R1042 |
T1781 |
T1782 |
advmod |
Moreover,recapitulate |
| R1043 |
T1783 |
T1782 |
punct |
", ",recapitulate |
| R1044 |
T1784 |
T1785 |
amod |
acute,dosing |
| R1045 |
T1785 |
T1782 |
nsubj |
dosing,recapitulate |
| R1046 |
T1786 |
T1782 |
aux |
does,recapitulate |
| R1047 |
T1787 |
T1782 |
neg |
not,recapitulate |
| R1048 |
T1788 |
T1789 |
det |
the,deficits |
| R1049 |
T1789 |
T1782 |
dobj |
deficits,recapitulate |
| R1050 |
T1790 |
T1789 |
amod |
marked,deficits |
| R1051 |
T1791 |
T1789 |
compound |
learning,deficits |
| R1052 |
T1792 |
T1789 |
acl |
produced,deficits |
| R1053 |
T1793 |
T1792 |
prep |
in,produced |
| R1054 |
T1794 |
T1793 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R1055 |
T1795 |
T1796 |
punct |
[,16 |
| R1056 |
T1796 |
T1792 |
parataxis |
16,produced |
| R1057 |
T1797 |
T1796 |
nummod |
15,16 |
| R1058 |
T1798 |
T1796 |
punct |
",",16 |
| R1059 |
T1799 |
T1796 |
punct |
],16 |
| R1060 |
T1800 |
T1792 |
agent |
by,produced |
| R1061 |
T1801 |
T1802 |
amod |
chronic,exposure |
| R1062 |
T1802 |
T1800 |
pobj |
exposure,by |
| R1063 |
T1803 |
T1802 |
prep |
to,exposure |
| R1064 |
T1804 |
T1805 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R1065 |
T1805 |
T1806 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R1066 |
T1806 |
T1803 |
pobj |
antagonists,to |
| R1067 |
T1818 |
T1819 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R1068 |
T1807 |
T1808 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R1069 |
T1819 |
T1820 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R1070 |
T1808 |
T1792 |
parataxis |
7,produced |
| R1071 |
T1820 |
T1822 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R1072 |
T1809 |
T1808 |
nummod |
6,7 |
| R1073 |
T1821 |
T1820 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R1074 |
T1822 |
T1817 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R1075 |
T1810 |
T1808 |
punct |
",",7 |
| R1076 |
T1823 |
T1815 |
prep |
on,influence |
| R1077 |
T1824 |
T1825 |
amod |
reversal,learning |
| R1078 |
T1811 |
T1808 |
punct |
],7 |
| R1079 |
T1825 |
T1823 |
pobj |
learning,on |
| R1080 |
T1826 |
T1816 |
advmod |
also,is |
| R1081 |
T1827 |
T1828 |
advmod |
poorly,understood |
| R1082 |
T1812 |
T1782 |
punct |
.,recapitulate |
| R1083 |
T1828 |
T1816 |
acomp |
understood,is |
| R1084 |
T1814 |
T1815 |
det |
The,influence |
| R1085 |
T1829 |
T1816 |
punct |
.,is |
| R1086 |
T1831 |
T1832 |
amod |
Reversal,learning |
| R1087 |
T1832 |
T1833 |
nsubjpass |
learning,conceptualized |
| R1088 |
T1815 |
T1816 |
nsubj |
influence,is |
| R1089 |
T1834 |
T1833 |
aux |
can,conceptualized |
| R1090 |
T1817 |
T1815 |
prep |
of,influence |
| R1091 |
T1835 |
T1833 |
auxpass |
be,conceptualized |
| R1092 |
T1836 |
T1833 |
prep |
as,conceptualized |
| R1093 |
T1837 |
T1838 |
det |
the,ability |
| R1094 |
T1924 |
T1925 |
det |
the,antagonist |
| R1095 |
T1838 |
T1836 |
pobj |
ability,as |
| R1096 |
T1839 |
T1840 |
aux |
to,recognize |
| R1097 |
T1840 |
T1838 |
acl |
recognize,ability |
| R1098 |
T1841 |
T1842 |
det |
an,consequence |
| R1099 |
T1842 |
T1840 |
dobj |
consequence,recognize |
| R1100 |
T1925 |
T1923 |
pobj |
antagonist,of |
| R1101 |
T1843 |
T1842 |
amod |
unexpected,consequence |
| R1102 |
T1844 |
T1842 |
prep |
to,consequence |
| R1103 |
T1926 |
T1927 |
compound |
D2R,D3R |
| R1104 |
T1845 |
T1846 |
det |
a,rule |
| R1105 |
T1846 |
T1844 |
pobj |
rule,to |
| R1106 |
T1847 |
T1848 |
advmod |
previously,established |
| R1107 |
T1927 |
T1925 |
compound |
D3R,antagonist |
| R1108 |
T1848 |
T1846 |
amod |
established,rule |
| R1109 |
T1849 |
T1850 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R1110 |
T1928 |
T1927 |
punct |
/,D3R |
| R1111 |
T1850 |
T1846 |
compound |
learning,rule |
| R1112 |
T1851 |
T1840 |
cc |
and,recognize |
| R1113 |
T1929 |
T1925 |
punct |
", ",antagonist |
| R1114 |
T1852 |
T1853 |
advmod |
then,alter |
| R1115 |
T1853 |
T1840 |
conj |
alter,recognize |
| R1116 |
T1854 |
T1855 |
compound |
response,strategies |
| R1117 |
T1855 |
T1853 |
dobj |
strategies,alter |
| R1118 |
T1930 |
T1925 |
appos |
sulpiride,antagonist |
| R1119 |
T1856 |
T1853 |
advmod |
accordingly,alter |
| R1120 |
T1857 |
T1858 |
punct |
[,18 |
| R1121 |
T1931 |
T1922 |
punct |
", ",impairs |
| R1122 |
T1858 |
T1853 |
parataxis |
18,alter |
| R1123 |
T1859 |
T1858 |
nummod |
17,18 |
| R1124 |
T1860 |
T1858 |
punct |
",",18 |
| R1125 |
T1861 |
T1858 |
punct |
],18 |
| R1126 |
T1862 |
T1833 |
punct |
.,conceptualized |
| R1127 |
T1932 |
T1933 |
amod |
spatial,leaning |
| R1128 |
T1864 |
T1865 |
amod |
Reversal,learning |
| R1129 |
T1865 |
T1866 |
nsubj |
learning,serve |
| R1130 |
T1933 |
T1922 |
dobj |
leaning,impairs |
| R1131 |
T1867 |
T1865 |
prep |
in,learning |
| R1132 |
T1868 |
T1867 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R1133 |
T1934 |
T1933 |
compound |
reversal,leaning |
| R1134 |
T1869 |
T1866 |
aux |
can,serve |
| R1135 |
T1870 |
T1866 |
prep |
as,serve |
| R1136 |
T1935 |
T1922 |
prep |
in,impairs |
| R1137 |
T1871 |
T1872 |
det |
an,index |
| R1138 |
T1872 |
T1870 |
pobj |
index,as |
| R1139 |
T1873 |
T1872 |
prep |
of,index |
| R1140 |
T1936 |
T1935 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R1141 |
T1874 |
T1875 |
amod |
learning,adaptability |
| R1142 |
T1875 |
T1873 |
pobj |
adaptability,of |
| R1143 |
T1937 |
T1938 |
punct |
[,20 |
| R1144 |
T1876 |
T1875 |
cc |
and,adaptability |
| R1145 |
T1877 |
T1875 |
conj |
alertness,adaptability |
| R1146 |
T1878 |
T1879 |
dep |
that,correlates |
| R1147 |
T1938 |
T1922 |
parataxis |
20,impairs |
| R1148 |
T1879 |
T1872 |
relcl |
correlates,index |
| R1149 |
T1880 |
T1879 |
prep |
with,correlates |
| R1150 |
T1881 |
T1882 |
amod |
human,paradigms |
| R1151 |
T1939 |
T1938 |
punct |
],20 |
| R1152 |
T1882 |
T1880 |
pobj |
paradigms,with |
| R1153 |
T1883 |
T1884 |
amod |
attentional,shift |
| R1154 |
T1940 |
T1922 |
cc |
and,impairs |
| R1155 |
T1884 |
T1882 |
compound |
shift,paradigms |
| R1156 |
T1885 |
T1884 |
punct |
-,shift |
| R1157 |
T1886 |
T1887 |
punct |
[,18 |
| R1158 |
T1941 |
T1942 |
aux |
has,shown |
| R1159 |
T1887 |
T1872 |
parataxis |
18,index |
| R1160 |
T1888 |
T1887 |
nummod |
17,18 |
| R1161 |
T1942 |
T1922 |
conj |
shown,impairs |
| R1162 |
T1889 |
T1887 |
punct |
",",18 |
| R1163 |
T1890 |
T1887 |
punct |
],18 |
| R1164 |
T1943 |
T1942 |
advmod |
also,shown |
| R1165 |
T1891 |
T1866 |
punct |
.,serve |
| R1166 |
T1893 |
T1894 |
advmod |
Additionally,demonstrated |
| R1167 |
T1944 |
T1942 |
auxpass |
been,shown |
| R1168 |
T1895 |
T1894 |
punct |
", ",demonstrated |
| R1169 |
T1945 |
T1946 |
aux |
to,impair |
| R1170 |
T1896 |
T1897 |
det |
a,report |
| R1171 |
T1897 |
T1894 |
nsubj |
report,demonstrated |
| R1172 |
T1898 |
T1897 |
amod |
previous,report |
| R1173 |
T1946 |
T1942 |
xcomp |
impair,shown |
| R1174 |
T1899 |
T1900 |
mark |
that,shown |
| R1175 |
T1900 |
T1894 |
ccomp |
shown,demonstrated |
| R1176 |
T1947 |
T1946 |
dobj |
attention,impair |
| R1177 |
T1901 |
T1902 |
amod |
excitotoxic,lesions |
| R1178 |
T1902 |
T1900 |
nsubjpass |
lesions,shown |
| R1179 |
T1903 |
T1902 |
prep |
of,lesions |
| R1181 |
T1904 |
T1905 |
amod |
terminal,field |
| R1182 |
T1905 |
T1906 |
compound |
field,targets |
| R1183 |
T1906 |
T1903 |
pobj |
targets,of |
| R1184 |
T1949 |
T1950 |
det |
the,performances |
| R1185 |
T1907 |
T1906 |
prep |
of,targets |
| R1186 |
T1908 |
T1909 |
amod |
mesocortical,dopamine |
| R1187 |
T1950 |
T1947 |
conj |
performances,attention |
| R1188 |
T1909 |
T1907 |
pobj |
dopamine,of |
| R1189 |
T1910 |
T1900 |
aux |
have,shown |
| R1190 |
T1911 |
T1900 |
auxpass |
been,shown |
| R1191 |
T1951 |
T1950 |
amod |
cognitive,performances |
| R1192 |
T1912 |
T1913 |
aux |
to,disrupt |
| R1193 |
T1913 |
T1900 |
xcomp |
disrupt,shown |
| R1194 |
T1914 |
T1915 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R1195 |
T1952 |
T1950 |
prep |
of,performances |
| R1196 |
T1915 |
T1913 |
dobj |
learning,disrupt |
| R1197 |
T1916 |
T1917 |
punct |
[,19 |
| R1198 |
T1953 |
T1954 |
amod |
healthy,volunteers |
| R1199 |
T1917 |
T1913 |
parataxis |
19,disrupt |
| R1200 |
T1918 |
T1917 |
punct |
],19 |
| R1201 |
T1919 |
T1894 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R1202 |
T1954 |
T1952 |
pobj |
volunteers,of |
| R1203 |
T1921 |
T1922 |
nsubj |
Administration,impairs |
| R1204 |
T1955 |
T1954 |
amod |
human,volunteers |
| R1205 |
T1923 |
T1921 |
prep |
of,Administration |
| R1206 |
T1956 |
T1957 |
punct |
[,21 |
| R1207 |
T1957 |
T1942 |
parataxis |
21,shown |
| R1208 |
T1958 |
T1957 |
punct |
],21 |
| R1209 |
T1959 |
T1922 |
punct |
.,impairs |
| R1210 |
T1961 |
T1962 |
advmod |
Moreover,reported |
| R1211 |
T2030 |
T2027 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R1212 |
T1963 |
T1964 |
det |
an,relationship |
| R1213 |
T2031 |
T2017 |
prep |
in,contribution |
| R1214 |
T2032 |
T2033 |
amod |
adult,mice |
| R1215 |
T2033 |
T2031 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R1216 |
T1964 |
T1962 |
nsubjpass |
relationship,reported |
| R1217 |
T2034 |
T2011 |
punct |
", ",compared |
| R1218 |
T2035 |
T2011 |
nsubj |
we,compared |
| R1219 |
T2036 |
T2011 |
dobj |
mice,compared |
| R1220 |
T1965 |
T1964 |
amod |
inverse,relationship |
| R1221 |
T2037 |
T2038 |
punct |
[,23 |
| R1222 |
T2038 |
T2036 |
parataxis |
23,mice |
| R1223 |
T2039 |
T2038 |
punct |
],23 |
| R1224 |
T1966 |
T1964 |
prep |
between,relationship |
| R1225 |
T2040 |
T2041 |
dep |
that,developed |
| R1226 |
T2041 |
T2036 |
relcl |
developed,mice |
| R1227 |
T2042 |
T2041 |
aux |
had,developed |
| R1228 |
T2043 |
T2041 |
prep |
in,developed |
| R1229 |
T1967 |
T1968 |
amod |
lower,levels |
| R1230 |
T2044 |
T2045 |
det |
the,absence |
| R1231 |
T2045 |
T2043 |
pobj |
absence,in |
| R1232 |
T2046 |
T2045 |
amod |
complete,absence |
| R1233 |
T1968 |
T1966 |
pobj |
levels,between |
| R1234 |
T2047 |
T2045 |
prep |
of,absence |
| R1235 |
T2048 |
T2049 |
det |
all,receptors |
| R1236 |
T2049 |
T2047 |
pobj |
receptors,of |
| R1237 |
T1969 |
T1970 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R1238 |
T2050 |
T2049 |
amod |
functional,receptors |
| R1239 |
T2051 |
T2052 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R1240 |
T1970 |
T1968 |
compound |
D2R,levels |
| R1241 |
T2052 |
T2049 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R1242 |
T2053 |
T2054 |
punct |
(,D2R |
| R1243 |
T2054 |
T2049 |
parataxis |
D2R,receptors |
| R1244 |
T1971 |
T1968 |
cc |
and,levels |
| R1245 |
T2055 |
T2054 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1246 |
T2056 |
T2054 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1247 |
T1972 |
T1973 |
amod |
compulsive,behavior |
| R1248 |
T2057 |
T2054 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1249 |
T2058 |
T2054 |
punct |
),D2R |
| R1250 |
T2059 |
T2011 |
prep |
to,compared |
| R1251 |
T1973 |
T1968 |
conj |
behavior,levels |
| R1252 |
T2060 |
T2061 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R1253 |
T2061 |
T2063 |
compound |
type,littermates |
| R1254 |
T2062 |
T2061 |
punct |
-,type |
| R1255 |
T1974 |
T1964 |
prep |
in,relationship |
| R1256 |
T2063 |
T2059 |
pobj |
littermates,to |
| R1257 |
T2064 |
T2065 |
punct |
(,D2R |
| R1258 |
T2065 |
T2063 |
parataxis |
D2R,littermates |
| R1259 |
T1975 |
T1976 |
amod |
human,subjects |
| R1260 |
T2066 |
T2065 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1261 |
T2067 |
T2065 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1262 |
T2068 |
T2065 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1263 |
T1976 |
T1974 |
pobj |
subjects,in |
| R1264 |
T2069 |
T2065 |
punct |
),D2R |
| R1265 |
T2070 |
T2011 |
prep |
in,compared |
| R1266 |
T1977 |
T1962 |
aux |
has,reported |
| R1267 |
T2071 |
T2072 |
det |
a,procedure |
| R1268 |
T1978 |
T1962 |
auxpass |
been,reported |
| R1269 |
T2072 |
T2070 |
pobj |
procedure,in |
| R1270 |
T2073 |
T2072 |
nmod |
go,procedure |
| R1271 |
T1979 |
T1980 |
punct |
[,22 |
| R1272 |
T2074 |
T2073 |
punct |
/,go |
| R1273 |
T2075 |
T2076 |
det |
no,go |
| R1274 |
T2076 |
T2073 |
appos |
go,go |
| R1275 |
T1980 |
T1962 |
parataxis |
22,reported |
| R1276 |
T2077 |
T2076 |
punct |
-,go |
| R1277 |
T2078 |
T2072 |
nmod |
operant,procedure |
| R1278 |
T2079 |
T2078 |
amod |
learning,operant |
| R1279 |
T2080 |
T2081 |
dep |
that,measures |
| R1280 |
T2081 |
T2072 |
relcl |
measures,procedure |
| R1281 |
T1981 |
T1980 |
punct |
],22 |
| R1282 |
T2082 |
T2083 |
amod |
primary,reinforcement |
| R1283 |
T2083 |
T2081 |
dobj |
reinforcement,measures |
| R1284 |
T2084 |
T2083 |
punct |
", ",reinforcement |
| R1285 |
T1982 |
T1962 |
punct |
.,reported |
| R1286 |
T2085 |
T2086 |
amod |
sensory,processing |
| R1287 |
T2086 |
T2083 |
conj |
processing,reinforcement |
| R1288 |
T1984 |
T1985 |
advcl |
Taken,suggest |
| R1289 |
T2087 |
T2086 |
punct |
", ",processing |
| R1290 |
T2088 |
T2086 |
cc |
and,processing |
| R1291 |
T2089 |
T2090 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R1292 |
T1986 |
T1984 |
advmod |
together,Taken |
| R1293 |
T2090 |
T2086 |
conj |
learning,processing |
| R1294 |
T2091 |
T2092 |
punct |
[,17 |
| R1295 |
T2092 |
T2081 |
parataxis |
17,measures |
| R1296 |
T2093 |
T2094 |
punct |
-,19 |
| R1297 |
T1987 |
T1988 |
det |
these,findings |
| R1298 |
T2094 |
T2092 |
prep |
19,17 |
| R1299 |
T2095 |
T2092 |
punct |
],17 |
| R1300 |
T2096 |
T2011 |
punct |
.,compared |
| R1301 |
T1988 |
T1985 |
nsubj |
findings,suggest |
| R1302 |
T2098 |
T2099 |
advmod |
Here,report |
| R1303 |
T1989 |
T1990 |
mark |
that,play |
| R1304 |
T2100 |
T2099 |
nsubj |
we,report |
| R1305 |
T2101 |
T2102 |
mark |
that,be |
| R1306 |
T1990 |
T1985 |
ccomp |
play,suggest |
| R1307 |
T2102 |
T2099 |
ccomp |
be,report |
| R1308 |
T2103 |
T2104 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R1309 |
T2104 |
T2105 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R1310 |
T1991 |
T1992 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R1311 |
T2105 |
T2107 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R1312 |
T2106 |
T2105 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R1313 |
T2107 |
T2102 |
nsubj |
signaling,be |
| R1314 |
T1992 |
T1994 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R1315 |
T2108 |
T2102 |
aux |
must,be |
| R1316 |
T2109 |
T2102 |
acomp |
intact,be |
| R1317 |
T2110 |
T2111 |
mark |
if,is |
| R1318 |
T1993 |
T1992 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R1319 |
T2111 |
T2102 |
advcl |
is,be |
| R1320 |
T2112 |
T2113 |
det |
a,mouse |
| R1321 |
T1994 |
T1990 |
nsubj |
signaling,play |
| R1322 |
T2113 |
T2111 |
nsubj |
mouse,is |
| R1323 |
T2114 |
T2115 |
aux |
to,learn |
| R1324 |
T2115 |
T2111 |
xcomp |
learn,is |
| R1325 |
T1995 |
T1990 |
aux |
could,play |
| R1326 |
T2116 |
T2115 |
advmod |
efficiently,learn |
| R1327 |
T2117 |
T2118 |
aux |
to,associate |
| R1328 |
T2118 |
T2115 |
xcomp |
associate,learn |
| R1329 |
T2119 |
T2120 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R1330 |
T2120 |
T2118 |
dobj |
reinforcer,associate |
| R1331 |
T1996 |
T1997 |
det |
a,role |
| R1332 |
T2121 |
T2120 |
compound |
food,reinforcer |
| R1333 |
T2122 |
T2118 |
prep |
with,associate |
| R1334 |
T2123 |
T2124 |
det |
a,odor |
| R1335 |
T2124 |
T2122 |
pobj |
odor,with |
| R1336 |
T1997 |
T1990 |
dobj |
role,play |
| R1337 |
T2125 |
T2124 |
amod |
specific,odor |
| R1338 |
T2126 |
T2118 |
cc |
and,associate |
| R1339 |
T1998 |
T1997 |
amod |
critical,role |
| R1340 |
T2127 |
T2128 |
advmod |
then,disengage |
| R1341 |
T2128 |
T2118 |
conj |
disengage,associate |
| R1342 |
T2129 |
T2128 |
advmod |
adaptively,disengage |
| R1343 |
T2130 |
T2131 |
amod |
inappropriate,strategies |
| R1344 |
T1999 |
T1990 |
prep |
in,play |
| R1345 |
T2131 |
T2128 |
dobj |
strategies,disengage |
| R1346 |
T2132 |
T2131 |
amod |
behavioral,strategies |
| R1347 |
T2000 |
T2001 |
amod |
reversal,learning |
| R1348 |
T2133 |
T2128 |
prep |
following,disengage |
| R1349 |
T2134 |
T2135 |
det |
the,reversal |
| R1350 |
T2001 |
T1999 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R1351 |
T2002 |
T1985 |
cc |
but,suggest |
| R1352 |
T2135 |
T2133 |
pobj |
reversal,following |
| R1353 |
T2003 |
T1985 |
conj |
are,suggest |
| R1354 |
T2136 |
T2135 |
prep |
of,reversal |
| R1355 |
T2137 |
T2138 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R1356 |
T2138 |
T2136 |
pobj |
contingencies,of |
| R1357 |
T2004 |
T2003 |
acomp |
insufficient,are |
| R1358 |
T2139 |
T2099 |
punct |
.,report |
| R1359 |
T2005 |
T2006 |
aux |
to,prove |
| R1360 |
T2006 |
T2004 |
xcomp |
prove,insufficient |
| R1361 |
T2007 |
T2006 |
dobj |
it,prove |
| R1362 |
T2008 |
T1985 |
punct |
.,suggest |
| R1363 |
T2010 |
T2011 |
prep |
In,compared |
| R1364 |
T2012 |
T2013 |
det |
an,effort |
| R1365 |
T2013 |
T2010 |
pobj |
effort,In |
| R1366 |
T2014 |
T2015 |
aux |
to,establish |
| R1367 |
T2015 |
T2013 |
acl |
establish,effort |
| R1368 |
T2016 |
T2017 |
det |
the,contribution |
| R1369 |
T2017 |
T2015 |
dobj |
contribution,establish |
| R1370 |
T2018 |
T2017 |
prep |
of,contribution |
| R1371 |
T2019 |
T2020 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R1372 |
T2020 |
T2022 |
npadvmod |
receptor,mediated |
| R1373 |
T2021 |
T2020 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R1374 |
T2022 |
T2024 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R1375 |
T2023 |
T2022 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R1376 |
T2024 |
T2018 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R1377 |
T2025 |
T2017 |
prep |
to,contribution |
| R1378 |
T2026 |
T2027 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R1379 |
T2027 |
T2025 |
pobj |
learning,to |
| R1380 |
T2028 |
T2026 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R1381 |
T2029 |
T2026 |
conj |
non-spatial,associative |
| R1382 |
T2198 |
T2199 |
preconj |
Both,type |
| R1383 |
T2199 |
T2202 |
nmod |
type,mice |
| R1384 |
T2200 |
T2199 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R1385 |
T2201 |
T2199 |
punct |
-,type |
| R1386 |
T2202 |
T2206 |
nsubj |
mice,learn |
| R1387 |
T2203 |
T2199 |
cc |
and,type |
| R1388 |
T2204 |
T2205 |
npadvmod |
D2R,deficient |
| R1389 |
T2205 |
T2199 |
conj |
deficient,type |
| R1390 |
T2207 |
T2208 |
compound |
operant,behaviors |
| R1391 |
T2208 |
T2206 |
dobj |
behaviors,learn |
| R1392 |
T2209 |
T2210 |
advmod |
equally,well |
| R1393 |
T2210 |
T2206 |
advmod |
well,learn |
| R1394 |
T2212 |
T2213 |
advmod |
Mildly,deprived |
| R1395 |
T2213 |
T2216 |
amod |
deprived,mice |
| R1396 |
T2214 |
T2213 |
npadvmod |
food,deprived |
| R1397 |
T2215 |
T2213 |
punct |
-,deprived |
| R1398 |
T2216 |
T2226 |
nsubj |
mice,learned |
| R1399 |
T2217 |
T2216 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1400 |
T2218 |
T2217 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1401 |
T2219 |
T2217 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1402 |
T2220 |
T2217 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1403 |
T2221 |
T2217 |
cc |
and,D2R |
| R1404 |
T2222 |
T2217 |
conj |
D2R,D2R |
| R1405 |
T2223 |
T2222 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1406 |
T2224 |
T2222 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1407 |
T2225 |
T2222 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1408 |
T2227 |
T2226 |
advmod |
readily,learned |
| R1409 |
T2228 |
T2229 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R1410 |
T2229 |
T2226 |
xcomp |
locate,learned |
| R1411 |
T2230 |
T2229 |
cc |
and,locate |
| R1412 |
T2231 |
T2229 |
conj |
consume,locate |
| R1413 |
T2232 |
T2233 |
compound |
food,pellets |
| R1414 |
T2233 |
T2231 |
dobj |
pellets,consume |
| R1415 |
T2234 |
T2231 |
prep |
during,consume |
| R1416 |
T2235 |
T2236 |
det |
both,sessions |
| R1417 |
T2236 |
T2234 |
pobj |
sessions,during |
| R1418 |
T2237 |
T2236 |
compound |
training,sessions |
| R1419 |
T2238 |
T2226 |
punct |
.,learned |
| R1420 |
T2240 |
T2241 |
nsubj |
Figure,depicts |
| R1421 |
T2242 |
T2240 |
nummod |
1,Figure |
| R1422 |
T2243 |
T2244 |
det |
the,latency |
| R1423 |
T2244 |
T2241 |
dobj |
latency,depicts |
| R1424 |
T2245 |
T2246 |
mark |
for,ambulate |
| R1425 |
T2246 |
T2244 |
advcl |
ambulate,latency |
| R1426 |
T2247 |
T2248 |
det |
both,genotypes |
| R1427 |
T2248 |
T2246 |
nsubj |
genotypes,ambulate |
| R1428 |
T2249 |
T2246 |
aux |
to,ambulate |
| R1429 |
T2250 |
T2246 |
prep |
to,ambulate |
| R1430 |
T2251 |
T2252 |
det |
a,dish |
| R1431 |
T2252 |
T2250 |
pobj |
dish,to |
| R1432 |
T2253 |
T2254 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R1433 |
T2254 |
T2246 |
advcl |
retrieve,ambulate |
| R1434 |
T2255 |
T2256 |
det |
an,pellet |
| R1435 |
T2256 |
T2254 |
dobj |
pellet,retrieve |
| R1436 |
T2257 |
T2256 |
amod |
unhidden,pellet |
| R1437 |
T2258 |
T2256 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R1438 |
T2259 |
T2241 |
punct |
.,depicts |
| R1439 |
T2261 |
T2262 |
expl |
There,were |
| R1440 |
T2263 |
T2264 |
det |
no,differences |
| R1441 |
T2264 |
T2262 |
attr |
differences,were |
| R1442 |
T2265 |
T2264 |
prep |
between,differences |
| R1443 |
T2266 |
T2265 |
pobj |
genotypes,between |
| R1444 |
T2267 |
T2268 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R1445 |
T2268 |
T2262 |
advcl |
retrieve,were |
| R1446 |
T2269 |
T2270 |
det |
the,reinforcers |
| R1447 |
T2270 |
T2268 |
dobj |
reinforcers,retrieve |
| R1448 |
T2271 |
T2272 |
punct |
(,0.65 |
| R1449 |
T2272 |
T2270 |
parataxis |
0.65,reinforcers |
| R1450 |
T2273 |
T2274 |
nsubj |
F1,0.2 |
| R1451 |
T2274 |
T2272 |
ccomp |
0.2,0.65 |
| R1452 |
T2275 |
T2273 |
punct |
",",F1 |
| R1453 |
T2276 |
T2273 |
nummod |
59,F1 |
| R1454 |
T2277 |
T2274 |
punct |
=,0.2 |
| R1455 |
T2278 |
T2272 |
punct |
", ",0.65 |
| R1456 |
T2279 |
T2272 |
nsubj |
p,0.65 |
| R1457 |
T2280 |
T2272 |
punct |
>,0.65 |
| R1458 |
T2281 |
T2272 |
punct |
),0.65 |
| R1459 |
T2282 |
T2262 |
punct |
", ",were |
| R1460 |
T2283 |
T2262 |
cc |
and,were |
| R1461 |
T2284 |
T2285 |
det |
both,groups |
| R1462 |
T2285 |
T2286 |
nsubj |
groups,decreased |
| R1463 |
T2286 |
T2262 |
conj |
decreased,were |
| R1464 |
T2287 |
T2286 |
advmod |
significantly,decreased |
| R1465 |
T2288 |
T2289 |
det |
the,amount |
| R1466 |
T2289 |
T2286 |
dobj |
amount,decreased |
| R1467 |
T2290 |
T2289 |
prep |
of,amount |
| R1468 |
T2291 |
T2290 |
pobj |
time,of |
| R1469 |
T2292 |
T2289 |
amod |
necessary,amount |
| R1470 |
T2293 |
T2294 |
aux |
to,perform |
| R1471 |
T2294 |
T2292 |
xcomp |
perform,necessary |
| R1472 |
T2295 |
T2296 |
det |
this,task |
| R1473 |
T2296 |
T2294 |
dobj |
task,perform |
| R1474 |
T2297 |
T2286 |
prep |
along,decreased |
| R1475 |
T2298 |
T2299 |
amod |
successive,trials |
| R1476 |
T2299 |
T2297 |
pobj |
trials,along |
| R1477 |
T2300 |
T2301 |
punct |
(,0.001 |
| R1478 |
T2301 |
T2299 |
parataxis |
0.001,trials |
| R1479 |
T2302 |
T2303 |
nsubj |
F4,5.74 |
| R1480 |
T2303 |
T2301 |
ccomp |
5.74,0.001 |
| R1481 |
T2304 |
T2302 |
punct |
",",F4 |
| R1482 |
T2305 |
T2302 |
nummod |
59,F4 |
| R1483 |
T2306 |
T2303 |
punct |
=,5.74 |
| R1484 |
T2307 |
T2301 |
punct |
", ",0.001 |
| R1485 |
T2308 |
T2301 |
nsubj |
p,0.001 |
| R1486 |
T2309 |
T2301 |
punct |
<,0.001 |
| R1487 |
T2310 |
T2301 |
punct |
),0.001 |
| R1488 |
T2311 |
T2286 |
punct |
.,decreased |
| R1489 |
T2313 |
T2314 |
nsubj |
Figure,depicts |
| R1490 |
T2315 |
T2313 |
nummod |
2,Figure |
| R1491 |
T2316 |
T2317 |
det |
the,latency |
| R1492 |
T2317 |
T2314 |
dobj |
latency,depicts |
| R1493 |
T2318 |
T2319 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R1494 |
T2319 |
T2317 |
advcl |
dig,latency |
| R1495 |
T2320 |
T2319 |
prep |
for,dig |
| R1496 |
T2321 |
T2322 |
det |
the,pellet |
| R1497 |
T2322 |
T2320 |
pobj |
pellet,for |
| R1498 |
T2323 |
T2322 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R1499 |
T2324 |
T2322 |
acl |
buried,pellet |
| R1500 |
T2325 |
T2324 |
prep |
in,buried |
| R1501 |
T2326 |
T2327 |
det |
a,dish |
| R1502 |
T2327 |
T2325 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R1503 |
T2328 |
T2327 |
amod |
single,dish |
| R1504 |
T2329 |
T2327 |
acl |
filled,dish |
| R1505 |
T2330 |
T2329 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R1506 |
T2331 |
T2332 |
amod |
unscented,sand |
| R1507 |
T2332 |
T2330 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R1508 |
T2333 |
T2314 |
punct |
.,depicts |
| R1509 |
T2335 |
T2336 |
det |
No,differences |
| R1510 |
T2336 |
T2338 |
nsubjpass |
differences,found |
| R1511 |
T2337 |
T2336 |
compound |
genotype,differences |
| R1512 |
T2339 |
T2338 |
auxpass |
were,found |
| R1513 |
T2340 |
T2338 |
prep |
in,found |
| R1514 |
T2341 |
T2342 |
det |
the,ability |
| R1515 |
T2342 |
T2340 |
pobj |
ability,in |
| R1516 |
T2343 |
T2344 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R1517 |
T2344 |
T2342 |
acl |
dig,ability |
| R1518 |
T2345 |
T2344 |
prep |
through,dig |
| R1519 |
T2346 |
T2347 |
amod |
unscented,sand |
| R1520 |
T2347 |
T2345 |
pobj |
sand,through |
| R1521 |
T2348 |
T2344 |
prep |
for,dig |
| R1522 |
T2349 |
T2350 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R1523 |
T2350 |
T2348 |
pobj |
pellet,for |
| R1524 |
T2351 |
T2350 |
amod |
hidden,pellet |
| R1525 |
T2352 |
T2350 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R1526 |
T2353 |
T2354 |
punct |
(,0.27 |
| R1527 |
T2354 |
T2338 |
parataxis |
0.27,found |
| R1528 |
T2355 |
T2356 |
nsubj |
F1,1.26 |
| R1529 |
T2356 |
T2354 |
ccomp |
1.26,0.27 |
| R1530 |
T2357 |
T2355 |
punct |
",",F1 |
| R1531 |
T2358 |
T2355 |
nummod |
128,F1 |
| R1532 |
T2359 |
T2356 |
punct |
=,1.26 |
| R1533 |
T2360 |
T2354 |
punct |
", ",0.27 |
| R1534 |
T2361 |
T2354 |
nsubj |
p,0.27 |
| R1535 |
T2362 |
T2354 |
punct |
>,0.27 |
| R1536 |
T2363 |
T2354 |
punct |
),0.27 |
| R1537 |
T2364 |
T2338 |
punct |
.,found |
| R1541 |
T2416 |
T2417 |
nsubj |
mice,outperform |
| R1542 |
T2418 |
T2419 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1543 |
T2419 |
T2417 |
dobj |
mice,outperform |
| R1544 |
T2420 |
T2418 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1545 |
T2421 |
T2418 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1546 |
T2422 |
T2418 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1547 |
T2423 |
T2417 |
prep |
in,outperform |
| R1548 |
T2424 |
T2425 |
det |
an,task |
| R1549 |
T2425 |
T2423 |
pobj |
task,in |
| R1550 |
T2426 |
T2427 |
npadvmod |
odor,driven |
| R1551 |
T2427 |
T2425 |
amod |
driven,task |
| R1552 |
T2428 |
T2427 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R1553 |
T2429 |
T2427 |
punct |
", ",driven |
| R1554 |
T2430 |
T2431 |
compound |
stimulus,discrimination |
| R1555 |
T2431 |
T2427 |
conj |
discrimination,driven |
| R1556 |
T2432 |
T2431 |
punct |
-,discrimination |
| R1557 |
T2433 |
T2425 |
punct |
", ",task |
| R1558 |
T2434 |
T2425 |
compound |
operant,task |
| R1559 |
T2436 |
T2437 |
aux |
To,master |
| R1560 |
T2437 |
T2438 |
advcl |
master,required |
| R1561 |
T2439 |
T2440 |
det |
the,task |
| R1562 |
T2440 |
T2437 |
dobj |
task,master |
| R1563 |
T2441 |
T2442 |
npadvmod |
odor,driven |
| R1564 |
T2442 |
T2440 |
amod |
driven,task |
| R1565 |
T2443 |
T2442 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R1566 |
T2444 |
T2445 |
compound |
stimulus,discrimination |
| R1567 |
T2445 |
T2440 |
compound |
discrimination,task |
| R1568 |
T2446 |
T2438 |
punct |
", ",required |
| R1569 |
T2447 |
T2448 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1570 |
T2448 |
T2438 |
nsubj |
mice,required |
| R1571 |
T2449 |
T2447 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1572 |
T2450 |
T2447 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1573 |
T2451 |
T2447 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1574 |
T2452 |
T2453 |
advmod |
significantly,more |
| R1575 |
T2453 |
T2454 |
amod |
more,trials |
| R1576 |
T2454 |
T2438 |
dobj |
trials,required |
| R1577 |
T2455 |
T2456 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1578 |
T2456 |
T2438 |
parataxis |
Fig.,required |
| R1579 |
T2457 |
T2456 |
nummod |
3A,Fig. |
| R1580 |
T2458 |
T2456 |
punct |
: ,Fig. |
| R1581 |
T2459 |
T2460 |
nsubj |
t,2.20 |
| R1582 |
T2460 |
T2456 |
ccomp |
2.20,Fig. |
| R1583 |
T2461 |
T2459 |
punct |
(,t |
| R1584 |
T2462 |
T2459 |
nummod |
14,t |
| R1585 |
T2463 |
T2459 |
punct |
),t |
| R1586 |
T2464 |
T2460 |
punct |
=,2.20 |
| R1587 |
T2465 |
T2456 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1588 |
T2466 |
T2467 |
nsubj |
p,0.05 |
| R1589 |
T2467 |
T2456 |
ccomp |
0.05,Fig. |
| R1590 |
T2468 |
T2467 |
punct |
<,0.05 |
| R1591 |
T2469 |
T2456 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1592 |
T2470 |
T2438 |
cc |
and,required |
| R1593 |
T2471 |
T2438 |
conj |
committed,required |
| R1594 |
T2472 |
T2473 |
amod |
more,errors |
| R1595 |
T2473 |
T2471 |
dobj |
errors,committed |
| R1596 |
T2474 |
T2475 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1597 |
T2475 |
T2473 |
parataxis |
Fig.,errors |
| R1598 |
T2476 |
T2475 |
nummod |
3B,Fig. |
| R1599 |
T2477 |
T2475 |
punct |
: ,Fig. |
| R1600 |
T2478 |
T2479 |
nsubj |
t,2.92 |
| R1601 |
T2479 |
T2475 |
ccomp |
2.92,Fig. |
| R1602 |
T2480 |
T2478 |
punct |
(,t |
| R1603 |
T2481 |
T2478 |
nummod |
14,t |
| R1604 |
T2482 |
T2478 |
punct |
),t |
| R1605 |
T2483 |
T2479 |
punct |
=,2.92 |
| R1606 |
T2484 |
T2475 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1607 |
T2485 |
T2486 |
nsubj |
p,0.05 |
| R1608 |
T2486 |
T2475 |
ccomp |
0.05,Fig. |
| R1609 |
T2487 |
T2486 |
punct |
<,0.05 |
| R1610 |
T2488 |
T2475 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1611 |
T2489 |
T2473 |
prep |
than,errors |
| R1612 |
T2490 |
T2491 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1613 |
T2491 |
T2489 |
pobj |
mice,than |
| R1614 |
T2492 |
T2490 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1615 |
T2493 |
T2490 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1616 |
T2494 |
T2490 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1617 |
T2495 |
T2496 |
aux |
to,learn |
| R1618 |
T2496 |
T2438 |
advcl |
learn,required |
| R1619 |
T2497 |
T2498 |
aux |
to,associate |
| R1620 |
T2498 |
T2496 |
xcomp |
associate,learn |
| R1621 |
T2499 |
T2500 |
det |
a,odor |
| R1622 |
T2500 |
T2498 |
dobj |
odor,associate |
| R1623 |
T2501 |
T2500 |
amod |
specific,odor |
| R1624 |
T2502 |
T2498 |
prep |
with,associate |
| R1625 |
T2503 |
T2504 |
det |
the,presence |
| R1626 |
T2504 |
T2502 |
pobj |
presence,with |
| R1627 |
T2505 |
T2504 |
cc |
or,presence |
| R1628 |
T2506 |
T2504 |
conj |
absence,presence |
| R1629 |
T2507 |
T2504 |
prep |
of,presence |
| R1630 |
T2508 |
T2509 |
det |
the,reinforcer |
| R1631 |
T2509 |
T2507 |
pobj |
reinforcer,of |
| R1632 |
T2510 |
T2509 |
compound |
food,reinforcer |
| R1633 |
T2511 |
T2438 |
punct |
.,required |
| R1634 |
T2513 |
T2514 |
advmod |
However,learn |
| R1635 |
T2515 |
T2514 |
punct |
", ",learn |
| R1636 |
T2516 |
T2517 |
det |
both,genotypes |
| R1637 |
T2517 |
T2514 |
nsubj |
genotypes,learn |
| R1638 |
T2518 |
T2514 |
aux |
did,learn |
| R1639 |
T2519 |
T2520 |
det |
the,task |
| R1640 |
T2520 |
T2514 |
dobj |
task,learn |
| R1641 |
T2521 |
T2514 |
cc |
and,learn |
| R1642 |
T2522 |
T2523 |
advmod |
eventually,maintained |
| R1643 |
T2523 |
T2514 |
conj |
maintained,learn |
| R1644 |
T2524 |
T2525 |
amod |
accurate,discrimination |
| R1645 |
T2525 |
T2523 |
dobj |
discrimination,maintained |
| R1646 |
T2526 |
T2523 |
prep |
for,maintained |
| R1647 |
T2527 |
T2528 |
det |
a,minimum |
| R1648 |
T2528 |
T2526 |
pobj |
minimum,for |
| R1649 |
T2529 |
T2528 |
prep |
of,minimum |
| R1650 |
T2530 |
T2531 |
nummod |
8,responses |
| R1651 |
T2531 |
T2529 |
pobj |
responses,of |
| R1652 |
T2532 |
T2531 |
amod |
correct,responses |
| R1653 |
T2533 |
T2531 |
prep |
out,responses |
| R1654 |
T2534 |
T2533 |
prep |
of,out |
| R1655 |
T2535 |
T2536 |
nummod |
10,trials |
| R1656 |
T2536 |
T2534 |
pobj |
trials,of |
| R1657 |
T2537 |
T2514 |
punct |
.,learn |
| R1658 |
T2709 |
T2710 |
nsubj |
Mice,engage |
| R1659 |
T2711 |
T2709 |
acl |
lacking,Mice |
| R1660 |
T2712 |
T2713 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R1661 |
T2713 |
T2714 |
compound |
D2,receptors |
| R1662 |
T2714 |
T2711 |
dobj |
receptors,lacking |
| R1663 |
T2715 |
T2710 |
prep |
in,engage |
| R1664 |
T2716 |
T2717 |
amod |
unreinforced,behavior |
| R1665 |
T2717 |
T2715 |
pobj |
behavior,in |
| R1666 |
T2718 |
T2710 |
prep |
in,engage |
| R1667 |
T2719 |
T2720 |
det |
a,manner |
| R1668 |
T2720 |
T2718 |
pobj |
manner,in |
| R1669 |
T2721 |
T2720 |
amod |
perseverative,manner |
| R1670 |
T2722 |
T2710 |
prep |
following,engage |
| R1671 |
T2723 |
T2722 |
pobj |
reversal,following |
| R1672 |
T2724 |
T2723 |
prep |
of,reversal |
| R1673 |
T2725 |
T2726 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R1674 |
T2726 |
T2724 |
pobj |
contingencies,of |
| R1675 |
T2728 |
T2729 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1676 |
T2729 |
T2733 |
nsubj |
mice,failed |
| R1677 |
T2730 |
T2728 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1678 |
T2731 |
T2728 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1679 |
T2732 |
T2728 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1680 |
T2734 |
T2733 |
advmod |
repeatedly,failed |
| R1681 |
T2735 |
T2736 |
aux |
to,inhibit |
| R1682 |
T2736 |
T2733 |
xcomp |
inhibit,failed |
| R1683 |
T2737 |
T2738 |
advmod |
previously,established |
| R1684 |
T2738 |
T2739 |
amod |
established,contingencies |
| R1685 |
T2739 |
T2736 |
dobj |
contingencies,inhibit |
| R1686 |
T2740 |
T2739 |
amod |
learning,contingencies |
| R1687 |
T2741 |
T2736 |
prep |
during,inhibit |
| R1688 |
T2742 |
T2743 |
amod |
reversal,trials |
| R1689 |
T2743 |
T2741 |
pobj |
trials,during |
| R1690 |
T2744 |
T2745 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1691 |
T2745 |
T2736 |
parataxis |
Fig.,inhibit |
| R1692 |
T2746 |
T2745 |
nummod |
4A,Fig. |
| R1693 |
T2747 |
T2745 |
punct |
: ,Fig. |
| R1694 |
T2748 |
T2749 |
nsubj |
t,3.54 |
| R1695 |
T2749 |
T2745 |
ccomp |
3.54,Fig. |
| R1696 |
T2750 |
T2748 |
punct |
(,t |
| R1697 |
T2751 |
T2748 |
nummod |
14,t |
| R1698 |
T2752 |
T2748 |
punct |
),t |
| R1699 |
T2753 |
T2749 |
punct |
=,3.54 |
| R1700 |
T2754 |
T2745 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1701 |
T2755 |
T2756 |
nsubj |
p,0.01 |
| R1702 |
T2756 |
T2745 |
ccomp |
0.01,Fig. |
| R1703 |
T2757 |
T2756 |
punct |
<,0.01 |
| R1704 |
T2758 |
T2745 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1705 |
T2759 |
T2733 |
cc |
and,failed |
| R1706 |
T2760 |
T2733 |
conj |
committed,failed |
| R1707 |
T2761 |
T2762 |
advmod |
significantly,more |
| R1708 |
T2762 |
T2763 |
amod |
more,errors |
| R1709 |
T2763 |
T2760 |
dobj |
errors,committed |
| R1710 |
T2764 |
T2763 |
compound |
reversal,errors |
| R1711 |
T2765 |
T2763 |
prep |
than,errors |
| R1712 |
T2766 |
T2767 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1713 |
T2767 |
T2765 |
pobj |
mice,than |
| R1714 |
T2768 |
T2766 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1715 |
T2769 |
T2766 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1716 |
T2770 |
T2766 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1717 |
T2771 |
T2772 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1718 |
T2772 |
T2760 |
parataxis |
Fig.,committed |
| R1719 |
T2773 |
T2772 |
nummod |
4B,Fig. |
| R1720 |
T2774 |
T2772 |
punct |
: ,Fig. |
| R1721 |
T2775 |
T2776 |
nsubj |
t,3.18 |
| R1722 |
T2776 |
T2772 |
ccomp |
3.18,Fig. |
| R1723 |
T2777 |
T2775 |
punct |
(,t |
| R1724 |
T2778 |
T2775 |
nummod |
14,t |
| R1725 |
T2779 |
T2775 |
punct |
),t |
| R1726 |
T2780 |
T2776 |
punct |
=,3.18 |
| R1727 |
T2781 |
T2772 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1728 |
T2782 |
T2783 |
nsubj |
p,0.01 |
| R1729 |
T2783 |
T2772 |
ccomp |
0.01,Fig. |
| R1730 |
T2784 |
T2783 |
punct |
<,0.01 |
| R1731 |
T2785 |
T2772 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1732 |
T2786 |
T2733 |
punct |
.,failed |
| R1733 |
T2788 |
T2789 |
amod |
Categorical,division |
| R1734 |
T2789 |
T2790 |
nsubj |
division,revealed |
| R1735 |
T2791 |
T2789 |
prep |
of,division |
| R1736 |
T2792 |
T2793 |
compound |
reversal,errors |
| R1737 |
T2793 |
T2791 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R1738 |
T2794 |
T2795 |
punct |
(,Ferry |
| R1739 |
T2795 |
T2789 |
meta |
Ferry,division |
| R1740 |
T2796 |
T2795 |
nmod |
et,Ferry |
| R1741 |
T2797 |
T2795 |
nmod |
al.,Ferry |
| R1742 |
T2798 |
T2795 |
punct |
", ",Ferry |
| R1743 |
T2799 |
T2795 |
nummod |
2000,Ferry |
| R1744 |
T2800 |
T2795 |
punct |
),Ferry |
| R1745 |
T2801 |
T2789 |
punct |
–,division |
| R1746 |
T2802 |
T2789 |
acl |
digging,division |
| R1747 |
T2803 |
T2802 |
prep |
in,digging |
| R1748 |
T2804 |
T2805 |
det |
the,dish |
| R1749 |
T2805 |
T2803 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R1750 |
T2806 |
T2807 |
dep |
that,contain |
| R1751 |
T2807 |
T2805 |
relcl |
contain,dish |
| R1752 |
T2808 |
T2807 |
aux |
did,contain |
| R1753 |
T2809 |
T2807 |
neg |
not,contain |
| R1754 |
T2810 |
T2811 |
det |
the,pellet |
| R1755 |
T2811 |
T2807 |
dobj |
pellet,contain |
| R1756 |
T2812 |
T2811 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R1757 |
T2813 |
T2814 |
punct |
(,S |
| R1758 |
T2814 |
T2802 |
parataxis |
S,digging |
| R1759 |
T2815 |
T2814 |
punct |
-,S |
| R1760 |
T2816 |
T2814 |
punct |
),S |
| R1761 |
T2817 |
T2818 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1762 |
T2818 |
T2802 |
parataxis |
Fig.,digging |
| R1763 |
T2819 |
T2818 |
dep |
error,Fig. |
| R1764 |
T2820 |
T2819 |
prep |
of,error |
| R1765 |
T2821 |
T2820 |
pobj |
commission,of |
| R1766 |
T2822 |
T2818 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1767 |
T2823 |
T2818 |
nummod |
5A,Fig. |
| R1768 |
T2824 |
T2818 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1769 |
T2825 |
T2802 |
cc |
versus,digging |
| R1770 |
T2826 |
T2802 |
conj |
failing,digging |
| R1771 |
T2827 |
T2828 |
aux |
to,respond |
| R1772 |
T2828 |
T2826 |
xcomp |
respond,failing |
| R1773 |
T2829 |
T2828 |
prep |
within,respond |
| R1774 |
T2830 |
T2831 |
nummod |
3,min |
| R1775 |
T2831 |
T2829 |
pobj |
min,within |
| R1776 |
T2832 |
T2831 |
punct |
-,min |
| R1777 |
T2833 |
T2831 |
prep |
of,min |
| R1778 |
T2834 |
T2833 |
pobj |
presentation,of |
| R1779 |
T2835 |
T2836 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1780 |
T2836 |
T2826 |
parataxis |
Fig.,failing |
| R1781 |
T2837 |
T2836 |
dep |
error,Fig. |
| R1782 |
T2838 |
T2837 |
prep |
of,error |
| R1783 |
T2839 |
T2838 |
pobj |
omission,of |
| R1784 |
T2840 |
T2836 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1785 |
T2841 |
T2836 |
nummod |
5B,Fig. |
| R1786 |
T2842 |
T2836 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1787 |
T2843 |
T2844 |
mark |
that,committed |
| R1788 |
T2844 |
T2790 |
ccomp |
committed,revealed |
| R1789 |
T2845 |
T2846 |
det |
both,genotypes |
| R1790 |
T2846 |
T2844 |
nsubj |
genotypes,committed |
| R1791 |
T2847 |
T2844 |
advmod |
chiefly,committed |
| R1792 |
T2848 |
T2844 |
dobj |
errors,committed |
| R1793 |
T2849 |
T2848 |
prep |
of,errors |
| R1794 |
T2850 |
T2849 |
pobj |
commission,of |
| R1795 |
T2851 |
T2848 |
cc |
versus,errors |
| R1796 |
T2852 |
T2848 |
conj |
errors,errors |
| R1797 |
T2853 |
T2852 |
prep |
of,errors |
| R1798 |
T2854 |
T2853 |
pobj |
omission,of |
| R1799 |
T2855 |
T2856 |
punct |
(,0.05 |
| R1800 |
T2856 |
T2844 |
parataxis |
0.05,committed |
| R1801 |
T2857 |
T2858 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1802 |
T2858 |
T2862 |
dep |
mice,0.01 |
| R1803 |
T2859 |
T2857 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1804 |
T2860 |
T2857 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1805 |
T2861 |
T2857 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1806 |
T2862 |
T2856 |
dep |
0.01,0.05 |
| R1807 |
T2863 |
T2862 |
punct |
", ",0.01 |
| R1808 |
T2864 |
T2865 |
nsubj |
U,0.00 |
| R1809 |
T2865 |
T2862 |
ccomp |
0.00,0.01 |
| R1810 |
T2866 |
T2865 |
punct |
=,0.00 |
| R1811 |
T2867 |
T2862 |
punct |
;,0.01 |
| R1812 |
T2868 |
T2862 |
nsubj |
p,0.01 |
| R1813 |
T2869 |
T2862 |
punct |
<,0.01 |
| R1814 |
T2870 |
T2856 |
punct |
;,0.05 |
| R1815 |
T2871 |
T2872 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1816 |
T2872 |
T2856 |
dep |
mice,0.05 |
| R1817 |
T2873 |
T2871 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1818 |
T2874 |
T2871 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1819 |
T2875 |
T2871 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1820 |
T2876 |
T2877 |
nsubj |
U,9.00 |
| R1821 |
T2877 |
T2856 |
ccomp |
9.00,0.05 |
| R1822 |
T2878 |
T2877 |
punct |
=,9.00 |
| R1823 |
T2879 |
T2856 |
punct |
", ",0.05 |
| R1824 |
T2880 |
T2856 |
nsubj |
p,0.05 |
| R1825 |
T2881 |
T2856 |
punct |
<,0.05 |
| R1826 |
T2882 |
T2856 |
punct |
),0.05 |
| R1827 |
T2883 |
T2844 |
punct |
", ",committed |
| R1828 |
T2884 |
T2885 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1829 |
T2885 |
T2889 |
nsubj |
mice,committed |
| R1830 |
T2886 |
T2884 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1831 |
T2887 |
T2884 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1832 |
T2888 |
T2884 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1833 |
T2889 |
T2844 |
conj |
committed,committed |
| R1834 |
T2890 |
T2891 |
amod |
more,errors |
| R1835 |
T2891 |
T2889 |
dobj |
errors,committed |
| R1836 |
T2892 |
T2891 |
compound |
commission,errors |
| R1837 |
T2893 |
T2891 |
prep |
than,errors |
| R1838 |
T2894 |
T2895 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1839 |
T2895 |
T2893 |
pobj |
mice,than |
| R1840 |
T2896 |
T2894 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1841 |
T2897 |
T2894 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1842 |
T2898 |
T2894 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1843 |
T2899 |
T2900 |
punct |
(,0.05 |
| R1844 |
T2900 |
T2889 |
parataxis |
0.05,committed |
| R1845 |
T2901 |
T2902 |
nsubj |
U,5.00 |
| R1846 |
T2902 |
T2900 |
ccomp |
5.00,0.05 |
| R1847 |
T2903 |
T2902 |
punct |
=,5.00 |
| R1848 |
T2904 |
T2900 |
punct |
", ",0.05 |
| R1849 |
T2905 |
T2900 |
nsubj |
p,0.05 |
| R1850 |
T2906 |
T2900 |
punct |
<,0.05 |
| R1851 |
T2907 |
T2900 |
punct |
),0.05 |
| R1852 |
T2908 |
T2889 |
punct |
", ",committed |
| R1853 |
T2909 |
T2889 |
cc |
and,committed |
| R1854 |
T2910 |
T2911 |
expl |
there,were |
| R1855 |
T2911 |
T2889 |
conj |
were,committed |
| R1856 |
T2912 |
T2913 |
det |
no,differences |
| R1857 |
T2913 |
T2911 |
attr |
differences,were |
| R1858 |
T2914 |
T2913 |
prep |
between,differences |
| R1859 |
T2915 |
T2916 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1860 |
T2916 |
T2914 |
pobj |
mice,between |
| R1861 |
T2917 |
T2915 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1862 |
T2918 |
T2915 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1863 |
T2919 |
T2915 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1864 |
T2920 |
T2915 |
cc |
and,D2R |
| R1865 |
T2921 |
T2915 |
conj |
D2R,D2R |
| R1866 |
T2922 |
T2921 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1867 |
T2923 |
T2921 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1868 |
T2924 |
T2921 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1869 |
T2925 |
T2913 |
prep |
in,differences |
| R1870 |
T2926 |
T2927 |
compound |
omission,errors |
| R1871 |
T2927 |
T2925 |
pobj |
errors,in |
| R1872 |
T2928 |
T2929 |
punct |
(,0.65 |
| R1873 |
T2929 |
T2911 |
parataxis |
0.65,were |
| R1874 |
T2930 |
T2931 |
nsubj |
U,27.5 |
| R1875 |
T2931 |
T2929 |
ccomp |
27.5,0.65 |
| R1876 |
T2932 |
T2931 |
punct |
=,27.5 |
| R1877 |
T2933 |
T2929 |
punct |
", ",0.65 |
| R1878 |
T2934 |
T2929 |
nsubj |
p,0.65 |
| R1879 |
T2935 |
T2929 |
punct |
=,0.65 |
| R1880 |
T2936 |
T2929 |
punct |
),0.65 |
| R1881 |
T2937 |
T2790 |
punct |
.,revealed |
| R1882 |
T2939 |
T2940 |
advmod |
Moreover,indicated |
| R1883 |
T2941 |
T2940 |
punct |
", ",indicated |
| R1884 |
T2942 |
T2943 |
det |
the,number |
| R1885 |
T2943 |
T2940 |
nsubj |
number,indicated |
| R1886 |
T2944 |
T2943 |
prep |
of,number |
| R1887 |
T2945 |
T2946 |
compound |
commission,errors |
| R1888 |
T2946 |
T2944 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R1889 |
T2947 |
T2943 |
acl |
committed,number |
| R1890 |
T2948 |
T2947 |
prep |
during,committed |
| R1891 |
T2949 |
T2950 |
det |
the,session |
| R1892 |
T2950 |
T2948 |
pobj |
session,during |
| R1893 |
T2951 |
T2950 |
amod |
first,session |
| R1894 |
T2952 |
T2950 |
compound |
reversal,session |
| R1895 |
T2953 |
T2943 |
punct |
(,number |
| R1896 |
T2954 |
T2955 |
det |
an,index |
| R1897 |
T2955 |
T2943 |
appos |
index,number |
| R1898 |
T2956 |
T2955 |
prep |
of,index |
| R1899 |
T2957 |
T2958 |
nmod |
stimulus,perseveration |
| R1900 |
T2958 |
T2956 |
pobj |
perseveration,of |
| R1901 |
T2959 |
T2957 |
amod |
bound,stimulus |
| R1902 |
T2960 |
T2955 |
punct |
", ",index |
| R1903 |
T2961 |
T2962 |
advmod |
where,responding |
| R1904 |
T2962 |
T2955 |
relcl |
responding,index |
| R1905 |
T2963 |
T2964 |
det |
all,animals |
| R1906 |
T2964 |
T2962 |
nsubj |
animals,responding |
| R1907 |
T2965 |
T2962 |
aux |
are,responding |
| R1908 |
T2966 |
T2962 |
prep |
to,responding |
| R1909 |
T2967 |
T2968 |
det |
the,contingencies |
| R1910 |
T2968 |
T2966 |
pobj |
contingencies,to |
| R1911 |
T2969 |
T2968 |
amod |
reversed,contingencies |
| R1912 |
T2970 |
T2962 |
prep |
for,responding |
| R1913 |
T2971 |
T2972 |
det |
the,time |
| R1914 |
T2972 |
T2970 |
pobj |
time,for |
| R1915 |
T2973 |
T2972 |
amod |
first,time |
| R1916 |
T2974 |
T2975 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R1917 |
T2975 |
T2943 |
parataxis |
Fig.,number |
| R1918 |
T2976 |
T2975 |
nummod |
6,Fig. |
| R1919 |
T2977 |
T2975 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1920 |
T2978 |
T2979 |
det |
a,deficit |
| R1921 |
T2979 |
T2940 |
dobj |
deficit,indicated |
| R1922 |
T2980 |
T2940 |
prep |
in,indicated |
| R1923 |
T2981 |
T2982 |
det |
the,mice |
| R1924 |
T2982 |
T2980 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R1925 |
T2983 |
T2982 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1926 |
T2984 |
T2983 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1927 |
T2985 |
T2983 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1928 |
T2986 |
T2983 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R1929 |
T2987 |
T2940 |
prep |
compared,indicated |
| R1930 |
T2988 |
T2987 |
prep |
to,compared |
| R1931 |
T2989 |
T2990 |
det |
the,mice |
| R1932 |
T2990 |
T2988 |
pobj |
mice,to |
| R1933 |
T2991 |
T2990 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R1934 |
T2992 |
T2991 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1935 |
T2993 |
T2991 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R1936 |
T2994 |
T2991 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R1937 |
T2995 |
T2996 |
punct |
(,0.01 |
| R1938 |
T2996 |
T2940 |
parataxis |
0.01,indicated |
| R1939 |
T2997 |
T2998 |
nsubj |
U,8.5 |
| R1940 |
T2998 |
T2996 |
ccomp |
8.5,0.01 |
| R1941 |
T2999 |
T2998 |
punct |
=,8.5 |
| R1942 |
T3000 |
T2996 |
punct |
", ",0.01 |
| R1943 |
T3001 |
T2996 |
nsubj |
p,0.01 |
| R1944 |
T3002 |
T2996 |
punct |
<,0.01 |
| R1945 |
T3003 |
T2996 |
punct |
),0.01 |
| R1946 |
T3004 |
T2940 |
punct |
.,indicated |
| R1947 |
T3006 |
T3007 |
advmod |
Finally,analyzed |
| R1948 |
T3008 |
T3007 |
punct |
", ",analyzed |
| R1949 |
T3009 |
T3007 |
prep |
in,analyzed |
| R1950 |
T3010 |
T3011 |
det |
an,attempt |
| R1951 |
T3011 |
T3009 |
pobj |
attempt,in |
| R1952 |
T3012 |
T3013 |
aux |
to,assess |
| R1953 |
T3013 |
T3011 |
acl |
assess,attempt |
| R1954 |
T3014 |
T3015 |
mark |
whether,occurred |
| R1955 |
T3015 |
T3013 |
ccomp |
occurred,assess |
| R1956 |
T3016 |
T3015 |
nsubj |
perseveration,occurred |
| R1957 |
T3017 |
T3015 |
prep |
across,occurred |
| R1958 |
T3018 |
T3019 |
amod |
multiple,sessions |
| R1959 |
T3019 |
T3017 |
pobj |
sessions,across |
| R1960 |
T3020 |
T3019 |
compound |
reversal,sessions |
| R1961 |
T3021 |
T3022 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R1962 |
T3022 |
T3013 |
parataxis |
Fig.,assess |
| R1963 |
T3023 |
T3022 |
nummod |
7,Fig. |
| R1964 |
T3024 |
T3022 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R1965 |
T3025 |
T3007 |
punct |
", ",analyzed |
| R1966 |
T3026 |
T3007 |
nsubj |
we,analyzed |
| R1967 |
T3027 |
T3028 |
det |
the,number |
| R1968 |
T3028 |
T3007 |
dobj |
number,analyzed |
| R1969 |
T3029 |
T3028 |
prep |
of,number |
| R1970 |
T3030 |
T3031 |
compound |
commission,errors |
| R1971 |
T3031 |
T3029 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R1972 |
T3032 |
T3028 |
acl |
emitted,number |
| R1973 |
T3033 |
T3032 |
prep |
before,emitted |
| R1974 |
T3034 |
T3033 |
pcomp |
relearning,before |
| R1975 |
T3035 |
T3036 |
det |
the,contingencies |
| R1976 |
T3036 |
T3034 |
dobj |
contingencies,relearning |
| R1977 |
T3037 |
T3036 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R1978 |
T3038 |
T3034 |
prep |
during,relearning |
| R1979 |
T3039 |
T3040 |
det |
the,sessions |
| R1980 |
T3040 |
T3038 |
pobj |
sessions,during |
| R1981 |
T3041 |
T3040 |
amod |
reversal,sessions |
| R1982 |
T3042 |
T3007 |
punct |
.,analyzed |
| R1983 |
T3044 |
T3045 |
det |
The,data |
| R1984 |
T3045 |
T3046 |
nsubjpass |
data,collected |
| R1985 |
T3047 |
T3045 |
acl |
depicted,data |
| R1986 |
T3048 |
T3046 |
auxpass |
were,collected |
| R1987 |
T3049 |
T3046 |
prep |
from,collected |
| R1988 |
T3050 |
T3049 |
pobj |
subjects,from |
| R1989 |
T3051 |
T3052 |
dep |
that,achieved |
| R1990 |
T3052 |
T3050 |
relcl |
achieved,subjects |
| R1991 |
T3053 |
T3052 |
aux |
had,achieved |
| R1992 |
T3054 |
T3052 |
neg |
not,achieved |
| R1993 |
T3055 |
T3056 |
det |
the,criterion |
| R1994 |
T3056 |
T3052 |
dobj |
criterion,achieved |
| R1995 |
T3057 |
T3058 |
nummod |
80,% |
| R1996 |
T3058 |
T3059 |
compound |
%,performance |
| R1997 |
T3059 |
T3056 |
compound |
performance,criterion |
| R1998 |
T3060 |
T3046 |
punct |
.,collected |
| R1999 |
T3062 |
T3063 |
advmod |
Therefore,5 |
| R2000 |
T3064 |
T3063 |
punct |
", ",5 |
| R2001 |
T3065 |
T3066 |
det |
the,number |
| R2002 |
T3066 |
T3067 |
nsubj |
number,is |
| R2003 |
T3067 |
T3063 |
ccomp |
is,5 |
| R2004 |
T3068 |
T3066 |
prep |
of,number |
| R2005 |
T3069 |
T3070 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2006 |
T3070 |
T3068 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R2007 |
T3071 |
T3069 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2008 |
T3072 |
T3069 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2009 |
T3073 |
T3069 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2010 |
T3074 |
T3066 |
acl |
represented,number |
| R2011 |
T3075 |
T3074 |
prep |
in,represented |
| R2012 |
T3076 |
T3077 |
compound |
session,# |
| R2013 |
T3077 |
T3075 |
pobj |
#,in |
| R2014 |
T3078 |
T3077 |
nummod |
1,# |
| R2015 |
T3079 |
T3067 |
attr |
8,is |
| R2016 |
T3080 |
T3063 |
punct |
", ",5 |
| R2017 |
T3081 |
T3082 |
prep |
in,8 |
| R2018 |
T3082 |
T3063 |
ccomp |
8,5 |
| R2019 |
T3083 |
T3084 |
compound |
session,# |
| R2020 |
T3084 |
T3081 |
pobj |
#,in |
| R2021 |
T3085 |
T3084 |
nummod |
2,# |
| R2022 |
T3086 |
T3082 |
nsubj |
n,8 |
| R2023 |
T3087 |
T3082 |
punct |
=,8 |
| R2024 |
T3088 |
T3063 |
punct |
", ",5 |
| R2025 |
T3089 |
T3090 |
compound |
session,# |
| R2026 |
T3090 |
T3091 |
npadvmod |
#,6 |
| R2027 |
T3091 |
T3063 |
ccomp |
6,5 |
| R2028 |
T3092 |
T3090 |
nummod |
3,# |
| R2029 |
T3093 |
T3091 |
nsubj |
n,6 |
| R2030 |
T3094 |
T3091 |
punct |
=,6 |
| R2031 |
T3095 |
T3096 |
punct |
(,met |
| R2032 |
T3096 |
T3091 |
parataxis |
met,6 |
| R2033 |
T3097 |
T3098 |
nummod |
2,mice |
| R2034 |
T3098 |
T3096 |
nsubj |
mice,met |
| R2035 |
T3099 |
T3100 |
poss |
our,criterion |
| R2036 |
T3100 |
T3096 |
dobj |
criterion,met |
| R2037 |
T3101 |
T3096 |
punct |
),met |
| R2038 |
T3102 |
T3063 |
punct |
", ",5 |
| R2039 |
T3103 |
T3063 |
prep |
in,5 |
| R2040 |
T3104 |
T3105 |
compound |
session,# |
| R2041 |
T3105 |
T3103 |
pobj |
#,in |
| R2042 |
T3106 |
T3105 |
nummod |
4,# |
| R2043 |
T3107 |
T3063 |
nsubj |
n,5 |
| R2044 |
T3108 |
T3063 |
punct |
=,5 |
| R2045 |
T3109 |
T3110 |
punct |
(,met |
| R2046 |
T3110 |
T3063 |
parataxis |
met,5 |
| R2047 |
T3111 |
T3110 |
nsubj |
three,met |
| R2048 |
T3112 |
T3113 |
det |
the,criterion |
| R2049 |
T3113 |
T3110 |
dobj |
criterion,met |
| R2050 |
T3114 |
T3110 |
punct |
),met |
| R2051 |
T3115 |
T3063 |
punct |
.,5 |
| R2052 |
T3117 |
T3118 |
prep |
Following,met |
| R2053 |
T3119 |
T3117 |
pobj |
session,Following |
| R2054 |
T3120 |
T3119 |
nummod |
5,session |
| R2055 |
T3121 |
T3118 |
punct |
", ",met |
| R2056 |
T3122 |
T3123 |
det |
the,mice |
| R2057 |
T3123 |
T3118 |
nsubj |
mice,met |
| R2058 |
T3124 |
T3123 |
amod |
remaining,mice |
| R2059 |
T3125 |
T3123 |
nummod |
5,mice |
| R2060 |
T3126 |
T3123 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2061 |
T3127 |
T3126 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2062 |
T3128 |
T3126 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2063 |
T3129 |
T3126 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2064 |
T3130 |
T3118 |
aux |
had,met |
| R2065 |
T3131 |
T3118 |
dobj |
criteria,met |
| R2066 |
T3132 |
T3118 |
punct |
.,met |
| R2067 |
T3134 |
T3135 |
prep |
For,represents |
| R2068 |
T3136 |
T3137 |
det |
the,mice |
| R2069 |
T3137 |
T3134 |
pobj |
mice,For |
| R2070 |
T3138 |
T3137 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2071 |
T3139 |
T3138 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2072 |
T3140 |
T3138 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2073 |
T3141 |
T3138 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2074 |
T3142 |
T3135 |
punct |
", ",represents |
| R2075 |
T3143 |
T3144 |
det |
each,point |
| R2076 |
T3144 |
T3135 |
nsubj |
point,represents |
| R2077 |
T3145 |
T3144 |
prep |
on,point |
| R2078 |
T3146 |
T3147 |
det |
the,graph |
| R2079 |
T3147 |
T3145 |
pobj |
graph,on |
| R2080 |
T3148 |
T3149 |
nummod |
8,subjects |
| R2081 |
T3149 |
T3135 |
dobj |
subjects,represents |
| R2082 |
T3150 |
T3135 |
punct |
.,represents |
| R2083 |
T3152 |
T3153 |
nsubj |
None,achieved |
| R2084 |
T3154 |
T3152 |
prep |
of,None |
| R2085 |
T3155 |
T3156 |
det |
the,mice |
| R2086 |
T3156 |
T3154 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R2087 |
T3157 |
T3156 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2088 |
T3158 |
T3157 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2089 |
T3159 |
T3157 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2090 |
T3160 |
T3157 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2091 |
T3161 |
T3162 |
det |
the,criterion |
| R2092 |
T3162 |
T3153 |
dobj |
criterion,achieved |
| R2093 |
T3163 |
T3162 |
prep |
of,criterion |
| R2094 |
T3164 |
T3165 |
nummod |
80,% |
| R2095 |
T3165 |
T3166 |
compound |
%,accuracy |
| R2096 |
T3166 |
T3163 |
pobj |
accuracy,of |
| R2097 |
T3167 |
T3153 |
prep |
by,achieved |
| R2098 |
T3168 |
T3167 |
pobj |
session,by |
| R2099 |
T3169 |
T3168 |
nummod |
5,session |
| R2100 |
T3170 |
T3153 |
punct |
.,achieved |
| R2101 |
T3172 |
T3173 |
prep |
For,was |
| R2102 |
T3174 |
T3175 |
det |
the,ANOVA |
| R2103 |
T3175 |
T3172 |
pobj |
ANOVA,For |
| R2104 |
T3176 |
T3175 |
amod |
overall,ANOVA |
| R2105 |
T3177 |
T3178 |
nummod |
2,way |
| R2106 |
T3178 |
T3175 |
compound |
way,ANOVA |
| R2107 |
T3179 |
T3178 |
punct |
-,way |
| R2108 |
T3180 |
T3173 |
punct |
", ",was |
| R2109 |
T3181 |
T3173 |
expl |
there,was |
| R2110 |
T3182 |
T3183 |
det |
a,difference |
| R2111 |
T3183 |
T3173 |
attr |
difference,was |
| R2112 |
T3184 |
T3183 |
amod |
significant,difference |
| R2113 |
T3185 |
T3183 |
prep |
between,difference |
| R2114 |
T3186 |
T3185 |
pobj |
genotypes,between |
| R2115 |
T3187 |
T3183 |
prep |
for,difference |
| R2116 |
T3188 |
T3189 |
det |
the,number |
| R2117 |
T3189 |
T3187 |
pobj |
number,for |
| R2118 |
T3190 |
T3189 |
prep |
of,number |
| R2119 |
T3191 |
T3192 |
amod |
perseverative,errors |
| R2120 |
T3192 |
T3190 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R2121 |
T3193 |
T3194 |
punct |
(,0.001 |
| R2122 |
T3194 |
T3173 |
parataxis |
0.001,was |
| R2123 |
T3195 |
T3196 |
nsubj |
F1,16.61 |
| R2124 |
T3196 |
T3194 |
ccomp |
16.61,0.001 |
| R2125 |
T3197 |
T3195 |
punct |
",",F1 |
| R2126 |
T3198 |
T3195 |
nummod |
51,F1 |
| R2127 |
T3199 |
T3196 |
punct |
=,16.61 |
| R2128 |
T3200 |
T3194 |
punct |
", ",0.001 |
| R2129 |
T3201 |
T3194 |
nsubj |
p,0.001 |
| R2130 |
T3202 |
T3194 |
punct |
<,0.001 |
| R2131 |
T3203 |
T3194 |
punct |
),0.001 |
| R2132 |
T3204 |
T3173 |
punct |
.,was |
| R2145 |
T4023 |
T4024 |
prep |
In,sought |
| R2146 |
T4025 |
T4026 |
det |
this,study |
| R2147 |
T4026 |
T4023 |
pobj |
study,In |
| R2148 |
T4027 |
T4024 |
punct |
", ",sought |
| R2149 |
T4028 |
T4024 |
nsubj |
we,sought |
| R2150 |
T4029 |
T4030 |
aux |
to,determine |
| R2151 |
T4030 |
T4024 |
xcomp |
determine,sought |
| R2152 |
T4031 |
T4032 |
det |
the,contribution |
| R2153 |
T4032 |
T4030 |
dobj |
contribution,determine |
| R2154 |
T4033 |
T4032 |
prep |
of,contribution |
| R2155 |
T4034 |
T4035 |
compound |
dopamine,D2 |
| R2156 |
T4035 |
T4036 |
compound |
D2,receptor |
| R2157 |
T4036 |
T4037 |
npadvmod |
receptor,mediated |
| R2158 |
T4037 |
T4039 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2159 |
T4038 |
T4037 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2160 |
T4039 |
T4033 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R2161 |
T4040 |
T4032 |
prep |
to,contribution |
| R2162 |
T4041 |
T4042 |
det |
the,stages |
| R2163 |
T4042 |
T4040 |
pobj |
stages,to |
| R2164 |
T4043 |
T4042 |
amod |
various,stages |
| R2165 |
T4044 |
T4042 |
prep |
of,stages |
| R2166 |
T4045 |
T4046 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2167 |
T4046 |
T4044 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R2168 |
T4047 |
T4045 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R2169 |
T4048 |
T4045 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R2170 |
T4049 |
T4024 |
punct |
.,sought |
| R2171 |
T4051 |
T4052 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2172 |
T4052 |
T4056 |
nsubj |
mice,demonstrated |
| R2173 |
T4053 |
T4051 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2174 |
T4054 |
T4051 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2175 |
T4055 |
T4051 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2176 |
T4057 |
T4058 |
mark |
that,were |
| R2177 |
T4058 |
T4056 |
ccomp |
were,demonstrated |
| R2178 |
T4059 |
T4058 |
nsubj |
they,were |
| R2179 |
T4060 |
T4058 |
acomp |
capable,were |
| R2180 |
T4061 |
T4060 |
prep |
of,capable |
| R2181 |
T4062 |
T4061 |
pcomp |
learning,of |
| R2182 |
T4063 |
T4064 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R2183 |
T4064 |
T4062 |
xcomp |
locate,learning |
| R2184 |
T4065 |
T4064 |
cc |
and,locate |
| R2185 |
T4066 |
T4064 |
conj |
consume,locate |
| R2186 |
T4067 |
T4068 |
compound |
food,pellets |
| R2187 |
T4068 |
T4066 |
dobj |
pellets,consume |
| R2188 |
T4069 |
T4056 |
punct |
", ",demonstrated |
| R2189 |
T4070 |
T4056 |
advcl |
indicating,demonstrated |
| R2190 |
T4071 |
T4072 |
mark |
that,disrupted |
| R2191 |
T4072 |
T4070 |
ccomp |
disrupted,indicating |
| R2192 |
T4073 |
T4074 |
poss |
their,behavior |
| R2193 |
T4074 |
T4072 |
nsubjpass |
behavior,disrupted |
| R2194 |
T4075 |
T4074 |
compound |
locomotor,behavior |
| R2195 |
T4076 |
T4072 |
auxpass |
was,disrupted |
| R2196 |
T4077 |
T4072 |
neg |
not,disrupted |
| R2197 |
T4078 |
T4072 |
advmod |
detectably,disrupted |
| R2198 |
T4079 |
T4072 |
cc |
and,disrupted |
| R2199 |
T4080 |
T4081 |
poss |
their,motivation |
| R2200 |
T4081 |
T4083 |
nsubj |
motivation,was |
| R2201 |
T4082 |
T4081 |
amod |
primary,motivation |
| R2202 |
T4083 |
T4072 |
conj |
was,disrupted |
| R2203 |
T4084 |
T4085 |
aux |
to,obtain |
| R2204 |
T4085 |
T4081 |
acl |
obtain,motivation |
| R2205 |
T4086 |
T4087 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R2206 |
T4087 |
T4085 |
dobj |
reinforcer,obtain |
| R2207 |
T4088 |
T4087 |
amod |
natural,reinforcer |
| R2208 |
T4089 |
T4087 |
punct |
(,reinforcer |
| R2209 |
T4090 |
T4091 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R2210 |
T4091 |
T4087 |
appos |
pellet,reinforcer |
| R2211 |
T4092 |
T4087 |
punct |
),reinforcer |
| R2212 |
T4093 |
T4083 |
acomp |
undisturbed,was |
| R2213 |
T4094 |
T4056 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R2214 |
T4096 |
T4097 |
advmod |
Rather,argues |
| R2215 |
T4098 |
T4097 |
punct |
", ",argues |
| R2216 |
T4099 |
T4100 |
det |
the,ability |
| R2217 |
T4100 |
T4097 |
nsubj |
ability,argues |
| R2218 |
T4101 |
T4100 |
amod |
impaired,ability |
| R2219 |
T4102 |
T4100 |
prep |
of,ability |
| R2220 |
T4103 |
T4104 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2221 |
T4104 |
T4102 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R2222 |
T4105 |
T4103 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2223 |
T4106 |
T4103 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2224 |
T4107 |
T4103 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2225 |
T4108 |
T4109 |
aux |
to,assign |
| R2226 |
T4109 |
T4100 |
acl |
assign,ability |
| R2227 |
T4110 |
T4111 |
amod |
appropriate,relationships |
| R2228 |
T4111 |
T4109 |
dobj |
relationships,assign |
| R2229 |
T4112 |
T4113 |
amod |
discriminative,stimulus |
| R2230 |
T4113 |
T4111 |
compound |
stimulus,relationships |
| R2231 |
T4114 |
T4109 |
prep |
in,assign |
| R2232 |
T4115 |
T4116 |
det |
an,task |
| R2233 |
T4116 |
T4114 |
pobj |
task,in |
| R2234 |
T4117 |
T4116 |
compound |
operant,task |
| R2235 |
T4118 |
T4116 |
compound |
discrimination,task |
| R2236 |
T4119 |
T4120 |
mark |
that,contributes |
| R2237 |
T4120 |
T4097 |
ccomp |
contributes,argues |
| R2238 |
T4121 |
T4122 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2239 |
T4122 |
T4124 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2240 |
T4123 |
T4122 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2241 |
T4124 |
T4120 |
nsubj |
signaling,contributes |
| R2242 |
T4125 |
T4120 |
prep |
to,contributes |
| R2243 |
T4126 |
T4127 |
det |
the,processes |
| R2244 |
T4127 |
T4125 |
pobj |
processes,to |
| R2245 |
T4128 |
T4127 |
amod |
neuronal,processes |
| R2246 |
T4129 |
T4127 |
acl |
involved,processes |
| R2247 |
T4130 |
T4129 |
prep |
in,involved |
| R2248 |
T4131 |
T4130 |
pcomp |
attaching,in |
| R2249 |
T4132 |
T4131 |
dobj |
salience,attaching |
| R2250 |
T4133 |
T4131 |
prep |
to,attaching |
| R2251 |
T4134 |
T4135 |
amod |
environmental,stimuli |
| R2252 |
T4135 |
T4133 |
pobj |
stimuli,to |
| R2253 |
T4136 |
T4097 |
punct |
.,argues |
| R2254 |
T4138 |
T4139 |
det |
The,capacity |
| R2255 |
T4139 |
T4141 |
nsubj |
capacity,argues |
| R2256 |
T4140 |
T4139 |
amod |
deficient,capacity |
| R2257 |
T4142 |
T4139 |
prep |
of,capacity |
| R2258 |
T4143 |
T4144 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2259 |
T4144 |
T4142 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R2260 |
T4145 |
T4143 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2261 |
T4146 |
T4143 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2262 |
T4147 |
T4143 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2263 |
T4148 |
T4149 |
aux |
to,disengage |
| R2264 |
T4149 |
T4139 |
acl |
disengage,capacity |
| R2265 |
T4150 |
T4151 |
amod |
inappropriate,strategies |
| R2266 |
T4151 |
T4149 |
dobj |
strategies,disengage |
| R2267 |
T4152 |
T4151 |
compound |
decision,strategies |
| R2268 |
T4153 |
T4141 |
advmod |
strongly,argues |
| R2269 |
T4154 |
T4155 |
mark |
that,is |
| R2270 |
T4155 |
T4141 |
ccomp |
is,argues |
| R2271 |
T4156 |
T4157 |
amod |
mesolimbic,signaling |
| R2272 |
T4157 |
T4155 |
nsubj |
signaling,is |
| R2273 |
T4158 |
T4157 |
compound |
dopamine,signaling |
| R2274 |
T4159 |
T4157 |
punct |
", ",signaling |
| R2275 |
T4160 |
T4157 |
acl |
mediated,signaling |
| R2276 |
T4161 |
T4160 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R2277 |
T4162 |
T4163 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R2278 |
T4163 |
T4161 |
pobj |
D2Rs,by |
| R2279 |
T4164 |
T4155 |
acomp |
essential,is |
| R2280 |
T4165 |
T4166 |
mark |
for,occur |
| R2281 |
T4166 |
T4155 |
advcl |
occur,is |
| R2282 |
T4167 |
T4168 |
amod |
efficient,learning |
| R2283 |
T4168 |
T4166 |
nsubj |
learning,occur |
| R2284 |
T4169 |
T4168 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R2285 |
T4170 |
T4166 |
aux |
to,occur |
| R2286 |
T4171 |
T4141 |
punct |
.,argues |
| R2287 |
T4173 |
T4174 |
nsubj |
Mice,displayed |
| R2288 |
T4175 |
T4173 |
prep |
with,Mice |
| R2289 |
T4176 |
T4175 |
cc |
or,with |
| R2290 |
T4177 |
T4175 |
conj |
without,with |
| R2291 |
T4178 |
T4179 |
amod |
intact,signaling |
| R2292 |
T4179 |
T4177 |
pobj |
signaling,without |
| R2293 |
T4180 |
T4181 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R2294 |
T4181 |
T4182 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2295 |
T4182 |
T4179 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2296 |
T4183 |
T4182 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2297 |
T4184 |
T4185 |
amod |
similar,decreases |
| R2298 |
T4185 |
T4174 |
dobj |
decreases,displayed |
| R2299 |
T4186 |
T4185 |
prep |
in,decreases |
| R2300 |
T4187 |
T4186 |
pobj |
latencies,in |
| R2301 |
T4188 |
T4189 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R2302 |
T4189 |
T4187 |
acl |
retrieve,latencies |
| R2303 |
T4190 |
T4191 |
amod |
unhidden,pellets |
| R2304 |
T4191 |
T4189 |
dobj |
pellets,retrieve |
| R2305 |
T4192 |
T4191 |
compound |
food,pellets |
| R2306 |
T4193 |
T4194 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R2307 |
T4194 |
T4174 |
parataxis |
Fig.,displayed |
| R2308 |
T4195 |
T4194 |
nummod |
1,Fig. |
| R2309 |
T4196 |
T4194 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R2310 |
T4197 |
T4174 |
cc |
and,displayed |
| R2311 |
T4198 |
T4174 |
conj |
learned,displayed |
| R2312 |
T4199 |
T4200 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R2313 |
T4200 |
T4198 |
xcomp |
dig,learned |
| R2314 |
T4201 |
T4200 |
prep |
for,dig |
| R2315 |
T4202 |
T4201 |
pobj |
food,for |
| R2316 |
T4203 |
T4202 |
acl |
buried,food |
| R2317 |
T4204 |
T4203 |
prep |
in,buried |
| R2318 |
T4205 |
T4206 |
amod |
unscented,sand |
| R2319 |
T4206 |
T4204 |
pobj |
sand,in |
| R2320 |
T4207 |
T4208 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R2321 |
T4208 |
T4200 |
parataxis |
Fig.,dig |
| R2322 |
T4209 |
T4208 |
nummod |
2,Fig. |
| R2323 |
T4210 |
T4208 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R2324 |
T4211 |
T4174 |
punct |
.,displayed |
| R2325 |
T4213 |
T4214 |
det |
These,findings |
| R2326 |
T4214 |
T4215 |
nsubj |
findings,are |
| R2327 |
T4216 |
T4215 |
prep |
in,are |
| R2328 |
T4217 |
T4218 |
amod |
complete,agreement |
| R2329 |
T4218 |
T4216 |
pobj |
agreement,in |
| R2330 |
T4219 |
T4218 |
prep |
with,agreement |
| R2331 |
T4220 |
T4221 |
amod |
earlier,studies |
| R2332 |
T4221 |
T4219 |
pobj |
studies,with |
| R2333 |
T4222 |
T4223 |
dep |
that,utilized |
| R2334 |
T4223 |
T4221 |
relcl |
utilized,studies |
| R2335 |
T4224 |
T4223 |
dobj |
rats,utilized |
| R2336 |
T4225 |
T4224 |
cc |
and,rats |
| R2337 |
T4226 |
T4227 |
advmod |
fairly,selective |
| R2338 |
T4227 |
T4228 |
amod |
selective,antagonists |
| R2339 |
T4228 |
T4224 |
conj |
antagonists,rats |
| R2340 |
T4229 |
T4228 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R2341 |
T4230 |
T4231 |
punct |
[,3 |
| R2342 |
T4231 |
T4228 |
parataxis |
3,antagonists |
| R2343 |
T4232 |
T4233 |
punct |
-,8 |
| R2344 |
T4233 |
T4231 |
prep |
8,3 |
| R2345 |
T4234 |
T4231 |
punct |
],3 |
| R2346 |
T4235 |
T4224 |
punct |
", ",rats |
| R2347 |
T4236 |
T4237 |
advmod |
as,as |
| R2348 |
T4237 |
T4224 |
cc |
as,rats |
| R2349 |
T4238 |
T4237 |
advmod |
well,as |
| R2350 |
T4239 |
T4240 |
advmod |
even,lesions |
| R2351 |
T4240 |
T4224 |
conj |
lesions,rats |
| R2352 |
T4241 |
T4242 |
advmod |
very,extensive |
| R2353 |
T4242 |
T4240 |
amod |
extensive,lesions |
| R2354 |
T4243 |
T4244 |
nummod |
6,OHDA |
| R2355 |
T4244 |
T4240 |
compound |
OHDA,lesions |
| R2356 |
T4245 |
T4244 |
punct |
-,OHDA |
| R2357 |
T4246 |
T4247 |
punct |
[,11 |
| R2358 |
T4247 |
T4240 |
parataxis |
11,lesions |
| R2359 |
T4248 |
T4247 |
nummod |
1,11 |
| R2360 |
T4249 |
T4247 |
punct |
",",11 |
| R2361 |
T4250 |
T4247 |
nummod |
10,11 |
| R2362 |
T4251 |
T4247 |
punct |
",",11 |
| R2363 |
T4252 |
T4247 |
punct |
],11 |
| R2364 |
T4253 |
T4223 |
prep |
in,utilized |
| R2365 |
T4254 |
T4255 |
amod |
associative,paradigms |
| R2366 |
T4255 |
T4253 |
pobj |
paradigms,in |
| R2367 |
T4256 |
T4254 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R2368 |
T4257 |
T4254 |
conj |
operant,associative |
| R2369 |
T4258 |
T4255 |
compound |
learning,paradigms |
| R2370 |
T4259 |
T4215 |
punct |
.,are |
| R2371 |
T4261 |
T4262 |
poss |
Our,results |
| R2372 |
T4262 |
T4263 |
nsubj |
results,add |
| R2373 |
T4264 |
T4263 |
prep |
to,add |
| R2374 |
T4265 |
T4266 |
det |
a,literature |
| R2375 |
T4266 |
T4264 |
pobj |
literature,to |
| R2376 |
T4267 |
T4266 |
amod |
growing,literature |
| R2377 |
T4268 |
T4266 |
acl |
demonstrating,literature |
| R2378 |
T4269 |
T4270 |
det |
a,role |
| R2379 |
T4270 |
T4268 |
dobj |
role,demonstrating |
| R2380 |
T4271 |
T4270 |
amod |
negligible,role |
| R2381 |
T4272 |
T4270 |
prep |
of,role |
| R2382 |
T4273 |
T4272 |
pobj |
dopamine,of |
| R2383 |
T4274 |
T4273 |
punct |
", ",dopamine |
| R2384 |
T4275 |
T4273 |
cc |
and,dopamine |
| R2385 |
T4276 |
T4277 |
advmod |
now,D2Rs |
| R2386 |
T4277 |
T4273 |
conj |
D2Rs,dopamine |
| R2387 |
T4278 |
T4277 |
punct |
", ",D2Rs |
| R2388 |
T4279 |
T4277 |
advmod |
specifically,D2Rs |
| R2389 |
T4280 |
T4277 |
punct |
", ",D2Rs |
| R2390 |
T4281 |
T4270 |
prep |
in,role |
| R2391 |
T4282 |
T4283 |
det |
the,value |
| R2392 |
T4283 |
T4281 |
pobj |
value,in |
| R2393 |
T4284 |
T4283 |
amod |
unconditioned,value |
| R2394 |
T4285 |
T4284 |
cc |
or,unconditioned |
| R2395 |
T4286 |
T4284 |
conj |
hedonic,unconditioned |
| R2396 |
T4287 |
T4283 |
prep |
of,value |
| R2397 |
T4288 |
T4289 |
amod |
natural,reinforcers |
| R2398 |
T4289 |
T4287 |
pobj |
reinforcers,of |
| R2399 |
T4290 |
T4289 |
punct |
(,reinforcers |
| R2400 |
T4291 |
T4289 |
nmod |
food,reinforcers |
| R2401 |
T4292 |
T4289 |
punct |
),reinforcers |
| R2402 |
T4293 |
T4294 |
punct |
[,2 |
| R2403 |
T4294 |
T4289 |
parataxis |
2,reinforcers |
| R2404 |
T4295 |
T4294 |
nummod |
1,2 |
| R2405 |
T4296 |
T4294 |
punct |
",",2 |
| R2406 |
T4297 |
T4294 |
punct |
],2 |
| R2407 |
T4298 |
T4263 |
punct |
.,add |
| R2408 |
T4300 |
T4301 |
det |
The,skill |
| R2409 |
T4301 |
T4304 |
nsubj |
skill,suggests |
| R2410 |
T4302 |
T4303 |
advmod |
comparatively,poor |
| R2411 |
T4303 |
T4301 |
amod |
poor,skill |
| R2412 |
T4305 |
T4301 |
prep |
of,skill |
| R2413 |
T4306 |
T4307 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2414 |
T4307 |
T4305 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R2415 |
T4308 |
T4306 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2416 |
T4309 |
T4306 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2417 |
T4310 |
T4306 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2418 |
T4311 |
T4301 |
prep |
during,skill |
| R2419 |
T4312 |
T4313 |
compound |
discrimination,trials |
| R2420 |
T4313 |
T4311 |
pobj |
trials,during |
| R2421 |
T4314 |
T4315 |
det |
a,role |
| R2422 |
T4315 |
T4304 |
dobj |
role,suggests |
| R2423 |
T4316 |
T4315 |
prep |
for,role |
| R2424 |
T4317 |
T4316 |
pobj |
D2Rs,for |
| R2425 |
T4318 |
T4304 |
prep |
in,suggests |
| R2426 |
T4319 |
T4318 |
pobj |
acquisition,in |
| R2427 |
T4320 |
T4319 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R2428 |
T4321 |
T4322 |
amod |
appropriate,relationships |
| R2429 |
T4322 |
T4320 |
pobj |
relationships,of |
| R2430 |
T4323 |
T4322 |
nmod |
S,relationships |
| R2431 |
T4324 |
T4323 |
punct |
+,S |
| R2432 |
T4325 |
T4323 |
punct |
/,S |
| R2433 |
T4326 |
T4323 |
appos |
S,S |
| R2434 |
T4327 |
T4326 |
punct |
-,S |
| R2435 |
T4328 |
T4319 |
prep |
in,acquisition |
| R2436 |
T4329 |
T4330 |
nmod |
operant,learning |
| R2437 |
T4330 |
T4328 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R2438 |
T4331 |
T4330 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2439 |
T4332 |
T4304 |
punct |
.,suggests |
| R2440 |
T4334 |
T4335 |
amod |
Several,studies |
| R2441 |
T4335 |
T4336 |
nsubj |
studies,demonstrated |
| R2442 |
T4337 |
T4336 |
aux |
have,demonstrated |
| R2443 |
T4338 |
T4339 |
mark |
that,mediated |
| R2444 |
T4339 |
T4336 |
ccomp |
mediated,demonstrated |
| R2445 |
T4340 |
T4341 |
preconj |
both,acquisition |
| R2446 |
T4341 |
T4339 |
nsubjpass |
acquisition,mediated |
| R2447 |
T4342 |
T4341 |
det |
the,acquisition |
| R2448 |
T4343 |
T4344 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R2449 |
T4344 |
T4341 |
parataxis |
7,acquisition |
| R2450 |
T4345 |
T4344 |
nummod |
6,7 |
| R2451 |
T4346 |
T4344 |
punct |
",",7 |
| R2452 |
T4347 |
T4344 |
punct |
],7 |
| R2453 |
T4348 |
T4341 |
cc |
and,acquisition |
| R2454 |
T4349 |
T4341 |
conj |
expression,acquisition |
| R2455 |
T4350 |
T4351 |
punct |
[,9 |
| R2456 |
T4351 |
T4349 |
parataxis |
9,expression |
| R2457 |
T4352 |
T4351 |
punct |
],9 |
| R2458 |
T4353 |
T4341 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R2459 |
T4354 |
T4355 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2460 |
T4355 |
T4353 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R2461 |
T4356 |
T4339 |
auxpass |
are,mediated |
| R2462 |
T4357 |
T4339 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R2463 |
T4358 |
T4359 |
compound |
dopamine,D1Rs |
| R2464 |
T4359 |
T4357 |
pobj |
D1Rs,by |
| R2465 |
T4360 |
T4336 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R2466 |
T4362 |
T4363 |
amod |
Most,reviews |
| R2467 |
T4363 |
T4365 |
nsubj |
reviews,identify |
| R2468 |
T4364 |
T4363 |
compound |
literature,reviews |
| R2469 |
T4366 |
T4367 |
compound |
dopamine,D1Rs |
| R2470 |
T4367 |
T4365 |
dobj |
D1Rs,identify |
| R2471 |
T4368 |
T4365 |
prep |
with,identify |
| R2472 |
T4369 |
T4370 |
npadvmod |
dopamine,mediated |
| R2473 |
T4370 |
T4372 |
amod |
mediated,learning |
| R2474 |
T4371 |
T4370 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2475 |
T4372 |
T4368 |
pobj |
learning,with |
| R2476 |
T4373 |
T4365 |
cc |
and,identify |
| R2477 |
T4374 |
T4365 |
conj |
D2Rs,identify |
| R2478 |
T4375 |
T4374 |
prep |
with,D2Rs |
| R2479 |
T4376 |
T4377 |
npadvmod |
motor,related |
| R2480 |
T4377 |
T4378 |
amod |
related,behaviors |
| R2481 |
T4378 |
T4375 |
pobj |
behaviors,with |
| R2482 |
T4379 |
T4380 |
punct |
[,24 |
| R2483 |
T4380 |
T4378 |
parataxis |
24,behaviors |
| R2484 |
T4381 |
T4380 |
advmod |
e.g.,24 |
| R2485 |
T4382 |
T4380 |
punct |
[,24 |
| R2486 |
T4383 |
T4380 |
punct |
],24 |
| R2487 |
T4384 |
T4380 |
punct |
],24 |
| R2488 |
T4385 |
T4365 |
punct |
.,identify |
| R2489 |
T4387 |
T4388 |
advmod |
Moreover,reported |
| R2490 |
T4389 |
T4388 |
punct |
", ",reported |
| R2491 |
T4390 |
T4388 |
nsubjpass |
it,reported |
| R2492 |
T4391 |
T4388 |
aux |
has,reported |
| R2493 |
T4392 |
T4388 |
auxpass |
been,reported |
| R2494 |
T4393 |
T4394 |
mark |
that,improves |
| R2495 |
T4394 |
T4388 |
ccomp |
improves,reported |
| R2496 |
T4395 |
T4396 |
amod |
acute,administration |
| R2497 |
T4396 |
T4394 |
nsubj |
administration,improves |
| R2498 |
T4397 |
T4396 |
prep |
of,administration |
| R2499 |
T4398 |
T4399 |
det |
the,antagonist |
| R2500 |
T4399 |
T4397 |
pobj |
antagonist,of |
| R2501 |
T4400 |
T4401 |
nmod |
dopamine,D2 |
| R2502 |
T4401 |
T4399 |
nmod |
D2,antagonist |
| R2503 |
T4402 |
T4401 |
punct |
/,D2 |
| R2504 |
T4403 |
T4401 |
nummod |
3,D2 |
| R2505 |
T4404 |
T4399 |
punct |
", ",antagonist |
| R2506 |
T4405 |
T4399 |
appos |
raclopride,antagonist |
| R2507 |
T4406 |
T4394 |
punct |
", ",improves |
| R2508 |
T4407 |
T4394 |
advmod |
actually,improves |
| R2509 |
T4408 |
T4394 |
dobj |
acquisition,improves |
| R2510 |
T4409 |
T4408 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R2511 |
T4410 |
T4411 |
npadvmod |
food,motivated |
| R2512 |
T4411 |
T4413 |
amod |
motivated,learning |
| R2513 |
T4412 |
T4411 |
punct |
-,motivated |
| R2514 |
T4413 |
T4409 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R2515 |
T4414 |
T4413 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2516 |
T4415 |
T4416 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R2517 |
T4416 |
T4388 |
parataxis |
6,reported |
| R2518 |
T4417 |
T4416 |
punct |
],6 |
| R2519 |
T4418 |
T4388 |
punct |
.,reported |
| R2520 |
T4420 |
T4421 |
advmod |
However,given |
| R2521 |
T4422 |
T4421 |
punct |
", ",given |
| R2522 |
T4423 |
T4424 |
advmod |
only,administrations |
| R2523 |
T4424 |
T4421 |
nsubjpass |
administrations,given |
| R2524 |
T4425 |
T4424 |
amod |
acute,administrations |
| R2525 |
T4426 |
T4424 |
prep |
of,administrations |
| R2526 |
T4427 |
T4426 |
pobj |
antagonists,of |
| R2527 |
T4428 |
T4421 |
auxpass |
were,given |
| R2528 |
T4429 |
T4421 |
punct |
", ",given |
| R2529 |
T4430 |
T4421 |
cc |
and,given |
| R2530 |
T4431 |
T4432 |
nsubjpass |
learning,measured |
| R2531 |
T4432 |
T4421 |
conj |
measured,given |
| R2532 |
T4433 |
T4432 |
auxpass |
was,measured |
| R2533 |
T4434 |
T4432 |
neg |
not,measured |
| R2534 |
T4435 |
T4432 |
prep |
during,measured |
| R2535 |
T4436 |
T4437 |
amod |
complete,blockade |
| R2536 |
T4437 |
T4435 |
pobj |
blockade,during |
| R2537 |
T4438 |
T4437 |
nmod |
D1R,blockade |
| R2538 |
T4439 |
T4438 |
cc |
or,D1R |
| R2539 |
T4440 |
T4438 |
conj |
D2R,D1R |
| R2540 |
T4441 |
T4442 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R2541 |
T4442 |
T4432 |
parataxis |
6,measured |
| R2542 |
T4443 |
T4442 |
punct |
],6 |
| R2543 |
T4444 |
T4421 |
punct |
.,given |
| R2544 |
T4446 |
T4447 |
advmod |
Significantly,failed |
| R2545 |
T4448 |
T4447 |
punct |
", ",failed |
| R2546 |
T4449 |
T4450 |
det |
the,reports |
| R2547 |
T4450 |
T4447 |
nsubj |
reports,failed |
| R2548 |
T4451 |
T4450 |
acl |
cited,reports |
| R2549 |
T4452 |
T4451 |
advmod |
above,cited |
| R2550 |
T4453 |
T4454 |
aux |
to,address |
| R2551 |
T4454 |
T4447 |
xcomp |
address,failed |
| R2552 |
T4455 |
T4456 |
det |
the,limitations |
| R2553 |
T4456 |
T4454 |
dobj |
limitations,address |
| R2554 |
T4457 |
T4456 |
amod |
technical,limitations |
| R2555 |
T4458 |
T4456 |
prep |
of,limitations |
| R2556 |
T4459 |
T4460 |
det |
the,approach |
| R2557 |
T4460 |
T4458 |
pobj |
approach,of |
| R2558 |
T4461 |
T4456 |
punct |
: ,limitations |
| R2559 |
T4462 |
T4463 |
advmod |
i.e.,lack |
| R2560 |
T4463 |
T4456 |
acl |
lack,limitations |
| R2561 |
T4464 |
T4463 |
mark |
that,lack |
| R2562 |
T4465 |
T4466 |
det |
the,antagonists |
| R2563 |
T4466 |
T4463 |
nsubj |
antagonists,lack |
| R2564 |
T4467 |
T4466 |
acl |
used,antagonists |
| R2565 |
T4468 |
T4469 |
amod |
adequate,specificity |
| R2566 |
T4469 |
T4463 |
dobj |
specificity,lack |
| R2567 |
T4470 |
T4469 |
compound |
subtype,specificity |
| R2568 |
T4471 |
T4463 |
cc |
and,lack |
| R2569 |
T4472 |
T4473 |
advmod |
only,partially |
| R2570 |
T4473 |
T4474 |
advmod |
partially,blocked |
| R2571 |
T4474 |
T4463 |
conj |
blocked,lack |
| R2572 |
T4475 |
T4476 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2573 |
T4476 |
T4478 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2574 |
T4477 |
T4476 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2575 |
T4478 |
T4474 |
dobj |
signaling,blocked |
| R2576 |
T4479 |
T4480 |
advmod |
thus,making |
| R2577 |
T4480 |
T4463 |
advcl |
making,lack |
| R2578 |
T4481 |
T4482 |
nsubj |
it,impossible |
| R2579 |
T4482 |
T4480 |
ccomp |
impossible,making |
| R2580 |
T4483 |
T4484 |
aux |
to,assess |
| R2581 |
T4484 |
T4482 |
advcl |
assess,impossible |
| R2582 |
T4485 |
T4484 |
advmod |
rigorously,assess |
| R2583 |
T4486 |
T4487 |
det |
the,role |
| R2584 |
T4487 |
T4484 |
dobj |
role,assess |
| R2585 |
T4488 |
T4487 |
prep |
of,role |
| R2586 |
T4489 |
T4490 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2587 |
T4490 |
T4492 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2588 |
T4491 |
T4490 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2589 |
T4492 |
T4488 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R2590 |
T4493 |
T4487 |
prep |
in,role |
| R2591 |
T4494 |
T4495 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2592 |
T4495 |
T4493 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R2593 |
T4496 |
T4494 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R2594 |
T4497 |
T4494 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R2595 |
T4498 |
T4447 |
punct |
.,failed |
| R2596 |
T4500 |
T4501 |
advmod |
Additionally,addressed |
| R2597 |
T4502 |
T4501 |
punct |
", ",addressed |
| R2598 |
T4503 |
T4501 |
nsubj |
none,addressed |
| R2599 |
T4504 |
T4503 |
prep |
of,none |
| R2600 |
T4505 |
T4506 |
det |
these,studies |
| R2601 |
T4506 |
T4504 |
pobj |
studies,of |
| R2602 |
T4507 |
T4508 |
det |
the,observation |
| R2603 |
T4508 |
T4501 |
dobj |
observation,addressed |
| R2604 |
T4509 |
T4510 |
mark |
that,depend |
| R2605 |
T4510 |
T4508 |
acl |
depend,observation |
| R2606 |
T4511 |
T4512 |
det |
the,effects |
| R2607 |
T4512 |
T4510 |
nsubj |
effects,depend |
| R2608 |
T4513 |
T4512 |
prep |
of,effects |
| R2609 |
T4514 |
T4515 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R2610 |
T4515 |
T4513 |
pobj |
antagonists,of |
| R2611 |
T4516 |
T4512 |
prep |
on,effects |
| R2612 |
T4517 |
T4516 |
pobj |
locomotion,on |
| R2613 |
T4518 |
T4517 |
cc |
and,locomotion |
| R2614 |
T4519 |
T4517 |
conj |
learning,locomotion |
| R2615 |
T4520 |
T4510 |
prep |
on,depend |
| R2616 |
T4521 |
T4522 |
mark |
whether,is |
| R2617 |
T4522 |
T4520 |
pcomp |
is,on |
| R2618 |
T4523 |
T4522 |
nsubj |
exposure,is |
| R2619 |
T4524 |
T4522 |
acomp |
chronic,is |
| R2620 |
T4525 |
T4524 |
cc |
or,chronic |
| R2621 |
T4526 |
T4524 |
conj |
acute,chronic |
| R2622 |
T4527 |
T4528 |
punct |
[,16 |
| R2623 |
T4528 |
T4501 |
parataxis |
16,addressed |
| R2624 |
T4529 |
T4528 |
advmod |
e.g.,16 |
| R2625 |
T4530 |
T4528 |
punct |
[,16 |
| R2626 |
T4531 |
T4528 |
nummod |
15,16 |
| R2627 |
T4532 |
T4528 |
punct |
",",16 |
| R2628 |
T4533 |
T4528 |
punct |
],16 |
| R2629 |
T4534 |
T4528 |
punct |
],16 |
| R2630 |
T4535 |
T4501 |
punct |
.,addressed |
| R2631 |
T4537 |
T4538 |
mark |
That,orchestrates |
| R2632 |
T4538 |
T4543 |
csubj |
orchestrates,is |
| R2633 |
T4539 |
T4540 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2634 |
T4540 |
T4542 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2635 |
T4541 |
T4540 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2636 |
T4542 |
T4538 |
nsubj |
signaling,orchestrates |
| R2637 |
T4544 |
T4545 |
advmod |
just,components |
| R2638 |
T4545 |
T4538 |
dobj |
components,orchestrates |
| R2639 |
T4546 |
T4545 |
amod |
motor,components |
| R2640 |
T4547 |
T4545 |
prep |
of,components |
| R2641 |
T4548 |
T4547 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R2642 |
T4549 |
T4550 |
det |
a,conclusion |
| R2643 |
T4550 |
T4543 |
attr |
conclusion,is |
| R2644 |
T4551 |
T4552 |
dep |
that,is |
| R2645 |
T4552 |
T4550 |
relcl |
is,conclusion |
| R2646 |
T4553 |
T4552 |
advmod |
potentially,is |
| R2647 |
T4554 |
T4552 |
acomp |
biased,is |
| R2648 |
T4555 |
T4552 |
prep |
due,is |
| R2649 |
T4556 |
T4555 |
pcomp |
to,due |
| R2650 |
T4557 |
T4558 |
det |
the,practice |
| R2651 |
T4558 |
T4555 |
pobj |
practice,due |
| R2652 |
T4559 |
T4558 |
prep |
of,practice |
| R2653 |
T4560 |
T4559 |
pobj |
avoiding,of |
| R2654 |
T4561 |
T4560 |
dobj |
doses,avoiding |
| R2655 |
T4562 |
T4561 |
prep |
of,doses |
| R2656 |
T4563 |
T4562 |
pobj |
drugs,of |
| R2657 |
T4564 |
T4565 |
dep |
that,induce |
| R2658 |
T4565 |
T4561 |
relcl |
induce,doses |
| R2659 |
T4566 |
T4565 |
dobj |
catalepsy,induce |
| R2660 |
T4567 |
T4560 |
punct |
(,avoiding |
| R2661 |
T4568 |
T4560 |
cc |
and,avoiding |
| R2662 |
T4569 |
T4570 |
advmod |
therefore,measuring |
| R2663 |
T4570 |
T4560 |
conj |
measuring,avoiding |
| R2664 |
T4571 |
T4572 |
advmod |
only,blockade |
| R2665 |
T4572 |
T4570 |
dobj |
blockade,measuring |
| R2666 |
T4573 |
T4572 |
amod |
partial,blockade |
| R2667 |
T4574 |
T4572 |
prep |
of,blockade |
| R2668 |
T4575 |
T4576 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R2669 |
T4576 |
T4574 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R2670 |
T4577 |
T4560 |
punct |
),avoiding |
| R2671 |
T4578 |
T4560 |
cc |
and,avoiding |
| R2672 |
T4579 |
T4580 |
amod |
single,administrations |
| R2673 |
T4580 |
T4560 |
conj |
administrations,avoiding |
| R2674 |
T4581 |
T4582 |
punct |
[,3 |
| R2675 |
T4582 |
T4543 |
parataxis |
3,is |
| R2676 |
T4583 |
T4582 |
advmod |
e.g.,3 |
| R2677 |
T4584 |
T4582 |
punct |
[,3 |
| R2678 |
T4585 |
T4582 |
punct |
],3 |
| R2679 |
T4586 |
T4582 |
punct |
],3 |
| R2680 |
T4587 |
T4543 |
punct |
.,is |
| R2681 |
T4589 |
T4590 |
advmod |
Quite,possibly |
| R2682 |
T4590 |
T4591 |
advmod |
possibly,masked |
| R2683 |
T4592 |
T4591 |
punct |
", ",masked |
| R2684 |
T4593 |
T4594 |
det |
the,role |
| R2685 |
T4594 |
T4591 |
nsubjpass |
role,masked |
| R2686 |
T4595 |
T4594 |
amod |
functional,role |
| R2687 |
T4596 |
T4594 |
prep |
of,role |
| R2688 |
T4597 |
T4596 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R2689 |
T4598 |
T4594 |
prep |
in,role |
| R2690 |
T4599 |
T4600 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2691 |
T4600 |
T4598 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R2692 |
T4601 |
T4591 |
aux |
might,masked |
| R2693 |
T4602 |
T4591 |
auxpass |
be,masked |
| R2694 |
T4603 |
T4604 |
advmod |
because,of |
| R2695 |
T4604 |
T4591 |
prep |
of,masked |
| R2696 |
T4605 |
T4606 |
det |
this,concern |
| R2697 |
T4606 |
T4604 |
pobj |
concern,of |
| R2698 |
T4607 |
T4606 |
prep |
about,concern |
| R2699 |
T4608 |
T4609 |
compound |
locomotor,disruption |
| R2700 |
T4609 |
T4607 |
pobj |
disruption,about |
| R2701 |
T4610 |
T4611 |
punct |
[,8 |
| R2702 |
T4611 |
T4591 |
parataxis |
8,masked |
| R2703 |
T4612 |
T4611 |
nummod |
2,8 |
| R2704 |
T4613 |
T4611 |
punct |
",",8 |
| R2705 |
T4614 |
T4611 |
nummod |
6,8 |
| R2706 |
T4615 |
T4611 |
punct |
",",8 |
| R2707 |
T4616 |
T4611 |
punct |
],8 |
| R2708 |
T4617 |
T4591 |
punct |
.,masked |
| R2709 |
T4619 |
T4620 |
nsubj |
Doses,disrupt |
| R2710 |
T4621 |
T4619 |
prep |
of,Doses |
| R2711 |
T4622 |
T4621 |
pobj |
raclopride,of |
| R2712 |
T4623 |
T4624 |
advmod |
as,0.5 |
| R2713 |
T4624 |
T4627 |
nummod |
0.5,mg |
| R2714 |
T4625 |
T4624 |
amod |
low,0.5 |
| R2715 |
T4626 |
T4624 |
quantmod |
as,0.5 |
| R2716 |
T4627 |
T4619 |
appos |
mg,Doses |
| R2717 |
T4628 |
T4629 |
punct |
/,kg |
| R2718 |
T4629 |
T4627 |
prep |
kg,mg |
| R2719 |
T4630 |
T4620 |
advmod |
significantly,disrupt |
| R2720 |
T4631 |
T4632 |
amod |
motor,behavior |
| R2721 |
T4632 |
T4620 |
dobj |
behavior,disrupt |
| R2722 |
T4633 |
T4634 |
punct |
[,25 |
| R2723 |
T4634 |
T4620 |
parataxis |
25,disrupt |
| R2724 |
T4635 |
T4634 |
punct |
],25 |
| R2725 |
T4636 |
T4620 |
punct |
", ",disrupt |
| R2726 |
T4637 |
T4638 |
mark |
although,used |
| R2727 |
T4638 |
T4620 |
advcl |
used,disrupt |
| R2728 |
T4639 |
T4640 |
det |
this,dose |
| R2729 |
T4640 |
T4638 |
nsubjpass |
dose,used |
| R2730 |
T4641 |
T4640 |
amod |
peripheral,dose |
| R2731 |
T4642 |
T4638 |
auxpass |
is,used |
| R2732 |
T4643 |
T4638 |
advmod |
consistently,used |
| R2733 |
T4644 |
T4638 |
prep |
in,used |
| R2734 |
T4645 |
T4646 |
amod |
learning,paradigms |
| R2735 |
T4646 |
T4644 |
pobj |
paradigms,in |
| R2736 |
T4647 |
T4648 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R2737 |
T4648 |
T4638 |
parataxis |
6,used |
| R2738 |
T4649 |
T4648 |
advmod |
e.g.,6 |
| R2739 |
T4650 |
T4648 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R2740 |
T4651 |
T4648 |
punct |
],6 |
| R2741 |
T4652 |
T4648 |
punct |
],6 |
| R2742 |
T4653 |
T4620 |
punct |
.,disrupt |
| R2743 |
T4655 |
T4656 |
nsubj |
One,ask |
| R2744 |
T4657 |
T4656 |
aux |
might,ask |
| R2745 |
T4658 |
T4656 |
advmod |
then,ask |
| R2746 |
T4659 |
T4656 |
punct |
: ,ask |
| R2747 |
T4660 |
T4656 |
punct |
"""",ask |
| R2748 |
T4661 |
T4662 |
advmod |
How,dissociated |
| R2749 |
T4662 |
T4656 |
ccomp |
dissociated,ask |
| R2750 |
T4663 |
T4662 |
advmod |
then,dissociated |
| R2751 |
T4664 |
T4662 |
aux |
could,dissociated |
| R2752 |
T4665 |
T4666 |
det |
the,role |
| R2753 |
T4666 |
T4662 |
nsubjpass |
role,dissociated |
| R2754 |
T4667 |
T4666 |
prep |
of,role |
| R2755 |
T4668 |
T4667 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R2756 |
T4669 |
T4666 |
prep |
in,role |
| R2757 |
T4670 |
T4671 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2758 |
T4671 |
T4669 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R2759 |
T4672 |
T4662 |
auxpass |
be,dissociated |
| R2760 |
T4673 |
T4662 |
prep |
from,dissociated |
| R2761 |
T4674 |
T4675 |
amod |
motor,behavior |
| R2762 |
T4675 |
T4673 |
pobj |
behavior,from |
| R2763 |
T4676 |
T4656 |
punct |
?,ask |
| R2764 |
T4677 |
T4656 |
punct |
"""",ask |
| R2765 |
T4679 |
T4680 |
amod |
Seminal,experiments |
| R2766 |
T4680 |
T4681 |
nsubj |
experiments,demonstrated |
| R2767 |
T4682 |
T4683 |
punct |
[,26 |
| R2768 |
T4683 |
T4680 |
parataxis |
26,experiments |
| R2769 |
T4684 |
T4685 |
punct |
-,28 |
| R2770 |
T4685 |
T4683 |
prep |
28,26 |
| R2771 |
T4686 |
T4683 |
punct |
],26 |
| R2772 |
T4687 |
T4681 |
aux |
have,demonstrated |
| R2773 |
T4688 |
T4681 |
advmod |
clearly,demonstrated |
| R2774 |
T4689 |
T4690 |
mark |
that,leads |
| R2775 |
T4690 |
T4681 |
ccomp |
leads,demonstrated |
| R2776 |
T4691 |
T4692 |
amod |
repeated,administration |
| R2777 |
T4692 |
T4690 |
nsubj |
administration,leads |
| R2778 |
T4693 |
T4692 |
prep |
of,administration |
| R2779 |
T4694 |
T4695 |
npadvmod |
catalepsy,inducing |
| R2780 |
T4695 |
T4697 |
amod |
inducing,doses |
| R2781 |
T4696 |
T4695 |
punct |
-,inducing |
| R2782 |
T4697 |
T4693 |
pobj |
doses,of |
| R2783 |
T4698 |
T4697 |
prep |
of,doses |
| R2784 |
T4699 |
T4700 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R2785 |
T4700 |
T4698 |
pobj |
antagonists,of |
| R2786 |
T4701 |
T4692 |
prep |
in,administration |
| R2787 |
T4702 |
T4701 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R2788 |
T4703 |
T4690 |
advmod |
actually,leads |
| R2789 |
T4704 |
T4690 |
prep |
to,leads |
| R2790 |
T4705 |
T4706 |
det |
a,tolerance |
| R2791 |
T4706 |
T4704 |
pobj |
tolerance,to |
| R2792 |
T4707 |
T4706 |
amod |
striking,tolerance |
| R2793 |
T4708 |
T4706 |
amod |
behavioral,tolerance |
| R2794 |
T4709 |
T4706 |
prep |
to,tolerance |
| R2795 |
T4710 |
T4709 |
pobj |
catalepsy,to |
| R2796 |
T4711 |
T4681 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R2797 |
T4713 |
T4714 |
det |
These,doses |
| R2798 |
T4714 |
T4715 |
nsubjpass |
doses,shown |
| R2799 |
T4716 |
T4715 |
aux |
have,shown |
| R2800 |
T4717 |
T4715 |
auxpass |
been,shown |
| R2801 |
T4718 |
T4719 |
aux |
to,occupy |
| R2802 |
T4719 |
T4715 |
xcomp |
occupy,shown |
| R2803 |
T4720 |
T4721 |
advmod |
well,80 |
| R2804 |
T4721 |
T4723 |
nummod |
80,% |
| R2805 |
T4722 |
T4721 |
quantmod |
over,80 |
| R2806 |
T4723 |
T4719 |
dobj |
%,occupy |
| R2807 |
T4724 |
T4723 |
prep |
of,% |
| R2808 |
T4725 |
T4726 |
amod |
available,D2Rs |
| R2809 |
T4726 |
T4724 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R2810 |
T4727 |
T4728 |
punct |
[,29 |
| R2811 |
T4728 |
T4715 |
parataxis |
29,shown |
| R2812 |
T4729 |
T4728 |
punct |
],29 |
| R2813 |
T4730 |
T4715 |
punct |
.,shown |
| R2814 |
T4732 |
T4733 |
amod |
Future,experiments |
| R2815 |
T4733 |
T4734 |
nsubj |
experiments,be |
| R2816 |
T4735 |
T4733 |
acl |
measuring,experiments |
| R2817 |
T4736 |
T4735 |
dobj |
acquisition,measuring |
| R2818 |
T4737 |
T4736 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R2819 |
T4738 |
T4739 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2820 |
T4739 |
T4737 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R2821 |
T4740 |
T4735 |
prep |
in,measuring |
| R2822 |
T4741 |
T4740 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R2823 |
T4742 |
T4743 |
dep |
that,received |
| R2824 |
T4743 |
T4741 |
relcl |
received,rodents |
| R2825 |
T4744 |
T4745 |
amod |
chronic,administration |
| R2826 |
T4745 |
T4743 |
dobj |
administration,received |
| R2827 |
T4746 |
T4745 |
prep |
of,administration |
| R2828 |
T4747 |
T4748 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R2829 |
T4748 |
T4746 |
pobj |
antagonists,of |
| R2830 |
T4749 |
T4743 |
cc |
and,received |
| R2831 |
T4750 |
T4743 |
conj |
demonstrated,received |
| R2832 |
T4751 |
T4752 |
amod |
behavioral,tolerance |
| R2833 |
T4752 |
T4750 |
dobj |
tolerance,demonstrated |
| R2834 |
T4753 |
T4752 |
prep |
to,tolerance |
| R2835 |
T4754 |
T4755 |
poss |
their,effects |
| R2836 |
T4755 |
T4753 |
pobj |
effects,to |
| R2837 |
T4756 |
T4755 |
nmod |
motor,effects |
| R2838 |
T4757 |
T4755 |
amod |
disrupting,effects |
| R2839 |
T4758 |
T4734 |
aux |
would,be |
| R2840 |
T4759 |
T4760 |
det |
a,test |
| R2841 |
T4760 |
T4734 |
attr |
test,be |
| R2842 |
T4761 |
T4760 |
amod |
logical,test |
| R2843 |
T4762 |
T4760 |
prep |
of,test |
| R2844 |
T4763 |
T4764 |
det |
this,hypothesis |
| R2845 |
T4764 |
T4762 |
pobj |
hypothesis,of |
| R2846 |
T4765 |
T4734 |
punct |
.,be |
| R2847 |
T4767 |
T4768 |
advmod |
However,have |
| R2848 |
T4769 |
T4768 |
punct |
", ",have |
| R2849 |
T4770 |
T4771 |
det |
the,realization |
| R2850 |
T4771 |
T4768 |
nsubj |
realization,have |
| R2851 |
T4772 |
T4773 |
mark |
that,targeted |
| R2852 |
T4773 |
T4771 |
acl |
targeted,realization |
| R2853 |
T4774 |
T4775 |
amod |
multiple,subtypes |
| R2854 |
T4775 |
T4773 |
nsubjpass |
subtypes,targeted |
| R2855 |
T4776 |
T4777 |
compound |
dopamine,receptor |
| R2856 |
T4777 |
T4775 |
compound |
receptor,subtypes |
| R2857 |
T4778 |
T4773 |
aux |
would,targeted |
| R2858 |
T4863 |
T4862 |
amod |
parental,strain |
| R2859 |
T4779 |
T4773 |
auxpass |
be,targeted |
| R2860 |
T4864 |
T4858 |
prep |
for,backcrossed |
| R2861 |
T4780 |
T4773 |
advmod |
concurrently,targeted |
| R2862 |
T4865 |
T4866 |
det |
a,minimum |
| R2863 |
T4866 |
T4864 |
pobj |
minimum,for |
| R2864 |
T4867 |
T4866 |
prep |
of,minimum |
| R2865 |
T4781 |
T4773 |
prep |
with,targeted |
| R2866 |
T4868 |
T4869 |
nummod |
10,generations |
| R2867 |
T4869 |
T4867 |
pobj |
generations,of |
| R2868 |
T4782 |
T4783 |
det |
the,antagonists |
| R2869 |
T4870 |
T4848 |
punct |
),compensation |
| R2870 |
T4871 |
T4844 |
punct |
", ",revealed |
| R2871 |
T4872 |
T4844 |
nsubj |
use,revealed |
| R2872 |
T4783 |
T4781 |
pobj |
antagonists,with |
| R2873 |
T4873 |
T4872 |
prep |
of,use |
| R2874 |
T4874 |
T4875 |
poss |
our,animals |
| R2875 |
T4875 |
T4873 |
pobj |
animals,of |
| R2876 |
T4784 |
T4785 |
advmod |
presently,available |
| R2877 |
T4876 |
T4875 |
amod |
inbred,animals |
| R2878 |
T4877 |
T4878 |
punct |
(,generation |
| R2879 |
T4785 |
T4783 |
amod |
available,antagonists |
| R2880 |
T4878 |
T4875 |
parataxis |
generation,animals |
| R2881 |
T4879 |
T4878 |
compound |
N20,generation |
| R2882 |
T4880 |
T4878 |
punct |
),generation |
| R2883 |
T4786 |
T4785 |
advmod |
commercially,available |
| R2884 |
T4881 |
T4872 |
prep |
in,use |
| R2885 |
T4882 |
T4883 |
det |
the,study |
| R2886 |
T4883 |
T4881 |
pobj |
study,in |
| R2887 |
T4787 |
T4783 |
punct |
", ",antagonists |
| R2888 |
T4884 |
T4883 |
amod |
present,study |
| R2889 |
T4885 |
T4883 |
punct |
(,study |
| R2890 |
T4886 |
T4887 |
advmod |
where,detected |
| R2891 |
T4788 |
T4789 |
amod |
such,as |
| R2892 |
T4887 |
T4883 |
relcl |
detected,study |
| R2893 |
T4888 |
T4889 |
det |
no,differences |
| R2894 |
T4789 |
T4783 |
prep |
as,antagonists |
| R2895 |
T4889 |
T4887 |
nsubjpass |
differences,detected |
| R2896 |
T4890 |
T4889 |
prep |
in,differences |
| R2897 |
T4891 |
T4892 |
compound |
locomotor,behavior |
| R2898 |
T4790 |
T4789 |
pobj |
D2Rs,as |
| R2899 |
T4892 |
T4890 |
pobj |
behavior,in |
| R2900 |
T4791 |
T4790 |
punct |
", ",D2Rs |
| R2901 |
T4893 |
T4887 |
auxpass |
were,detected |
| R2902 |
T4894 |
T4887 |
prep |
between,detected |
| R2903 |
T4895 |
T4896 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R2904 |
T4792 |
T4790 |
conj |
D3Rs,D2Rs |
| R2905 |
T4896 |
T4894 |
pobj |
mice,between |
| R2906 |
T4793 |
T4792 |
punct |
", ",D3Rs |
| R2907 |
T4897 |
T4895 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2908 |
T4898 |
T4895 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2909 |
T4794 |
T4792 |
cc |
and,D3Rs |
| R2910 |
T4899 |
T4895 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R2911 |
T4900 |
T4895 |
cc |
and,D2R |
| R2912 |
T4901 |
T4895 |
conj |
D2R,D2R |
| R2913 |
T4902 |
T4901 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2914 |
T4903 |
T4901 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R2915 |
T4795 |
T4792 |
conj |
D4Rs,D3Rs |
| R2916 |
T4904 |
T4901 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R2917 |
T4905 |
T4906 |
punct |
;,Figs. |
| R2918 |
T4906 |
T4872 |
parataxis |
Figs.,use |
| R2919 |
T4796 |
T4768 |
aux |
would,have |
| R2920 |
T4907 |
T4906 |
nummod |
1,Figs. |
| R2921 |
T4908 |
T4906 |
cc |
&,Figs. |
| R2922 |
T4797 |
T4798 |
aux |
to,rectified |
| R2923 |
T4909 |
T4906 |
conj |
2,Figs. |
| R2924 |
T4910 |
T4906 |
punct |
),Figs. |
| R2925 |
T4911 |
T4912 |
det |
a,role |
| R2926 |
T4798 |
T4768 |
xcomp |
rectified,have |
| R2927 |
T4912 |
T4844 |
dobj |
role,revealed |
| R2928 |
T4913 |
T4914 |
advmod |
previously,unappreciated |
| R2929 |
T4914 |
T4912 |
amod |
unappreciated,role |
| R2930 |
T4799 |
T4798 |
auxpass |
be,rectified |
| R2931 |
T4915 |
T4912 |
prep |
of,role |
| R2932 |
T4916 |
T4917 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R2933 |
T4800 |
T4768 |
punct |
.,have |
| R2934 |
T4917 |
T4919 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R2935 |
T4918 |
T4917 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R2936 |
T4919 |
T4915 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R2937 |
T4802 |
T4803 |
nsubj |
We,argue |
| R2938 |
T4920 |
T4912 |
prep |
in,role |
| R2939 |
T4921 |
T4922 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R2940 |
T4922 |
T4920 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R2941 |
T4923 |
T4922 |
cc |
and,learning |
| R2942 |
T4804 |
T4803 |
aux |
would,argue |
| R2943 |
T4924 |
T4922 |
conj |
attention,learning |
| R2944 |
T4925 |
T4926 |
dep |
that,measured |
| R2945 |
T4926 |
T4912 |
relcl |
measured,role |
| R2946 |
T4805 |
T4806 |
mark |
that,is |
| R2947 |
T4927 |
T4926 |
aux |
could,measured |
| R2948 |
T4928 |
T4926 |
neg |
not,measured |
| R2949 |
T4929 |
T4926 |
auxpass |
be,measured |
| R2950 |
T4806 |
T4803 |
ccomp |
is,argue |
| R2951 |
T4930 |
T4926 |
prep |
with,measured |
| R2952 |
T4931 |
T4932 |
det |
the,antagonists |
| R2953 |
T4807 |
T4808 |
det |
the,approach |
| R2954 |
T4932 |
T4930 |
pobj |
antagonists,with |
| R2955 |
T4933 |
T4934 |
advmod |
currently,available |
| R2956 |
T4934 |
T4932 |
amod |
available,antagonists |
| R2957 |
T4808 |
T4806 |
nsubj |
approach,is |
| R2958 |
T4935 |
T4932 |
punct |
", ",antagonists |
| R2959 |
T4936 |
T4937 |
advmod |
acutely,administered |
| R2960 |
T4809 |
T4810 |
advmod |
most,parsimonious |
| R2961 |
T4937 |
T4932 |
amod |
administered,antagonists |
| R2962 |
T4938 |
T4932 |
compound |
D2R,antagonists |
| R2963 |
T4939 |
T4844 |
punct |
.,revealed |
| R2964 |
T4941 |
T4942 |
det |
A,analysis |
| R2965 |
T4942 |
T4944 |
nsubj |
analysis,suggest |
| R2966 |
T4810 |
T4808 |
amod |
parsimonious,approach |
| R2967 |
T4943 |
T4942 |
amod |
cursory,analysis |
| R2968 |
T4945 |
T4942 |
prep |
of,analysis |
| R2969 |
T4811 |
T4808 |
prep |
at,approach |
| R2970 |
T4946 |
T4947 |
poss |
our,data |
| R2971 |
T4947 |
T4945 |
pobj |
data,of |
| R2972 |
T4812 |
T4813 |
det |
this,time |
| R2973 |
T4948 |
T4944 |
aux |
might,suggest |
| R2974 |
T4949 |
T4944 |
prep |
to,suggest |
| R2975 |
T4950 |
T4949 |
pobj |
some,to |
| R2976 |
T4813 |
T4811 |
pobj |
time,at |
| R2977 |
T4951 |
T4952 |
mark |
that,conferred |
| R2978 |
T4952 |
T4944 |
ccomp |
conferred,suggest |
| R2979 |
T4814 |
T4815 |
aux |
to,utilize |
| R2980 |
T4953 |
T4954 |
det |
the,manipulation |
| R2981 |
T4954 |
T4952 |
nsubj |
manipulation,conferred |
| R2982 |
T4955 |
T4954 |
amod |
genetic,manipulation |
| R2983 |
T4815 |
T4806 |
xcomp |
utilize,is |
| R2984 |
T4956 |
T4954 |
prep |
of,manipulation |
| R2985 |
T4957 |
T4958 |
det |
the,locus |
| R2986 |
T4958 |
T4956 |
pobj |
locus,of |
| R2987 |
T4816 |
T4815 |
dobj |
mice,utilize |
| R2988 |
T4959 |
T4958 |
compound |
drd2,locus |
| R2989 |
T4960 |
T4961 |
det |
a,impairment |
| R2990 |
T4817 |
T4818 |
dep |
that,altered |
| R2991 |
T4961 |
T4952 |
dobj |
impairment,conferred |
| R2992 |
T4962 |
T4961 |
amod |
gross,impairment |
| R2993 |
T4963 |
T4961 |
amod |
olfactory,impairment |
| R2994 |
T4818 |
T4816 |
relcl |
altered,mice |
| R2995 |
T4964 |
T4952 |
prep |
to,conferred |
| R2996 |
T4965 |
T4966 |
det |
the,mice |
| R2997 |
T4819 |
T4818 |
aux |
have,altered |
| R2998 |
T4966 |
T4964 |
pobj |
mice,to |
| R2999 |
T4967 |
T4966 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3000 |
T4968 |
T4967 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3001 |
T4820 |
T4818 |
auxpass |
been,altered |
| R3002 |
T4821 |
T4818 |
advmod |
genetically,altered |
| R3003 |
T4822 |
T4823 |
amod |
such,lacking |
| R3004 |
T4823 |
T4818 |
advcl |
lacking,altered |
| R3005 |
T4969 |
T4967 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3006 |
T4824 |
T4823 |
mark |
that,lacking |
| R3007 |
T4970 |
T4967 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3008 |
T4971 |
T4944 |
punct |
.,suggest |
| R3009 |
T4825 |
T4823 |
nsubj |
they,lacking |
| R3010 |
T4973 |
T4974 |
advmod |
Rather,argue |
| R3011 |
T4826 |
T4823 |
aux |
are,lacking |
| R3012 |
T4975 |
T4974 |
punct |
", ",argue |
| R3013 |
T4827 |
T4828 |
nummod |
one,alleles |
| R3014 |
T4976 |
T4974 |
nsubj |
we,argue |
| R3015 |
T4977 |
T4978 |
mark |
that,is |
| R3016 |
T4978 |
T4974 |
ccomp |
is,argue |
| R3017 |
T4979 |
T4978 |
nsubj |
this,is |
| R3018 |
T4980 |
T4978 |
neg |
not,is |
| R3019 |
T4981 |
T4978 |
acomp |
likely,is |
| R3020 |
T4982 |
T4983 |
mark |
because,learn |
| R3021 |
T4828 |
T4823 |
dobj |
alleles,lacking |
| R3022 |
T4983 |
T4978 |
advcl |
learn,is |
| R3023 |
T4829 |
T4827 |
cc |
or,one |
| R3025 |
T4985 |
T4983 |
nsubj |
mice,learn |
| R3026 |
T4830 |
T4827 |
conj |
both,one |
| R3027 |
T4986 |
T4985 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3028 |
T4987 |
T4986 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3029 |
T4988 |
T4986 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3030 |
T4831 |
T4828 |
amod |
functional,alleles |
| R3031 |
T4989 |
T4986 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3032 |
T4990 |
T4983 |
aux |
did,learn |
| R3033 |
T4991 |
T4992 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R3034 |
T4832 |
T4828 |
prep |
of,alleles |
| R3035 |
T4992 |
T4983 |
xcomp |
retrieve,learn |
| R3036 |
T4833 |
T4834 |
det |
the,receptor |
| R3037 |
T4834 |
T4832 |
pobj |
receptor,of |
| R3038 |
T4993 |
T4994 |
det |
the,pellets |
| R3039 |
T4835 |
T4834 |
amod |
specific,receptor |
| R3040 |
T4994 |
T4992 |
dobj |
pellets,retrieve |
| R3041 |
T4836 |
T4834 |
prep |
of,receptor |
| R3042 |
T4995 |
T4994 |
compound |
food,pellets |
| R3043 |
T4996 |
T4992 |
prep |
from,retrieve |
| R3044 |
T4837 |
T4836 |
pobj |
interest,of |
| R3045 |
T4997 |
T4998 |
det |
the,dishes |
| R3046 |
T4998 |
T4996 |
pobj |
dishes,from |
| R3047 |
T4999 |
T4983 |
cc |
and,learn |
| R3048 |
T4838 |
T4803 |
punct |
.,argue |
| R3049 |
T5000 |
T5001 |
advmod |
eventually,learned |
| R3050 |
T5001 |
T4983 |
conj |
learned,learn |
| R3051 |
T4840 |
T4841 |
mark |
While,have |
| R3052 |
T5002 |
T5003 |
aux |
to,discriminate |
| R3053 |
T5003 |
T5001 |
xcomp |
discriminate,learned |
| R3054 |
T5004 |
T5003 |
advmod |
accurately,discriminate |
| R3055 |
T5005 |
T5003 |
dobj |
odors,discriminate |
| R3056 |
T4841 |
T4844 |
advcl |
have,revealed |
| R3057 |
T5006 |
T4974 |
punct |
.,argue |
| R3058 |
T4842 |
T4841 |
nsubj |
they,have |
| R3059 |
T5008 |
T5009 |
amod |
Recent,data |
| R3060 |
T5009 |
T5011 |
nsubj |
data,demonstrate |
| R3061 |
T5010 |
T5009 |
amod |
electrophysiological,data |
| R3062 |
T4843 |
T4841 |
aux |
do,have |
| R3063 |
T5012 |
T5013 |
mark |
that,located |
| R3064 |
T4845 |
T4846 |
poss |
their,limitations |
| R3065 |
T5013 |
T5011 |
ccomp |
located,demonstrate |
| R3066 |
T5014 |
T5015 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R's |
| R3067 |
T5015 |
T5013 |
nsubjpass |
D2R's,located |
| R3068 |
T5016 |
T5013 |
auxpass |
are,located |
| R3069 |
T5017 |
T5013 |
prep |
on,located |
| R3070 |
T5018 |
T5019 |
amod |
glutamatergic,axons |
| R3071 |
T4846 |
T4841 |
dobj |
limitations,have |
| R3072 |
T5019 |
T5017 |
pobj |
axons,on |
| R3073 |
T5020 |
T5019 |
amod |
terminal,axons |
| R3074 |
T5021 |
T5019 |
prep |
of,axons |
| R3075 |
T4847 |
T4848 |
punct |
(,compensation |
| R3076 |
T5022 |
T5023 |
amod |
olfactory,nerves |
| R3077 |
T5023 |
T5021 |
pobj |
nerves,of |
| R3078 |
T5024 |
T5013 |
cc |
and,located |
| R3079 |
T4848 |
T4846 |
appos |
compensation,limitations |
| R3080 |
T5025 |
T5013 |
conj |
depress,located |
| R3081 |
T5026 |
T5027 |
amod |
excitatory,input |
| R3082 |
T5027 |
T5025 |
dobj |
input,depress |
| R3083 |
T4849 |
T4848 |
advmod |
e.g.,compensation |
| R3084 |
T5028 |
T5027 |
prep |
of,input |
| R3085 |
T5029 |
T5030 |
det |
the,nerve |
| R3086 |
T4850 |
T4848 |
amod |
developmental,compensation |
| R3087 |
T4851 |
T4848 |
cc |
and,compensation |
| R3088 |
T5030 |
T5028 |
pobj |
nerve,of |
| R3089 |
T4852 |
T4853 |
compound |
strain,effects |
| R3090 |
T5031 |
T5030 |
amod |
olfactory,nerve |
| R3091 |
T5032 |
T5027 |
prep |
to,input |
| R3092 |
T5033 |
T5034 |
det |
the,cells |
| R3093 |
T4853 |
T4848 |
conj |
effects,compensation |
| R3094 |
T5034 |
T5032 |
pobj |
cells,to |
| R3095 |
T5035 |
T5034 |
amod |
mitral,cells |
| R3096 |
T5036 |
T5034 |
prep |
of,cells |
| R3097 |
T4854 |
T4848 |
prep |
in,compensation |
| R3098 |
T5037 |
T5038 |
det |
the,bulb |
| R3099 |
T5038 |
T5036 |
pobj |
bulb,of |
| R3100 |
T5039 |
T5038 |
amod |
olfactory,bulb |
| R3101 |
T4855 |
T4856 |
compound |
mouse,lines |
| R3102 |
T5040 |
T5041 |
punct |
[,31 |
| R3103 |
T5041 |
T5025 |
parataxis |
31,depress |
| R3104 |
T5042 |
T5041 |
nummod |
30,31 |
| R3105 |
T4856 |
T4854 |
pobj |
lines,in |
| R3106 |
T5043 |
T5041 |
punct |
",",31 |
| R3107 |
T5044 |
T5041 |
punct |
],31 |
| R3108 |
T5045 |
T5011 |
punct |
.,demonstrate |
| R3109 |
T4857 |
T4858 |
neg |
not,backcrossed |
| R3110 |
T5047 |
T5048 |
advmod |
Consequently,suggest |
| R3111 |
T4858 |
T4856 |
acl |
backcrossed,lines |
| R3112 |
T5048 |
T5059 |
ccomp |
suggest,affects |
| R3113 |
T5049 |
T5048 |
punct |
", ",suggest |
| R3114 |
T5050 |
T5051 |
poss |
our,data |
| R3115 |
T4859 |
T4858 |
advmod |
adequately,backcrossed |
| R3116 |
T5051 |
T5048 |
nsubj |
data,suggest |
| R3117 |
T5052 |
T5051 |
punct |
", ",data |
| R3118 |
T5053 |
T5051 |
cc |
and,data |
| R3119 |
T5054 |
T5051 |
conj |
data,data |
| R3120 |
T5055 |
T5054 |
prep |
from,data |
| R3121 |
T5056 |
T5057 |
amod |
other,studies |
| R3122 |
T4860 |
T4858 |
prep |
to,backcrossed |
| R3123 |
T5057 |
T5055 |
pobj |
studies,from |
| R3124 |
T5058 |
T5048 |
punct |
", ",suggest |
| R3125 |
T4861 |
T4862 |
det |
a,strain |
| R3126 |
T5060 |
T5061 |
mark |
that,prevent |
| R3127 |
T4862 |
T4860 |
pobj |
strain,to |
| R3128 |
T5061 |
T5048 |
ccomp |
prevent,suggest |
| R3129 |
T5075 |
T5076 |
amod |
olfactory,stimuli |
| R3130 |
T5062 |
T5063 |
det |
the,lack |
| R3131 |
T5063 |
T5061 |
nsubj |
lack,prevent |
| R3132 |
T5064 |
T5063 |
amod |
complete,lack |
| R3133 |
T5065 |
T5063 |
prep |
of,lack |
| R3134 |
T5066 |
T5065 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R3135 |
T5076 |
T5074 |
pobj |
stimuli,of |
| R3136 |
T5067 |
T5063 |
prep |
in,lack |
| R3137 |
T5068 |
T5069 |
det |
the,bulb |
| R3138 |
T5069 |
T5067 |
pobj |
bulb,in |
| R3139 |
T5077 |
T5059 |
punct |
;,affects |
| R3140 |
T5070 |
T5069 |
amod |
olfactory,bulb |
| R3141 |
T5071 |
T5061 |
aux |
does,prevent |
| R3142 |
T5078 |
T5059 |
advmod |
rather,affects |
| R3143 |
T5072 |
T5061 |
neg |
not,prevent |
| R3144 |
T5073 |
T5061 |
dobj |
transduction,prevent |
| R3145 |
T5074 |
T5073 |
prep |
of,transduction |
| R3146 |
T5079 |
T5059 |
nsubj |
it,affects |
| R3147 |
T5080 |
T5081 |
det |
the,ability |
| R3148 |
T5081 |
T5059 |
dobj |
ability,affects |
| R3149 |
T5082 |
T5083 |
aux |
to,habituate |
| R3150 |
T5083 |
T5081 |
acl |
habituate,ability |
| R3151 |
T5181 |
T5180 |
acomp |
significant,are |
| R3152 |
T5182 |
T5183 |
mark |
because,respond |
| R3153 |
T5084 |
T5083 |
punct |
", ",habituate |
| R3154 |
T5183 |
T5180 |
advcl |
respond,are |
| R3155 |
T5184 |
T5185 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3156 |
T5185 |
T5183 |
nsubj |
mice,respond |
| R3157 |
T5085 |
T5083 |
cc |
or,habituate |
| R3158 |
T5186 |
T5184 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3159 |
T5187 |
T5184 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3160 |
T5188 |
T5184 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3161 |
T5086 |
T5083 |
conj |
tune,habituate |
| R3162 |
T5189 |
T5183 |
prep |
to,respond |
| R3163 |
T5190 |
T5191 |
compound |
food,reinforcers |
| R3164 |
T5087 |
T5086 |
punct |
", ",tune |
| R3165 |
T5191 |
T5189 |
pobj |
reinforcers,to |
| R3166 |
T5192 |
T5183 |
cc |
and,respond |
| R3167 |
T5193 |
T5194 |
advmod |
ultimately,form |
| R3168 |
T5088 |
T5089 |
amod |
olfactory,nerve |
| R3169 |
T5194 |
T5183 |
conj |
form,respond |
| R3170 |
T5195 |
T5194 |
cc |
and,form |
| R3171 |
T5196 |
T5194 |
conj |
maintain,form |
| R3172 |
T5197 |
T5198 |
npadvmod |
odor,driven |
| R3173 |
T5198 |
T5200 |
amod |
driven,relationships |
| R3174 |
T5199 |
T5198 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R3175 |
T5089 |
T5090 |
compound |
nerve,activity |
| R3176 |
T5200 |
T5196 |
dobj |
relationships,maintain |
| R3177 |
T5201 |
T5200 |
nmod |
S,relationships |
| R3178 |
T5202 |
T5201 |
punct |
+,S |
| R3179 |
T5090 |
T5086 |
conj |
activity,tune |
| R3180 |
T5203 |
T5201 |
punct |
/,S |
| R3181 |
T5091 |
T5090 |
acl |
associated,activity |
| R3182 |
T5204 |
T5201 |
appos |
S,S |
| R3183 |
T5205 |
T5204 |
punct |
-,S |
| R3184 |
T5206 |
T5207 |
punct |
(,behavior |
| R3185 |
T5207 |
T5200 |
appos |
behavior,relationships |
| R3186 |
T5092 |
T5091 |
prep |
with,associated |
| R3187 |
T5208 |
T5207 |
det |
a,behavior |
| R3188 |
T5209 |
T5207 |
amod |
putative,behavior |
| R3189 |
T5093 |
T5094 |
advmod |
repeatedly,encountered |
| R3190 |
T5210 |
T5211 |
npadvmod |
D1R,mediated |
| R3191 |
T5211 |
T5207 |
amod |
mediated,behavior |
| R3192 |
T5212 |
T5211 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3193 |
T5094 |
T5095 |
amod |
encountered,concentrations |
| R3194 |
T5213 |
T5214 |
punct |
[,6 |
| R3195 |
T5214 |
T5196 |
parataxis |
6,maintain |
| R3196 |
T5215 |
T5214 |
punct |
],6 |
| R3197 |
T5095 |
T5092 |
pobj |
concentrations,with |
| R3198 |
T5216 |
T5196 |
punct |
),maintain |
| R3199 |
T5217 |
T5218 |
advmod |
just,as |
| R3200 |
T5218 |
T5183 |
prep |
as,respond |
| R3201 |
T5096 |
T5095 |
prep |
of,concentrations |
| R3202 |
T5219 |
T5220 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3203 |
T5220 |
T5218 |
pobj |
mice,as |
| R3204 |
T5221 |
T5219 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R3205 |
T5097 |
T5098 |
amod |
chemical,stimuli |
| R3206 |
T5222 |
T5219 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3207 |
T5223 |
T5219 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R3208 |
T5224 |
T5225 |
punct |
(,targeted |
| R3209 |
T5098 |
T5096 |
pobj |
stimuli,of |
| R3210 |
T5099 |
T5100 |
punct |
[,32 |
| R3211 |
T5225 |
T5220 |
parataxis |
targeted,mice |
| R3212 |
T5226 |
T5227 |
det |
both,groups |
| R3213 |
T5100 |
T5059 |
parataxis |
32,affects |
| R3214 |
T5227 |
T5228 |
nsubj |
groups,achieved |
| R3215 |
T5228 |
T5225 |
ccomp |
achieved,targeted |
| R3216 |
T5229 |
T5230 |
punct |
≥,80 |
| R3217 |
T5101 |
T5100 |
punct |
],32 |
| R3218 |
T5230 |
T5231 |
nummod |
80,% |
| R3219 |
T5231 |
T5232 |
compound |
%,accuracy |
| R3220 |
T5232 |
T5228 |
dobj |
accuracy,achieved |
| R3221 |
T5102 |
T5059 |
punct |
.,affects |
| R3222 |
T5233 |
T5232 |
compound |
discrimination,accuracy |
| R3223 |
T5234 |
T5225 |
punct |
", ",targeted |
| R3224 |
T5235 |
T5236 |
det |
the,D1Rs |
| R3225 |
T5236 |
T5225 |
nsubjpass |
D1Rs,targeted |
| R3226 |
T5237 |
T5236 |
compound |
dopamine,D1Rs |
| R3227 |
T5238 |
T5236 |
prep |
in,D1Rs |
| R3228 |
T5104 |
T5105 |
det |
The,performance |
| R3229 |
T5239 |
T5240 |
poss |
our,mice |
| R3230 |
T5240 |
T5238 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R3231 |
T5241 |
T5225 |
auxpass |
were,targeted |
| R3232 |
T5242 |
T5225 |
neg |
not,targeted |
| R3233 |
T5105 |
T5106 |
nsubj |
performance,is |
| R3234 |
T5243 |
T5225 |
punct |
),targeted |
| R3235 |
T5244 |
T5180 |
punct |
.,are |
| R3236 |
T5107 |
T5105 |
prep |
of,performance |
| R3237 |
T5246 |
T5247 |
det |
A,extension |
| R3238 |
T5247 |
T5249 |
nsubj |
extension,be |
| R3239 |
T5108 |
T5109 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3240 |
T5248 |
T5247 |
amod |
future,extension |
| R3241 |
T5250 |
T5247 |
prep |
of,extension |
| R3242 |
T5109 |
T5107 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R3243 |
T5251 |
T5252 |
det |
this,study |
| R3244 |
T5252 |
T5250 |
pobj |
study,of |
| R3245 |
T5110 |
T5108 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3246 |
T5253 |
T5249 |
aux |
would,be |
| R3247 |
T5254 |
T5255 |
aux |
to,test |
| R3248 |
T5255 |
T5249 |
xcomp |
test,be |
| R3249 |
T5111 |
T5108 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3250 |
T5256 |
T5255 |
dobj |
performance,test |
| R3251 |
T5257 |
T5256 |
prep |
over,performance |
| R3252 |
T5258 |
T5259 |
det |
a,number |
| R3253 |
T5112 |
T5108 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3254 |
T5259 |
T5257 |
pobj |
number,over |
| R3255 |
T5260 |
T5259 |
amod |
fixed,number |
| R3256 |
T5261 |
T5259 |
prep |
of,number |
| R3257 |
T5113 |
T5105 |
prep |
during,performance |
| R3258 |
T5262 |
T5261 |
pobj |
trials,of |
| R3259 |
T5263 |
T5255 |
cc |
and,test |
| R3260 |
T5264 |
T5255 |
conj |
determine,test |
| R3261 |
T5114 |
T5115 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R3262 |
T5265 |
T5264 |
dobj |
patterns,determine |
| R3263 |
T5266 |
T5265 |
prep |
of,patterns |
| R3264 |
T5267 |
T5268 |
compound |
error,rates |
| R3265 |
T5115 |
T5113 |
pobj |
learning,during |
| R3266 |
T5268 |
T5266 |
pobj |
rates,of |
| R3267 |
T5269 |
T5264 |
prep |
during,determine |
| R3268 |
T5270 |
T5269 |
pobj |
acquisition,during |
| R3269 |
T5116 |
T5106 |
acomp |
deficient,is |
| R3270 |
T5271 |
T5270 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R3271 |
T5272 |
T5273 |
det |
the,tasks |
| R3272 |
T5117 |
T5106 |
advcl |
revealing,is |
| R3273 |
T5273 |
T5271 |
pobj |
tasks,of |
| R3274 |
T5274 |
T5273 |
nmod |
discrimination,tasks |
| R3275 |
T5275 |
T5274 |
cc |
and,discrimination |
| R3276 |
T5276 |
T5274 |
conj |
reversal,discrimination |
| R3277 |
T5277 |
T5273 |
compound |
learning,tasks |
| R3278 |
T5278 |
T5249 |
punct |
.,be |
| R3279 |
T5280 |
T5281 |
det |
This,manipulation |
| R3280 |
T5281 |
T5282 |
nsubj |
manipulation,control |
| R3281 |
T5283 |
T5282 |
aux |
would,control |
| R3282 |
T5284 |
T5285 |
det |
the,number |
| R3283 |
T5118 |
T5119 |
det |
a,role |
| R3284 |
T5285 |
T5282 |
dobj |
number,control |
| R3285 |
T5119 |
T5117 |
dobj |
role,revealing |
| R3286 |
T5120 |
T5119 |
prep |
for,role |
| R3287 |
T5121 |
T5122 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R3288 |
T5286 |
T5285 |
prep |
of,number |
| R3289 |
T5287 |
T5286 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R3290 |
T5122 |
T5123 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R3291 |
T5288 |
T5282 |
prep |
based,control |
| R3292 |
T5289 |
T5288 |
prep |
on,based |
| R3293 |
T5290 |
T5289 |
pobj |
trials,on |
| R3294 |
T5123 |
T5125 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R3295 |
T5291 |
T5290 |
acl |
performed,trials |
| R3296 |
T5292 |
T5293 |
aux |
to,determine |
| R3297 |
T5293 |
T5282 |
advcl |
determine,control |
| R3298 |
T5124 |
T5123 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3299 |
T5294 |
T5295 |
mark |
if,is |
| R3300 |
T5295 |
T5293 |
ccomp |
is,determine |
| R3301 |
T5296 |
T5297 |
det |
the,difference |
| R3302 |
T5125 |
T5120 |
pobj |
signaling,for |
| R3303 |
T5297 |
T5295 |
nsubj |
difference,is |
| R3304 |
T5298 |
T5297 |
amod |
apparent,difference |
| R3305 |
T5299 |
T5297 |
prep |
in,difference |
| R3306 |
T5126 |
T5119 |
prep |
in,role |
| R3307 |
T5300 |
T5301 |
amod |
absolute,number |
| R3308 |
T5301 |
T5299 |
pobj |
number,in |
| R3309 |
T5302 |
T5301 |
prep |
of,number |
| R3310 |
T5127 |
T5126 |
pobj |
tasks,in |
| R3311 |
T5303 |
T5302 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R3312 |
T5304 |
T5297 |
acl |
demonstrated,difference |
| R3313 |
T5305 |
T5304 |
agent |
by,demonstrated |
| R3314 |
T5128 |
T5127 |
acl |
requiring,tasks |
| R3315 |
T5306 |
T5307 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3316 |
T5307 |
T5305 |
pobj |
mice,by |
| R3317 |
T5308 |
T5307 |
amod |
mutant,mice |
| R3318 |
T5129 |
T5130 |
amod |
behavioral,flexibility |
| R3319 |
T5309 |
T5310 |
punct |
(,deficit |
| R3320 |
T5310 |
T5297 |
appos |
deficit,difference |
| R3321 |
T5311 |
T5310 |
det |
the,deficit |
| R3322 |
T5130 |
T5128 |
dobj |
flexibility,requiring |
| R3323 |
T5312 |
T5310 |
amod |
putative,deficit |
| R3324 |
T5313 |
T5310 |
compound |
performance,deficit |
| R3325 |
T5314 |
T5310 |
punct |
),deficit |
| R3326 |
T5315 |
T5316 |
advmod |
simply,reflection |
| R3327 |
T5316 |
T5295 |
attr |
reflection,is |
| R3328 |
T5317 |
T5316 |
det |
a,reflection |
| R3329 |
T5132 |
T5133 |
amod |
Perseverative,patterns |
| R3330 |
T5318 |
T5316 |
prep |
of,reflection |
| R3331 |
T5319 |
T5320 |
amod |
extra,trials |
| R3332 |
T5320 |
T5318 |
pobj |
trials,of |
| R3333 |
T5321 |
T5282 |
punct |
.,control |
| R3334 |
T5133 |
T5135 |
nsubj |
patterns,characterized |
| R3335 |
T5323 |
T5324 |
advmod |
Nonetheless,argues |
| R3336 |
T5134 |
T5133 |
amod |
behavioral,patterns |
| R3337 |
T5136 |
T5137 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3338 |
T5325 |
T5324 |
punct |
", ",argues |
| R3339 |
T5326 |
T5327 |
det |
the,inability |
| R3340 |
T5137 |
T5135 |
dobj |
mice,characterized |
| R3341 |
T5327 |
T5324 |
nsubj |
inability,argues |
| R3342 |
T5138 |
T5137 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3343 |
T5328 |
T5327 |
prep |
of,inability |
| R3344 |
T5329 |
T5330 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3345 |
T5330 |
T5328 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R3346 |
T5331 |
T5329 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3347 |
T5139 |
T5138 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3348 |
T5332 |
T5329 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3349 |
T5333 |
T5329 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3350 |
T5140 |
T5138 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3351 |
T5334 |
T5335 |
aux |
to,disengage |
| R3352 |
T5335 |
T5327 |
acl |
disengage,inability |
| R3353 |
T5336 |
T5335 |
prep |
from,disengage |
| R3354 |
T5141 |
T5138 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3355 |
T5337 |
T5338 |
advmod |
previously,established |
| R3356 |
T5338 |
T5339 |
amod |
established,contingencies |
| R3357 |
T5142 |
T5137 |
amod |
relative,mice |
| R3358 |
T5339 |
T5336 |
pobj |
contingencies,from |
| R3359 |
T5340 |
T5339 |
nmod |
S,contingencies |
| R3360 |
T5341 |
T5340 |
punct |
+,S |
| R3361 |
T5342 |
T5340 |
punct |
/,S |
| R3362 |
T5143 |
T5142 |
prep |
to,relative |
| R3363 |
T5343 |
T5340 |
appos |
S,S |
| R3364 |
T5344 |
T5343 |
punct |
-,S |
| R3365 |
T5144 |
T5145 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3366 |
T5345 |
T5346 |
punct |
(,Fig. |
| R3367 |
T5346 |
T5327 |
parataxis |
Fig.,inability |
| R3368 |
T5347 |
T5346 |
advcl |
responding,Fig. |
| R3369 |
T5145 |
T5143 |
pobj |
mice,to |
| R3370 |
T5348 |
T5347 |
prep |
to,responding |
| R3371 |
T5349 |
T5350 |
det |
a,stimulus |
| R3372 |
T5350 |
T5348 |
pobj |
stimulus,to |
| R3373 |
T5146 |
T5144 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R3375 |
T5352 |
T5346 |
punct |
;,Fig. |
| R3376 |
T5353 |
T5346 |
nummod |
4,Fig. |
| R3377 |
T5147 |
T5144 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3378 |
T5354 |
T5346 |
punct |
),Fig. |
| R3379 |
T5355 |
T5324 |
advmod |
strongly,argues |
| R3380 |
T5356 |
T5357 |
mark |
that,modulates |
| R3381 |
T5357 |
T5324 |
ccomp |
modulates,argues |
| R3384 |
T5148 |
T5144 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R3385 |
T5360 |
T5359 |
punct |
", ",dopamine |
| R3386 |
T5361 |
T5359 |
cc |
and,dopamine |
| R3387 |
T5362 |
T5363 |
prep |
in,signaling |
| R3388 |
T5149 |
T5135 |
prep |
during,characterized |
| R3389 |
T5363 |
T5359 |
conj |
signaling,dopamine |
| R3390 |
T5364 |
T5362 |
amod |
particular,in |
| R3391 |
T5365 |
T5366 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R3392 |
T5150 |
T5151 |
compound |
reversal,sessions |
| R3393 |
T5366 |
T5367 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R3394 |
T5151 |
T5149 |
pobj |
sessions,during |
| R3395 |
T5367 |
T5363 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R3396 |
T5368 |
T5367 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3397 |
T5369 |
T5357 |
punct |
", ",modulates |
| R3398 |
T5152 |
T5151 |
compound |
learning,sessions |
| R3399 |
T5370 |
T5371 |
det |
the,process |
| R3400 |
T5371 |
T5357 |
dobj |
process,modulates |
| R3401 |
T5372 |
T5371 |
prep |
of,process |
| R3402 |
T5153 |
T5154 |
punct |
(,Figure |
| R3403 |
T5373 |
T5372 |
pcomp |
alerting,of |
| R3404 |
T5374 |
T5375 |
det |
the,subject |
| R3405 |
T5154 |
T5135 |
parataxis |
Figure,characterized |
| R3406 |
T5155 |
T5154 |
nummod |
4,Figure |
| R3407 |
T5375 |
T5373 |
dobj |
subject,alerting |
| R3408 |
T5156 |
T5154 |
punct |
),Figure |
| R3409 |
T5376 |
T5377 |
mark |
that,associated |
| R3410 |
T5377 |
T5373 |
ccomp |
associated,alerting |
| R3411 |
T5157 |
T5135 |
punct |
", ",characterized |
| R3412 |
T5378 |
T5379 |
amod |
familiar,contingencies |
| R3413 |
T5379 |
T5377 |
nsubjpass |
contingencies,associated |
| R3414 |
T5380 |
T5377 |
auxpass |
are,associated |
| R3415 |
T5158 |
T5135 |
conj |
manifested,characterized |
| R3416 |
T5381 |
T5377 |
advmod |
now,associated |
| R3417 |
T5382 |
T5383 |
amod |
unexpected,consequences |
| R3418 |
T5383 |
T5377 |
dep |
consequences,associated |
| R3419 |
T5159 |
T5158 |
prep |
during,manifested |
| R3420 |
T5384 |
T5324 |
punct |
.,argues |
| R3421 |
T5386 |
T5387 |
nsubj |
Schultz,demonstrated |
| R3422 |
T5160 |
T5161 |
amod |
early,trials |
| R3423 |
T5388 |
T5386 |
cc |
and,Schultz |
| R3424 |
T5161 |
T5159 |
pobj |
trials,during |
| R3425 |
T5389 |
T5386 |
conj |
colleagues,Schultz |
| R3426 |
T5390 |
T5387 |
aux |
have,demonstrated |
| R3427 |
T5391 |
T5392 |
mark |
that,display |
| R3428 |
T5162 |
T5161 |
compound |
reversal,trials |
| R3429 |
T5163 |
T5164 |
punct |
(,Figure |
| R3430 |
T5164 |
T5159 |
parataxis |
Figure,during |
| R3431 |
T5392 |
T5387 |
ccomp |
display,demonstrated |
| R3432 |
T5393 |
T5394 |
compound |
dopamine,cells |
| R3433 |
T5394 |
T5392 |
nsubj |
cells,display |
| R3434 |
T5165 |
T5164 |
nummod |
6,Figure |
| R3435 |
T5395 |
T5396 |
amod |
consistent,patterns |
| R3436 |
T5396 |
T5392 |
dobj |
patterns,display |
| R3437 |
T5397 |
T5398 |
amod |
tonic,firing |
| R3438 |
T5166 |
T5164 |
punct |
),Figure |
| R3439 |
T5398 |
T5396 |
compound |
firing,patterns |
| R3440 |
T5399 |
T5392 |
prep |
during,display |
| R3441 |
T5400 |
T5399 |
pobj |
maintenance,during |
| R3442 |
T5167 |
T5158 |
cc |
and,manifested |
| R3443 |
T5401 |
T5400 |
prep |
of,maintenance |
| R3444 |
T5402 |
T5403 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R3445 |
T5403 |
T5404 |
compound |
learning,tasks |
| R3446 |
T5168 |
T5158 |
conj |
persisted,manifested |
| R3447 |
T5404 |
T5401 |
pobj |
tasks,of |
| R3448 |
T5405 |
T5406 |
punct |
[,33 |
| R3449 |
T5406 |
T5387 |
parataxis |
33,demonstrated |
| R3450 |
T5169 |
T5168 |
prep |
across,persisted |
| R3451 |
T5407 |
T5406 |
punct |
],33 |
| R3452 |
T5170 |
T5171 |
amod |
several,sessions |
| R3453 |
T5171 |
T5169 |
pobj |
sessions,across |
| R3454 |
T5408 |
T5387 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R3455 |
T5172 |
T5173 |
punct |
(,Figure |
| R3456 |
T5410 |
T5411 |
advmod |
However,occurs |
| R3457 |
T5173 |
T5168 |
parataxis |
Figure,persisted |
| R3458 |
T5412 |
T5411 |
punct |
", ",occurs |
| R3459 |
T5413 |
T5414 |
amod |
phasic,activity |
| R3460 |
T5414 |
T5411 |
nsubj |
activity,occurs |
| R3461 |
T5174 |
T5173 |
nummod |
7,Figure |
| R3462 |
T5415 |
T5414 |
compound |
burst,activity |
| R3463 |
T5416 |
T5414 |
prep |
of,activity |
| R3464 |
T5417 |
T5418 |
amod |
dopaminergic,cells |
| R3465 |
T5175 |
T5173 |
punct |
),Figure |
| R3466 |
T5418 |
T5416 |
pobj |
cells,of |
| R3467 |
T5176 |
T5135 |
punct |
.,characterized |
| R3468 |
T5419 |
T5420 |
advmod |
when,transpire |
| R3469 |
T5420 |
T5411 |
advcl |
transpire,occurs |
| R3470 |
T5421 |
T5420 |
nsubj |
discrepancies,transpire |
| R3471 |
T5178 |
T5179 |
det |
These,findings |
| R3472 |
T5422 |
T5421 |
prep |
between,discrepancies |
| R3473 |
T5423 |
T5424 |
amod |
predicted,contingencies |
| R3474 |
T5424 |
T5422 |
pobj |
contingencies,between |
| R3475 |
T5425 |
T5423 |
cc |
and,predicted |
| R3476 |
T5179 |
T5180 |
nsubj |
findings,are |
| R3477 |
T5426 |
T5423 |
conj |
actual,predicted |
| R3478 |
T5427 |
T5424 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R3479 |
T5498 |
T5497 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R3480 |
T5428 |
T5429 |
punct |
[,14 |
| R3481 |
T5429 |
T5411 |
parataxis |
14,occurs |
| R3482 |
T5430 |
T5429 |
punct |
],14 |
| R3483 |
T5431 |
T5411 |
punct |
.,occurs |
| R3484 |
T5433 |
T5434 |
det |
This,increase |
| R3485 |
T5499 |
T5495 |
aux |
might,be |
| R3486 |
T5434 |
T5436 |
nsubjpass |
increase,referred |
| R3487 |
T5435 |
T5434 |
amod |
robust,increase |
| R3488 |
T5500 |
T5495 |
prep |
in,be |
| R3489 |
T5437 |
T5434 |
prep |
of,increase |
| R3490 |
T5438 |
T5439 |
amod |
dopaminergic,activation |
| R3491 |
T5439 |
T5437 |
pobj |
activation,of |
| R3492 |
T5501 |
T5500 |
pobj |
fact,in |
| R3493 |
T5440 |
T5439 |
compound |
cell,activation |
| R3494 |
T5441 |
T5434 |
prep |
in,increase |
| R3495 |
T5442 |
T5441 |
pobj |
response,in |
| R3496 |
T5502 |
T5503 |
det |
the,point |
| R3497 |
T5443 |
T5442 |
prep |
to,response |
| R3498 |
T5444 |
T5445 |
amod |
unpredicted,outcomes |
| R3499 |
T5445 |
T5443 |
pobj |
outcomes,to |
| R3500 |
T5503 |
T5495 |
attr |
point,be |
| R3501 |
T5446 |
T5436 |
aux |
has,referred |
| R3502 |
T5447 |
T5436 |
auxpass |
been,referred |
| R3503 |
T5448 |
T5436 |
prep |
to,referred |
| R3504 |
T5504 |
T5503 |
amod |
focal,point |
| R3505 |
T5449 |
T5436 |
prep |
as,referred |
| R3506 |
T5450 |
T5451 |
det |
an,signal |
| R3507 |
T5505 |
T5503 |
prep |
of,point |
| R3508 |
T5451 |
T5449 |
pobj |
signal,as |
| R3509 |
T5452 |
T5451 |
punct |
"""",signal |
| R3510 |
T5453 |
T5451 |
nmod |
error,signal |
| R3511 |
T5506 |
T5507 |
det |
this,cascade |
| R3512 |
T5454 |
T5451 |
punct |
"""",signal |
| R3513 |
T5455 |
T5456 |
punct |
[,14 |
| R3514 |
T5456 |
T5436 |
parataxis |
14,referred |
| R3515 |
T5507 |
T5505 |
pobj |
cascade,of |
| R3516 |
T5457 |
T5456 |
punct |
],14 |
| R3517 |
T5458 |
T5436 |
punct |
.,referred |
| R3518 |
T5508 |
T5509 |
npadvmod |
error,signaling |
| R3519 |
T5460 |
T5461 |
prep |
To,identified |
| R3520 |
T5509 |
T5507 |
amod |
signaling,cascade |
| R3521 |
T5462 |
T5460 |
pobj |
date,To |
| R3522 |
T5463 |
T5461 |
punct |
", ",identified |
| R3523 |
T5464 |
T5465 |
det |
the,basis |
| R3524 |
T5510 |
T5509 |
punct |
-,signaling |
| R3525 |
T5465 |
T5461 |
nsubjpass |
basis,identified |
| R3526 |
T5466 |
T5465 |
amod |
molecular,basis |
| R3527 |
T5467 |
T5465 |
prep |
of,basis |
| R3528 |
T5511 |
T5478 |
punct |
.,suggests |
| R3529 |
T5468 |
T5469 |
det |
this,signal |
| R3530 |
T5469 |
T5467 |
pobj |
signal,of |
| R3531 |
T5513 |
T5514 |
amod |
Electrophysiological,data |
| R3532 |
T5470 |
T5469 |
compound |
error,signal |
| R3533 |
T5471 |
T5461 |
aux |
has,identified |
| R3534 |
T5472 |
T5461 |
neg |
not,identified |
| R3535 |
T5473 |
T5461 |
auxpass |
been,identified |
| R3536 |
T5474 |
T5461 |
punct |
.,identified |
| R3537 |
T5476 |
T5477 |
det |
The,inability |
| R3538 |
T5514 |
T5515 |
nsubj |
data,support |
| R3539 |
T5477 |
T5478 |
nsubj |
inability,suggests |
| R3540 |
T5479 |
T5477 |
prep |
of,inability |
| R3541 |
T5516 |
T5515 |
advmod |
further,support |
| R3542 |
T5480 |
T5481 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3543 |
T5481 |
T5479 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R3544 |
T5482 |
T5481 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3545 |
T5483 |
T5482 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3546 |
T5517 |
T5518 |
det |
the,hypothesis |
| R3547 |
T5484 |
T5482 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3548 |
T5485 |
T5482 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3549 |
T5518 |
T5515 |
dobj |
hypothesis,support |
| R3550 |
T5486 |
T5487 |
aux |
to,desist |
| R3551 |
T5487 |
T5477 |
acl |
desist,inability |
| R3552 |
T5488 |
T5487 |
xcomp |
responding,desist |
| R3553 |
T5519 |
T5520 |
mark |
that,tunes |
| R3554 |
T5489 |
T5488 |
prep |
to,responding |
| R3555 |
T5490 |
T5491 |
det |
a,stimulus |
| R3556 |
T5491 |
T5489 |
pobj |
stimulus,to |
| R3557 |
T5520 |
T5518 |
acl |
tunes,hypothesis |
| R3558 |
T5492 |
T5493 |
advmod |
previously,reinforced |
| R3559 |
T5493 |
T5491 |
amod |
reinforced,stimulus |
| R3560 |
T5494 |
T5495 |
mark |
that,be |
| R3561 |
T5521 |
T5520 |
nsubj |
signaling,tunes |
| R3562 |
T5522 |
T5521 |
acl |
mediated,signaling |
| R3563 |
T5495 |
T5478 |
ccomp |
be,suggests |
| R3564 |
T5523 |
T5522 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R3565 |
T5496 |
T5497 |
det |
the,D2R |
| R3566 |
T5497 |
T5495 |
nsubj |
D2R,be |
| R3567 |
T5524 |
T5525 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R3568 |
T5525 |
T5523 |
pobj |
D2Rs,by |
| R3569 |
T5526 |
T5527 |
npadvmod |
D1R,mediated |
| R3570 |
T5527 |
T5529 |
amod |
mediated,output |
| R3571 |
T5604 |
T5605 |
nsubj |
Carlsson,speculated |
| R3572 |
T5528 |
T5527 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3573 |
T5606 |
T5604 |
cc |
and,Carlsson |
| R3574 |
T5607 |
T5604 |
conj |
colleagues,Carlsson |
| R3575 |
T5529 |
T5520 |
dobj |
output,tunes |
| R3576 |
T5608 |
T5609 |
punct |
[,35 |
| R3577 |
T5609 |
T5607 |
parataxis |
35,colleagues |
| R3578 |
T5610 |
T5609 |
punct |
],35 |
| R3579 |
T5530 |
T5529 |
amod |
mesocorticolimbic,output |
| R3580 |
T5611 |
T5605 |
aux |
have,speculated |
| R3581 |
T5612 |
T5613 |
mark |
that,serves |
| R3582 |
T5613 |
T5605 |
ccomp |
serves,speculated |
| R3583 |
T5531 |
T5515 |
punct |
.,support |
| R3584 |
T5614 |
T5615 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R3585 |
T5615 |
T5616 |
compound |
D2R,stimulation |
| R3586 |
T5616 |
T5613 |
nsubj |
stimulation,serves |
| R3587 |
T5617 |
T5616 |
prep |
in,stimulation |
| R3588 |
T5618 |
T5619 |
det |
the,striatum |
| R3589 |
T5619 |
T5617 |
pobj |
striatum,in |
| R3590 |
T5533 |
T5534 |
nsubj |
Calabresi,demonstrated |
| R3591 |
T5620 |
T5621 |
aux |
to,brake |
| R3592 |
T5621 |
T5613 |
xcomp |
brake,serves |
| R3593 |
T5622 |
T5621 |
punct |
"""",brake |
| R3594 |
T5623 |
T5621 |
punct |
"""",brake |
| R3595 |
T5535 |
T5536 |
advmod |
et,al. |
| R3596 |
T5624 |
T5621 |
cc |
or,brake |
| R3597 |
T5625 |
T5621 |
conj |
diminish,brake |
| R3598 |
T5626 |
T5627 |
amod |
excitatory,signaling |
| R3599 |
T5627 |
T5625 |
dobj |
signaling,diminish |
| R3600 |
T5536 |
T5533 |
advmod |
al.,Calabresi |
| R3601 |
T5628 |
T5627 |
amod |
corticostriatal,signaling |
| R3602 |
T5629 |
T5627 |
cc |
and,signaling |
| R3603 |
T5630 |
T5627 |
conj |
plasticity,signaling |
| R3604 |
T5537 |
T5538 |
punct |
[,34 |
| R3605 |
T5631 |
T5605 |
punct |
.,speculated |
| R3606 |
T5538 |
T5533 |
parataxis |
34,Calabresi |
| R3607 |
T5633 |
T5634 |
advmod |
Indeed,associated |
| R3608 |
T5635 |
T5634 |
punct |
", ",associated |
| R3609 |
T5539 |
T5538 |
punct |
],34 |
| R3610 |
T5636 |
T5637 |
amod |
perseverative,behavior |
| R3611 |
T5637 |
T5634 |
nsubjpass |
behavior,associated |
| R3612 |
T5638 |
T5634 |
auxpass |
is,associated |
| R3613 |
T5540 |
T5541 |
mark |
that,associated |
| R3614 |
T5639 |
T5634 |
prep |
with,associated |
| R3615 |
T5640 |
T5641 |
amod |
over,activity |
| R3616 |
T5541 |
T5534 |
ccomp |
associated,demonstrated |
| R3617 |
T5641 |
T5639 |
pobj |
activity,with |
| R3618 |
T5642 |
T5641 |
prep |
of,activity |
| R3619 |
T5542 |
T5543 |
amod |
tetanic,stimulation |
| R3620 |
T5643 |
T5644 |
det |
the,striatum |
| R3621 |
T5644 |
T5642 |
pobj |
striatum,of |
| R3622 |
T5645 |
T5644 |
amod |
dorsal,striatum |
| R3623 |
T5543 |
T5541 |
nsubjpass |
stimulation,associated |
| R3624 |
T5646 |
T5641 |
prep |
in,activity |
| R3625 |
T5647 |
T5646 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R3626 |
T5544 |
T5543 |
prep |
of,stimulation |
| R3627 |
T5648 |
T5649 |
punct |
[,36 |
| R3628 |
T5649 |
T5641 |
parataxis |
36,activity |
| R3629 |
T5650 |
T5649 |
punct |
],36 |
| R3630 |
T5545 |
T5546 |
amod |
dorsal,slices |
| R3631 |
T5651 |
T5641 |
cc |
and,activity |
| R3632 |
T5652 |
T5653 |
amod |
over,activity |
| R3633 |
T5653 |
T5641 |
conj |
activity,activity |
| R3634 |
T5546 |
T5544 |
pobj |
slices,of |
| R3635 |
T5654 |
T5653 |
prep |
of,activity |
| R3636 |
T5655 |
T5656 |
det |
the,caudate |
| R3637 |
T5547 |
T5546 |
compound |
striatum,slices |
| R3638 |
T5656 |
T5654 |
pobj |
caudate,of |
| R3639 |
T5657 |
T5653 |
prep |
in,activity |
| R3640 |
T5658 |
T5657 |
pobj |
patients,in |
| R3641 |
T5659 |
T5658 |
prep |
with,patients |
| R3642 |
T5660 |
T5659 |
pobj |
ADHD,with |
| R3643 |
T5661 |
T5662 |
punct |
[,37 |
| R3644 |
T5548 |
T5546 |
acl |
prepared,slices |
| R3645 |
T5662 |
T5653 |
parataxis |
37,activity |
| R3646 |
T5663 |
T5662 |
punct |
],37 |
| R3647 |
T5664 |
T5634 |
cc |
and,associated |
| R3648 |
T5549 |
T5548 |
prep |
from,prepared |
| R3649 |
T5665 |
T5666 |
det |
a,correlation |
| R3650 |
T5666 |
T5669 |
nsubjpass |
correlation,reported |
| R3651 |
T5667 |
T5666 |
amod |
strong,correlation |
| R3652 |
T5550 |
T5551 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3653 |
T5668 |
T5666 |
amod |
inverse,correlation |
| R3654 |
T5551 |
T5549 |
pobj |
mice,from |
| R3655 |
T5552 |
T5550 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3658 |
T5553 |
T5550 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3662 |
T5554 |
T5550 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3665 |
T5555 |
T5541 |
auxpass |
is,associated |
| R3668 |
T5556 |
T5541 |
prep |
with,associated |
| R3669 |
T5678 |
T5679 |
punct |
[,22 |
| R3670 |
T5679 |
T5669 |
parataxis |
22,reported |
| R3671 |
T5557 |
T5558 |
amod |
enhanced,EPSP |
| R3672 |
T5680 |
T5679 |
punct |
],22 |
| R3673 |
T5681 |
T5669 |
punct |
.,reported |
| R3674 |
T5558 |
T5556 |
pobj |
EPSP,with |
| R3675 |
T5683 |
T5684 |
advmod |
Importantly,indicate |
| R3676 |
T5559 |
T5558 |
cc |
and,EPSP |
| R3677 |
T5685 |
T5684 |
punct |
", ",indicate |
| R3678 |
T5686 |
T5687 |
poss |
our,data |
| R3679 |
T5560 |
T5561 |
prep |
as,efficacy |
| R3680 |
T5687 |
T5684 |
nsubj |
data,indicate |
| R3681 |
T5688 |
T5689 |
mark |
that,are |
| R3682 |
T5561 |
T5558 |
conj |
efficacy,EPSP |
| R3683 |
T5689 |
T5684 |
ccomp |
are,indicate |
| R3684 |
T5690 |
T5691 |
det |
the,performances |
| R3685 |
T5691 |
T5689 |
nsubj |
performances,are |
| R3686 |
T5562 |
T5563 |
det |
a,result |
| R3687 |
T5692 |
T5691 |
amod |
poor,performances |
| R3688 |
T5693 |
T5691 |
acl |
displayed,performances |
| R3689 |
T5694 |
T5693 |
agent |
by,displayed |
| R3690 |
T5695 |
T5696 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3691 |
T5696 |
T5694 |
pobj |
mice,by |
| R3692 |
T5563 |
T5560 |
pobj |
result,as |
| R3693 |
T5697 |
T5696 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3694 |
T5698 |
T5697 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3695 |
T5564 |
T5561 |
amod |
increased,efficacy |
| R3696 |
T5699 |
T5697 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3697 |
T5700 |
T5697 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3698 |
T5701 |
T5689 |
attr |
manifestations,are |
| R3699 |
T5565 |
T5561 |
amod |
striatal,efficacy |
| R3700 |
T5702 |
T5701 |
prep |
of,manifestations |
| R3701 |
T5703 |
T5704 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R3702 |
T5704 |
T5705 |
compound |
learning,deficits |
| R3703 |
T5566 |
T5561 |
amod |
synaptic,efficacy |
| R3704 |
T5705 |
T5702 |
pobj |
deficits,of |
| R3705 |
T5706 |
T5701 |
cc |
and,manifestations |
| R3706 |
T5707 |
T5706 |
neg |
not,and |
| R3707 |
T5567 |
T5534 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R3708 |
T5708 |
T5709 |
amod |
gross,impairments |
| R3709 |
T5709 |
T5701 |
conj |
impairments,manifestations |
| R3710 |
T5569 |
T5570 |
prep |
In,resulted |
| R3711 |
T5571 |
T5569 |
pobj |
contrast,In |
| R3714 |
T5572 |
T5570 |
punct |
", ",resulted |
| R3715 |
T5712 |
T5710 |
conj |
sensory,motivational |
| R3717 |
T5573 |
T5570 |
nsubj |
stimulation,resulted |
| R3718 |
T5715 |
T5716 |
nsubj |
We,argue |
| R3719 |
T5574 |
T5573 |
prep |
of,stimulation |
| R3720 |
T5717 |
T5716 |
advmod |
therefore,argue |
| R3721 |
T5718 |
T5719 |
mark |
that,participate |
| R3722 |
T5719 |
T5716 |
ccomp |
participate,argue |
| R3723 |
T5575 |
T5576 |
amod |
dorsal,slices |
| R3724 |
T5720 |
T5719 |
nsubj |
D2Rs,participate |
| R3725 |
T5721 |
T5719 |
prep |
in,participate |
| R3726 |
T5576 |
T5574 |
pobj |
slices,of |
| R3727 |
T5722 |
T5721 |
pcomp |
signaling,in |
| R3728 |
T5723 |
T5722 |
cc |
or,signaling |
| R3729 |
T5724 |
T5722 |
conj |
alerting,signaling |
| R3730 |
T5577 |
T5576 |
compound |
striatum,slices |
| R3731 |
T5725 |
T5726 |
det |
the,organism |
| R3732 |
T5726 |
T5724 |
dobj |
organism,alerting |
| R3733 |
T5727 |
T5726 |
prep |
of,organism |
| R3734 |
T5578 |
T5573 |
prep |
from,stimulation |
| R3735 |
T5728 |
T5729 |
compound |
learning,contingency |
| R3736 |
T5729 |
T5730 |
compound |
contingency,changes |
| R3737 |
T5730 |
T5727 |
pobj |
changes,of |
| R3738 |
T5579 |
T5580 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R3739 |
T5731 |
T5724 |
prep |
during,alerting |
| R3740 |
T5732 |
T5733 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R3741 |
T5580 |
T5582 |
compound |
type,mice |
| R3742 |
T5733 |
T5731 |
pobj |
learning,during |
| R3743 |
T5734 |
T5719 |
cc |
and,participate |
| R3744 |
T5735 |
T5719 |
conj |
sculpt,participate |
| R3745 |
T5736 |
T5737 |
amod |
ongoing,behavior |
| R3746 |
T5737 |
T5735 |
dobj |
behavior,sculpt |
| R3747 |
T5738 |
T5739 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R3748 |
T5581 |
T5580 |
punct |
-,type |
| R3749 |
T5739 |
T5737 |
amod |
directed,behavior |
| R3750 |
T5740 |
T5739 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R3751 |
T5741 |
T5716 |
punct |
.,argue |
| R3752 |
T5582 |
T5578 |
pobj |
mice,from |
| R3753 |
T5583 |
T5570 |
prep |
in,resulted |
| R3754 |
T5584 |
T5585 |
compound |
IPSP,activity |
| R3755 |
T5585 |
T5583 |
pobj |
activity,in |
| R3756 |
T5586 |
T5585 |
punct |
", ",activity |
| R3757 |
T5587 |
T5588 |
amod |
long,term |
| R3758 |
T5588 |
T5590 |
compound |
term,depression |
| R3759 |
T5589 |
T5588 |
punct |
-,term |
| R3760 |
T5590 |
T5585 |
conj |
depression,activity |
| R3761 |
T5591 |
T5590 |
punct |
", ",depression |
| R3762 |
T5592 |
T5590 |
cc |
and,depression |
| R3763 |
T5593 |
T5594 |
amod |
decreased,activity |
| R3764 |
T5594 |
T5590 |
conj |
activity,depression |
| R3765 |
T5595 |
T5594 |
amod |
neuronal,activity |
| R3766 |
T5596 |
T5594 |
prep |
of,activity |
| R3767 |
T5597 |
T5598 |
amod |
striatal,efferents |
| R3768 |
T5598 |
T5596 |
pobj |
efferents,of |
| R3769 |
T5599 |
T5600 |
punct |
[,34 |
| R3770 |
T5600 |
T5570 |
parataxis |
34,resulted |
| R3771 |
T5601 |
T5600 |
punct |
],34 |
| R3772 |
T5602 |
T5570 |
punct |
.,resulted |
| R3775 |
T5854 |
T5855 |
det |
This,study |
| R3776 |
T5855 |
T5856 |
nsubj |
study,demonstrates |
| R3777 |
T5857 |
T5858 |
mark |
that,mediate |
| R3778 |
T5858 |
T5856 |
ccomp |
mediate,demonstrates |
| R3779 |
T5859 |
T5858 |
nsubj |
signaling,mediate |
| R3780 |
T5860 |
T5859 |
prep |
by,signaling |
| R3781 |
T5861 |
T5862 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R3782 |
T5862 |
T5860 |
pobj |
D2Rs,by |
| R3783 |
T5863 |
T5858 |
aux |
does,mediate |
| R3784 |
T5864 |
T5858 |
neg |
not,mediate |
| R3785 |
T5865 |
T5866 |
det |
the,value |
| R3786 |
T5866 |
T5858 |
dobj |
value,mediate |
| R3787 |
T5867 |
T5866 |
amod |
hedonic,value |
| R3788 |
T5868 |
T5866 |
prep |
of,value |
| R3789 |
T5869 |
T5868 |
pobj |
reinforcers,of |
| R3790 |
T5870 |
T5856 |
punct |
", ",demonstrates |
| R3791 |
T5871 |
T5856 |
advcl |
supporting,demonstrates |
| R3792 |
T5872 |
T5871 |
cc |
and,supporting |
| R3793 |
T5873 |
T5871 |
conj |
refining,supporting |
| R3794 |
T5874 |
T5875 |
amod |
earlier,findings |
| R3795 |
T5875 |
T5873 |
dobj |
findings,refining |
| R3796 |
T5876 |
T5877 |
punct |
[,2 |
| R3797 |
T5877 |
T5856 |
parataxis |
2,demonstrates |
| R3798 |
T5878 |
T5877 |
nummod |
1,2 |
| R3799 |
T5879 |
T5877 |
punct |
",",2 |
| R3800 |
T5880 |
T5877 |
punct |
],2 |
| R3801 |
T5881 |
T5856 |
punct |
.,demonstrates |
| R3802 |
T5883 |
T5884 |
advmod |
However,demonstrated |
| R3803 |
T5885 |
T5884 |
punct |
", ",demonstrated |
| R3804 |
T5886 |
T5884 |
nsubj |
mice,demonstrated |
| R3805 |
T5887 |
T5888 |
advmod |
completely,deficient |
| R3806 |
T5888 |
T5886 |
amod |
deficient,mice |
| R3807 |
T5889 |
T5888 |
prep |
in,deficient |
| R3808 |
T5890 |
T5889 |
pobj |
D2Rs,in |
| R3809 |
T5891 |
T5892 |
amod |
disrupted,acquisition |
| R3810 |
T5892 |
T5884 |
dobj |
acquisition,demonstrated |
| R3811 |
T5893 |
T5892 |
prep |
of,acquisition |
| R3812 |
T5894 |
T5895 |
amod |
discriminative,stimulus |
| R3813 |
T5895 |
T5896 |
compound |
stimulus,relationships |
| R3814 |
T5896 |
T5893 |
pobj |
relationships,of |
| R3815 |
T5897 |
T5892 |
cc |
and,acquisition |
| R3816 |
T5898 |
T5899 |
det |
an,ability |
| R3817 |
T5899 |
T5892 |
conj |
ability,acquisition |
| R3818 |
T5900 |
T5899 |
amod |
impaired,ability |
| R3819 |
T5901 |
T5902 |
aux |
to,recognize |
| R3820 |
T5902 |
T5899 |
acl |
recognize,ability |
| R3821 |
T5903 |
T5902 |
dobj |
changes,recognize |
| R3822 |
T5904 |
T5903 |
prep |
in,changes |
| R3823 |
T5905 |
T5906 |
amod |
behavioral,determinants |
| R3824 |
T5906 |
T5904 |
pobj |
determinants,in |
| R3825 |
T5907 |
T5884 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R3826 |
T5909 |
T5910 |
advmod |
Therefore,suggest |
| R3827 |
T5911 |
T5910 |
punct |
", ",suggest |
| R3828 |
T5912 |
T5910 |
nsubj |
we,suggest |
| R3829 |
T5913 |
T5914 |
mark |
that,involve |
| R3830 |
T5914 |
T5910 |
ccomp |
involve,suggest |
| R3831 |
T5915 |
T5914 |
prep |
during,involve |
| R3832 |
T5916 |
T5917 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R3833 |
T5917 |
T5915 |
pobj |
learning,during |
| R3834 |
T5918 |
T5915 |
cc |
or,during |
| R3835 |
T5919 |
T5920 |
advmod |
when,modified |
| R3836 |
T5920 |
T5915 |
conj |
modified,during |
| R3837 |
T5921 |
T5922 |
amod |
unexpected,outcomes |
| R3838 |
T5922 |
T5920 |
nsubjpass |
outcomes,modified |
| R3839 |
T5923 |
T5922 |
compound |
reinforcement,outcomes |
| R3840 |
T5924 |
T5920 |
auxpass |
are,modified |
| R3841 |
T5925 |
T5926 |
punct |
(,learning |
| R3842 |
T5926 |
T5920 |
parataxis |
learning,modified |
| R3843 |
T5927 |
T5926 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R3844 |
T5928 |
T5926 |
punct |
),learning |
| R3845 |
T5929 |
T5930 |
npadvmod |
dopamine,driven |
| R3846 |
T5930 |
T5932 |
amod |
driven,impulses |
| R3847 |
T5931 |
T5930 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R3848 |
T5932 |
T5914 |
nsubj |
impulses,involve |
| R3849 |
T5933 |
T5932 |
compound |
reinforcement,impulses |
| R3850 |
T5934 |
T5914 |
dobj |
signaling,involve |
| R3851 |
T5935 |
T5934 |
acl |
mediated,signaling |
| R3852 |
T5936 |
T5935 |
agent |
by,mediated |
| R3853 |
T5937 |
T5938 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R3854 |
T5938 |
T5936 |
pobj |
D2Rs,by |
| R3855 |
T5939 |
T5910 |
punct |
.,suggest |
| R3856 |
T5941 |
T5942 |
prep |
In,receive |
| R3857 |
T5943 |
T5944 |
det |
the,course |
| R3858 |
T5944 |
T5941 |
pobj |
course,In |
| R3859 |
T5945 |
T5944 |
prep |
of,course |
| R3860 |
T5946 |
T5947 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R3861 |
T5947 |
T5945 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R3862 |
T5948 |
T5942 |
punct |
", ",receive |
| R3863 |
T5949 |
T5950 |
amod |
striatal,synapses |
| R3864 |
T5950 |
T5942 |
nsubj |
synapses,receive |
| R3865 |
T5951 |
T5952 |
punct |
[,38 |
| R3866 |
T5952 |
T5950 |
parataxis |
38,synapses |
| R3867 |
T5953 |
T5952 |
punct |
],38 |
| R3868 |
T5954 |
T5955 |
npadvmod |
experience,driven |
| R3869 |
T5955 |
T5957 |
amod |
driven,gain |
| R3870 |
T5956 |
T5955 |
punct |
-,driven |
| R3871 |
T5957 |
T5942 |
dobj |
gain,receive |
| R3872 |
T5958 |
T5959 |
punct |
[,7 |
| R3873 |
T5959 |
T5942 |
parataxis |
7,receive |
| R3874 |
T5960 |
T5959 |
punct |
],7 |
| R3875 |
T5961 |
T5942 |
punct |
", ",receive |
| R3876 |
T5962 |
T5963 |
advmod |
thus,permitting |
| R3877 |
T5963 |
T5942 |
advcl |
permitting,receive |
| R3878 |
T5964 |
T5965 |
advmod |
newly,established |
| R3879 |
T5965 |
T5966 |
amod |
established,mediated |
| R3880 |
T5966 |
T5969 |
amod |
mediated,signals |
| R3881 |
T5967 |
T5966 |
npadvmod |
reinforcement,mediated |
| R3882 |
T5968 |
T5966 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3883 |
T5969 |
T5963 |
dobj |
signals,permitting |
| R3884 |
T5970 |
T5971 |
aux |
to,traverse |
| R3885 |
T5971 |
T5963 |
xcomp |
traverse,permitting |
| R3886 |
T5972 |
T5973 |
amod |
ascending,efferents |
| R3887 |
T5973 |
T5971 |
dobj |
efferents,traverse |
| R3888 |
T5974 |
T5975 |
advmod |
en,to |
| R3889 |
T5975 |
T5971 |
prep |
to,traverse |
| R3890 |
T5976 |
T5975 |
advmod |
route,to |
| R3891 |
T5977 |
T5978 |
det |
the,cortex |
| R3892 |
T5978 |
T5975 |
pobj |
cortex,to |
| R3893 |
T5979 |
T5978 |
amod |
frontal,cortex |
| R3894 |
T5980 |
T5971 |
punct |
", ",traverse |
| R3895 |
T5981 |
T5971 |
advcl |
completing,traverse |
| R3896 |
T5982 |
T5983 |
det |
a,circuit |
| R3897 |
T5983 |
T5981 |
dobj |
circuit,completing |
| R3898 |
T5984 |
T5983 |
amod |
functional,circuit |
| R3899 |
T5985 |
T5986 |
amod |
limbic,motor |
| R3900 |
T5986 |
T5983 |
amod |
motor,circuit |
| R3901 |
T5987 |
T5986 |
punct |
/,motor |
| R3902 |
T5988 |
T5989 |
punct |
[,39 |
| R3903 |
T5989 |
T5963 |
parataxis |
39,permitting |
| R3904 |
T5990 |
T5991 |
punct |
-,41 |
| R3905 |
T5991 |
T5989 |
prep |
41,39 |
| R3906 |
T5992 |
T5989 |
punct |
],39 |
| R3907 |
T5993 |
T5942 |
punct |
.,receive |
| R3908 |
T5995 |
T5996 |
advmod |
Possibly,prevents |
| R3909 |
T5997 |
T5996 |
punct |
", ",prevents |
| R3910 |
T5998 |
T5999 |
det |
the,lack |
| R3911 |
T5999 |
T5996 |
nsubj |
lack,prevents |
| R3912 |
T6000 |
T5999 |
prep |
of,lack |
| R3913 |
T6001 |
T6002 |
compound |
dopamine,D2R |
| R3914 |
T6002 |
T6003 |
npadvmod |
D2R,mediated |
| R3915 |
T6003 |
T6005 |
amod |
mediated,signaling |
| R3916 |
T6004 |
T6003 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3917 |
T6005 |
T6000 |
pobj |
signaling,of |
| R3918 |
T6006 |
T5996 |
dobj |
refinement,prevents |
| R3919 |
T6007 |
T6006 |
prep |
of,refinement |
| R3920 |
T6008 |
T6009 |
det |
the,circuits |
| R3921 |
T6009 |
T6007 |
pobj |
circuits,of |
| R3922 |
T6010 |
T6009 |
amod |
corticostriatal,circuits |
| R3923 |
T6011 |
T6009 |
compound |
reinforcement,circuits |
| R3924 |
T6012 |
T6006 |
prep |
in,refinement |
| R3925 |
T6013 |
T6014 |
det |
the,brains |
| R3926 |
T6014 |
T6012 |
pobj |
brains,in |
| R3927 |
T6015 |
T6014 |
prep |
of,brains |
| R3928 |
T6016 |
T6017 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3929 |
T6017 |
T6015 |
pobj |
mice,of |
| R3930 |
T6018 |
T6017 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3931 |
T6019 |
T6018 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3932 |
T6020 |
T6018 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3933 |
T6021 |
T6018 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3934 |
T6022 |
T5996 |
punct |
", ",prevents |
| R3935 |
T6023 |
T6024 |
advmod |
thus,impairing |
| R3936 |
T6024 |
T5996 |
advcl |
impairing,prevents |
| R3937 |
T6025 |
T6026 |
poss |
their,ability |
| R3938 |
T6026 |
T6024 |
dobj |
ability,impairing |
| R3939 |
T6027 |
T6028 |
aux |
to,form |
| R3940 |
T6028 |
T6026 |
acl |
form,ability |
| R3941 |
T6029 |
T6030 |
nmod |
S,contingencies |
| R3942 |
T6030 |
T6028 |
dobj |
contingencies,form |
| R3943 |
T6031 |
T6029 |
punct |
+,S |
| R3944 |
T6032 |
T6029 |
punct |
/,S |
| R3945 |
T6033 |
T6029 |
appos |
S,S |
| R3946 |
T6034 |
T6033 |
punct |
-,S |
| R3947 |
T6035 |
T6028 |
cc |
and,form |
| R3948 |
T6036 |
T6028 |
conj |
disengage,form |
| R3949 |
T6037 |
T6038 |
amod |
inappropriate,responding |
| R3950 |
T6038 |
T6036 |
dobj |
responding,disengage |
| R3951 |
T6039 |
T6040 |
compound |
dopamine,D1R |
| R3952 |
T6040 |
T6041 |
npadvmod |
D1R,mediated |
| R3953 |
T6041 |
T6038 |
amod |
mediated,responding |
| R3954 |
T6042 |
T6041 |
punct |
-,mediated |
| R3955 |
T6043 |
T6038 |
amod |
associative,responding |
| R3956 |
T6044 |
T6045 |
advmod |
when,happened |
| R3957 |
T6045 |
T6036 |
advcl |
happened,disengage |
| R3958 |
T6046 |
T6047 |
amod |
unexpected,consequences |
| R3959 |
T6047 |
T6045 |
nsubj |
consequences,happened |
| R3960 |
T6048 |
T6047 |
prep |
to,consequences |
| R3961 |
T6049 |
T6050 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R3962 |
T6050 |
T6052 |
amod |
directed,behaviors |
| R3963 |
T6051 |
T6050 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R3964 |
T6052 |
T6048 |
pobj |
behaviors,to |
| R3965 |
T6053 |
T5996 |
punct |
.,prevents |
| R3966 |
T6055 |
T6056 |
advmod |
Consequently,compelled |
| R3967 |
T6057 |
T6056 |
punct |
", ",compelled |
| R3968 |
T6058 |
T6056 |
nsubjpass |
we,compelled |
| R3969 |
T6059 |
T6056 |
auxpass |
are,compelled |
| R3970 |
T6060 |
T6061 |
aux |
to,conclude |
| R3971 |
T6061 |
T6056 |
xcomp |
conclude,compelled |
| R3972 |
T6062 |
T6063 |
mark |
that,reveal |
| R3973 |
T6063 |
T6061 |
ccomp |
reveal,conclude |
| R3974 |
T6064 |
T6065 |
det |
the,deficits |
| R3975 |
T6065 |
T6063 |
nsubj |
deficits,reveal |
| R3976 |
T6066 |
T6065 |
amod |
perseverative,deficits |
| R3977 |
T6067 |
T6065 |
compound |
performance,deficits |
| R3978 |
T6068 |
T6065 |
acl |
demonstrated,deficits |
| R3979 |
T6069 |
T6068 |
agent |
by,demonstrated |
| R3980 |
T6070 |
T6071 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3981 |
T6071 |
T6069 |
pobj |
mice,by |
| R3982 |
T6072 |
T6071 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R3983 |
T6073 |
T6072 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3984 |
T6074 |
T6072 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R3985 |
T6075 |
T6072 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R3986 |
T6076 |
T6068 |
prep |
in,demonstrated |
| R3987 |
T6077 |
T6078 |
det |
the,tasks |
| R3988 |
T6078 |
T6076 |
pobj |
tasks,in |
| R3989 |
T6079 |
T6078 |
acl |
used,tasks |
| R3990 |
T6080 |
T6079 |
prep |
in,used |
| R3991 |
T6081 |
T6082 |
det |
the,study |
| R3992 |
T6082 |
T6080 |
pobj |
study,in |
| R3993 |
T6083 |
T6082 |
amod |
present,study |
| R3994 |
T6084 |
T6085 |
det |
a,role |
| R3995 |
T6085 |
T6063 |
dobj |
role,reveal |
| R3996 |
T6086 |
T6087 |
advmod |
previously,unreported |
| R3997 |
T6087 |
T6085 |
amod |
unreported,role |
| R3998 |
T6088 |
T6085 |
prep |
for,role |
| R3999 |
T6089 |
T6088 |
pobj |
D2Rs,for |
| R4000 |
T6090 |
T6085 |
prep |
in,role |
| R4001 |
T6091 |
T6092 |
amod |
associative,learning |
| R4002 |
T6092 |
T6090 |
pobj |
learning,in |
| R4003 |
T6093 |
T6091 |
cc |
and,associative |
| R4004 |
T6094 |
T6091 |
conj |
reversal,associative |
| R4005 |
T6095 |
T6056 |
punct |
.,compelled |
| R4006 |
T6115 |
T6116 |
det |
The,mice |
| R4007 |
T6116 |
T6129 |
nsubj |
mice,were |
| R4008 |
T6117 |
T6116 |
nummod |
sixteen,mice |
| R4009 |
T6118 |
T6116 |
punct |
", ",mice |
| R4010 |
T6119 |
T6120 |
compound |
8,10 |
| R4011 |
T6120 |
T6122 |
nummod |
10,week |
| R4012 |
T6121 |
T6120 |
punct |
–,10 |
| R4013 |
T6122 |
T6123 |
npadvmod |
week,old |
| R4014 |
T6123 |
T6116 |
amod |
old,mice |
| R4015 |
T6124 |
T6116 |
punct |
", ",mice |
| R4016 |
T6125 |
T6126 |
compound |
25,30 |
| R4017 |
T6126 |
T6128 |
nummod |
30,g |
| R4018 |
T6127 |
T6126 |
punct |
–,30 |
| R4019 |
T6128 |
T6116 |
compound |
g,mice |
| R4020 |
T6130 |
T6131 |
punct |
(,8 |
| R4021 |
T6131 |
T6116 |
parataxis |
8,mice |
| R4022 |
T6132 |
T6131 |
prep |
per,8 |
| R4023 |
T6133 |
T6132 |
pobj |
genotype,per |
| R4024 |
T6134 |
T6131 |
punct |
),8 |
| R4025 |
T6135 |
T6116 |
acl |
used,mice |
| R4026 |
T6136 |
T6135 |
prep |
in,used |
| R4027 |
T6137 |
T6138 |
det |
this,study |
| R4028 |
T6138 |
T6136 |
pobj |
study,in |
| R4029 |
T6139 |
T6140 |
det |
the,offspring |
| R4030 |
T6140 |
T6129 |
attr |
offspring,were |
| R4031 |
T6141 |
T6140 |
amod |
congenic,offspring |
| R4032 |
T6142 |
T6140 |
prep |
of,offspring |
| R4033 |
T6143 |
T6142 |
pobj |
breeders,of |
| R4034 |
T6144 |
T6145 |
dep |
that,were |
| R4035 |
T6145 |
T6143 |
relcl |
were,breeders |
| R4036 |
T6146 |
T6145 |
attr |
descendants,were |
| R4037 |
T6147 |
T6146 |
prep |
of,descendants |
| R4038 |
T6148 |
T6149 |
det |
the,hybrid |
| R4039 |
T6149 |
T6147 |
pobj |
hybrid,of |
| R4040 |
T6150 |
T6149 |
amod |
original,hybrid |
| R4041 |
T6151 |
T6149 |
compound |
F2,hybrid |
| R4042 |
T6152 |
T6153 |
punct |
(,Sv |
| R4043 |
T6153 |
T6149 |
parataxis |
Sv,hybrid |
| R4044 |
T6154 |
T6153 |
nummod |
129,Sv |
| R4045 |
T6155 |
T6153 |
punct |
/,Sv |
| R4046 |
T6156 |
T6157 |
punct |
×,6J |
| R4047 |
T6157 |
T6153 |
prep |
6J,Sv |
| R4048 |
T6158 |
T6157 |
compound |
C57BL,6J |
| R4049 |
T6159 |
T6157 |
punct |
/,6J |
| R4050 |
T6160 |
T6161 |
punct |
;,Kelly |
| R4051 |
T6161 |
T6149 |
meta |
Kelly,hybrid |
| R4052 |
T6162 |
T6161 |
nmod |
et,Kelly |
| R4053 |
T6163 |
T6161 |
nmod |
al.,Kelly |
| R4054 |
T6164 |
T6161 |
punct |
", ",Kelly |
| R4055 |
T6165 |
T6161 |
nummod |
1997,Kelly |
| R4056 |
T6166 |
T6161 |
punct |
),Kelly |
| R4057 |
T6167 |
T6168 |
dep |
that,backcrossed |
| R4058 |
T6168 |
T6149 |
relcl |
backcrossed,hybrid |
| R4059 |
T6169 |
T6168 |
auxpass |
was,backcrossed |
| R4060 |
T6170 |
T6168 |
prep |
to,backcrossed |
| R4061 |
T6171 |
T6172 |
amod |
inbred,stock |
| R4062 |
T6172 |
T6170 |
pobj |
stock,to |
| R4063 |
T6173 |
T6174 |
compound |
C57Bl,6J |
| R4064 |
T6174 |
T6172 |
compound |
6J,stock |
| R4065 |
T6175 |
T6174 |
punct |
/,6J |
| R4066 |
T6176 |
T6177 |
punct |
(,Laboratories |
| R4067 |
T6177 |
T6168 |
parataxis |
Laboratories,backcrossed |
| R4068 |
T6178 |
T6177 |
compound |
Jackson,Laboratories |
| R4069 |
T6179 |
T6177 |
punct |
", ",Laboratories |
| R4070 |
T6180 |
T6177 |
npadvmod |
ME,Laboratories |
| R4071 |
T6181 |
T6177 |
punct |
),Laboratories |
| R4072 |
T6182 |
T6129 |
punct |
.,were |
| R4073 |
T6184 |
T6185 |
det |
This,strategy |
| R4074 |
T6185 |
T6187 |
nsubjpass |
strategy,repeated |
| R4075 |
T6186 |
T6185 |
compound |
breeding,strategy |
| R4076 |
T6188 |
T6187 |
auxpass |
was,repeated |
| R4077 |
T6189 |
T6187 |
prep |
for,repeated |
| R4078 |
T6190 |
T6191 |
nummod |
20,generations |
| R4079 |
T6191 |
T6189 |
pobj |
generations,for |
| R4080 |
T6192 |
T6191 |
amod |
successive,generations |
| R4081 |
T6193 |
T6187 |
prep |
with,repeated |
| R4082 |
T6194 |
T6195 |
det |
the,gender |
| R4083 |
T6195 |
T6193 |
pobj |
gender,with |
| R4084 |
T6196 |
T6195 |
prep |
of,gender |
| R4085 |
T6197 |
T6198 |
det |
the,mutant |
| R4086 |
T6198 |
T6196 |
pobj |
mutant,of |
| R4087 |
T6199 |
T6198 |
compound |
donor,mutant |
| R4088 |
T6200 |
T6198 |
punct |
/,mutant |
| R4089 |
T6201 |
T6195 |
acl |
alternating,gender |
| R4090 |
T6202 |
T6201 |
prep |
with,alternating |
| R4091 |
T6203 |
T6204 |
det |
each,generation |
| R4092 |
T6204 |
T6202 |
pobj |
generation,with |
| R4093 |
T6205 |
T6187 |
punct |
.,repeated |
| R4094 |
T6207 |
T6208 |
det |
All,subjects |
| R4095 |
T6208 |
T6210 |
nsubjpass |
subjects,genotyped |
| R4096 |
T6209 |
T6208 |
amod |
experimental,subjects |
| R4097 |
T6211 |
T6210 |
auxpass |
were,genotyped |
| R4098 |
T6212 |
T6210 |
prep |
by,genotyped |
| R4099 |
T6213 |
T6212 |
pobj |
PCR,by |
| R4100 |
T6214 |
T6215 |
mark |
as,described |
| R4101 |
T6215 |
T6210 |
advcl |
described,genotyped |
| R4102 |
T6216 |
T6215 |
advmod |
previously,described |
| R4103 |
T6217 |
T6218 |
punct |
[,23 |
| R4104 |
T6218 |
T6215 |
parataxis |
23,described |
| R4105 |
T6219 |
T6218 |
punct |
],23 |
| R4106 |
T6220 |
T6210 |
punct |
.,genotyped |
| R4107 |
T6222 |
T6223 |
det |
All,testing |
| R4108 |
T6223 |
T6224 |
nsubj |
testing,occured |
| R4109 |
T6225 |
T6224 |
advmod |
randomly,occured |
| R4110 |
T6226 |
T6224 |
prep |
across,occured |
| R4111 |
T6227 |
T6228 |
amod |
estrous,cycles |
| R4112 |
T6228 |
T6226 |
pobj |
cycles,across |
| R4113 |
T6229 |
T6224 |
punct |
.,occured |
| R4114 |
T6231 |
T6232 |
det |
The,Department |
| R4115 |
T6232 |
T6233 |
nsubj |
Department,approved |
| R4116 |
T6234 |
T6232 |
prep |
of,Department |
| R4117 |
T6235 |
T6236 |
compound |
Comparative,Medicine |
| R4118 |
T6236 |
T6234 |
pobj |
Medicine,of |
| R4119 |
T6237 |
T6232 |
prep |
at,Department |
| R4120 |
T6238 |
T6239 |
nmod |
Oregon,University |
| R4121 |
T6239 |
T6237 |
pobj |
University,at |
| R4122 |
T6240 |
T6239 |
nmod |
Health,University |
| R4123 |
T6241 |
T6240 |
cc |
and,Health |
| R4124 |
T6242 |
T6240 |
conj |
Science,Health |
| R4125 |
T6243 |
T6244 |
det |
all,protocols |
| R4126 |
T6244 |
T6233 |
dobj |
protocols,approved |
| R4127 |
T6245 |
T6233 |
punct |
", ",approved |
| R4128 |
T6246 |
T6233 |
cc |
and,approved |
| R4129 |
T6247 |
T6248 |
det |
all,animals |
| R4130 |
T6248 |
T6249 |
nsubjpass |
animals,maintained |
| R4131 |
T6249 |
T6233 |
conj |
maintained,approved |
| R4132 |
T6250 |
T6249 |
auxpass |
were,maintained |
| R4133 |
T6251 |
T6249 |
prep |
in,maintained |
| R4134 |
T6252 |
T6251 |
pobj |
accordance,in |
| R4135 |
T6253 |
T6252 |
prep |
to,accordance |
| R4136 |
T6254 |
T6255 |
compound |
National,Institutes |
| R4137 |
T6255 |
T6256 |
poss |
Institutes,Guide |
| R4138 |
T6256 |
T6253 |
pobj |
Guide,to |
| R4139 |
T6257 |
T6255 |
prep |
of,Institutes |
| R4140 |
T6258 |
T6257 |
pobj |
Health,of |
| R4141 |
T6259 |
T6255 |
case |
's,Institutes |
| R4142 |
T6260 |
T6256 |
prep |
for,Guide |
| R4143 |
T6261 |
T6262 |
det |
the,Care |
| R4144 |
T6262 |
T6260 |
pobj |
Care,for |
| R4145 |
T6263 |
T6262 |
cc |
and,Care |
| R4146 |
T6264 |
T6262 |
conj |
Use,Care |
| R4147 |
T6265 |
T6262 |
prep |
of,Care |
| R4148 |
T6266 |
T6267 |
compound |
Laboratory,Animals |
| R4149 |
T6267 |
T6265 |
pobj |
Animals,of |
| R4150 |
T6268 |
T6249 |
punct |
.,maintained |
| R4151 |
T6404 |
T6405 |
amod |
Experimental,procedures |
| R4152 |
T6407 |
T6408 |
compound |
Odor,training |
| R4153 |
T6409 |
T6408 |
compound |
discrimination,training |
| R4154 |
T6410 |
T6408 |
cc |
and,training |
| R4155 |
T6411 |
T6408 |
conj |
testing,training |
| R4156 |
T6413 |
T6414 |
det |
A,paradigm |
| R4157 |
T6414 |
T6419 |
nsubjpass |
paradigm,chosen |
| R4158 |
T6415 |
T6416 |
nummod |
2,odor |
| R4159 |
T6416 |
T6414 |
compound |
odor,paradigm |
| R4160 |
T6417 |
T6416 |
punct |
-,odor |
| R4161 |
T6418 |
T6414 |
compound |
discrimination,paradigm |
| R4162 |
T6420 |
T6419 |
auxpass |
was,chosen |
| R4163 |
T6421 |
T6422 |
mark |
because,permits |
| R4164 |
T6422 |
T6419 |
advcl |
permits,chosen |
| R4165 |
T6423 |
T6422 |
nsubj |
it,permits |
| R4166 |
T6424 |
T6425 |
det |
a,measure |
| R4167 |
T6425 |
T6422 |
dobj |
measure,permits |
| R4168 |
T6426 |
T6425 |
prep |
of,measure |
| R4169 |
T6427 |
T6428 |
amod |
attentional,focus |
| R4170 |
T6428 |
T6426 |
pobj |
focus,of |
| R4171 |
T6429 |
T6425 |
prep |
in,measure |
| R4172 |
T6430 |
T6431 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R4173 |
T6431 |
T6433 |
amod |
directed,behavior |
| R4174 |
T6432 |
T6431 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R4175 |
T6433 |
T6429 |
pobj |
behavior,in |
| R4176 |
T6434 |
T6419 |
punct |
.,chosen |
| R4177 |
T6436 |
T6437 |
compound |
Odor,discrimination |
| R4178 |
T6437 |
T6438 |
nsubjpass |
discrimination,chosen |
| R4179 |
T6439 |
T6438 |
auxpass |
was,chosen |
| R4180 |
T6440 |
T6438 |
prep |
as,chosen |
| R4181 |
T6441 |
T6442 |
det |
the,task |
| R4182 |
T6442 |
T6440 |
pobj |
task,as |
| R4183 |
T6443 |
T6442 |
amod |
particular,task |
| R4184 |
T6444 |
T6445 |
mark |
because,is |
| R4185 |
T6445 |
T6438 |
advcl |
is,chosen |
| R4186 |
T6446 |
T6445 |
nsubj |
it,is |
| R4187 |
T6447 |
T6448 |
det |
a,behavior |
| R4188 |
T6448 |
T6445 |
attr |
behavior,is |
| R4189 |
T6449 |
T6450 |
advmod |
highly,robust |
| R4190 |
T6450 |
T6448 |
amod |
robust,behavior |
| R4191 |
T6451 |
T6445 |
prep |
in,is |
| R4192 |
T6452 |
T6451 |
pobj |
rodents,in |
| R4193 |
T6453 |
T6454 |
punct |
[,18 |
| R4194 |
T6454 |
T6445 |
parataxis |
18,is |
| R4195 |
T6455 |
T6454 |
punct |
],18 |
| R4196 |
T6456 |
T6438 |
punct |
.,chosen |
| R4197 |
T6458 |
T6459 |
aux |
To,minimize |
| R4198 |
T6459 |
T6460 |
advcl |
minimize,was |
| R4199 |
T6461 |
T6462 |
amod |
experimental,error |
| R4200 |
T6462 |
T6459 |
dobj |
error,minimize |
| R4201 |
T6463 |
T6460 |
punct |
", ",was |
| R4202 |
T6464 |
T6465 |
det |
the,experimenter |
| R4203 |
T6465 |
T6460 |
nsubj |
experimenter,was |
| R4204 |
T6466 |
T6460 |
acomp |
blind,was |
| R4205 |
T6467 |
T6466 |
prep |
to,blind |
| R4206 |
T6468 |
T6467 |
pobj |
genotype,to |
| R4207 |
T6469 |
T6460 |
prep |
during,was |
| R4208 |
T6470 |
T6469 |
pobj |
testing,during |
| R4209 |
T6471 |
T6460 |
punct |
.,was |
| R4210 |
T6473 |
T6474 |
nsubj |
Mice,were |
| R4211 |
T6475 |
T6476 |
advmod |
mildly,deprived |
| R4212 |
T6476 |
T6474 |
acomp |
deprived,were |
| R4213 |
T6477 |
T6476 |
npadvmod |
food,deprived |
| R4214 |
T6478 |
T6474 |
prep |
to,were |
| R4215 |
T6479 |
T6480 |
advmod |
approximately,85 |
| R4216 |
T6480 |
T6481 |
nummod |
85,% |
| R4217 |
T6481 |
T6482 |
nmod |
%,weight |
| R4218 |
T6482 |
T6478 |
pobj |
weight,to |
| R4219 |
T6483 |
T6484 |
nmod |
ad,libitum |
| R4220 |
T6484 |
T6482 |
nmod |
libitum,weight |
| R4221 |
T6485 |
T6474 |
punct |
.,were |
| R4222 |
T6487 |
T6488 |
nmod |
Dopamine,D2R |
| R4223 |
T6488 |
T6489 |
nmod |
D2R,mice |
| R4224 |
T6489 |
T6498 |
nsubjpass |
mice,trained |
| R4225 |
T6490 |
T6488 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R4226 |
T6491 |
T6488 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R4227 |
T6492 |
T6488 |
punct |
-,D2R |
| R4228 |
T6493 |
T6488 |
cc |
and,D2R |
| R4229 |
T6494 |
T6488 |
conj |
D2R,D2R |
| R4230 |
T6495 |
T6494 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R4231 |
T6496 |
T6494 |
punct |
/,D2R |
| R4232 |
T6497 |
T6494 |
punct |
+,D2R |
| R4233 |
T6499 |
T6500 |
punct |
(,8 |
| R4234 |
T6500 |
T6489 |
parataxis |
8,mice |
| R4235 |
T6501 |
T6500 |
nsubj |
n,8 |
| R4236 |
T6502 |
T6500 |
punct |
=,8 |
| R4237 |
T6503 |
T6500 |
prep |
per,8 |
| R4238 |
T6504 |
T6503 |
pobj |
group,per |
| R4239 |
T6505 |
T6500 |
punct |
),8 |
| R4240 |
T6506 |
T6498 |
auxpass |
were,trained |
| R4241 |
T6507 |
T6498 |
advmod |
initially,trained |
| R4242 |
T6508 |
T6509 |
aux |
to,ambulate |
| R4243 |
T6509 |
T6498 |
xcomp |
ambulate,trained |
| R4244 |
T6510 |
T6511 |
det |
the,length |
| R4245 |
T6511 |
T6509 |
dobj |
length,ambulate |
| R4246 |
T6512 |
T6511 |
prep |
of,length |
| R4247 |
T6513 |
T6514 |
det |
a,cage |
| R4248 |
T6514 |
T6512 |
pobj |
cage,of |
| R4249 |
T6515 |
T6514 |
compound |
polyvinyl,cage |
| R4250 |
T6516 |
T6514 |
compound |
mouse,cage |
| R4251 |
T6517 |
T6518 |
punct |
(,cm |
| R4252 |
T6518 |
T6509 |
parataxis |
cm,ambulate |
| R4253 |
T6519 |
T6518 |
nummod |
30,cm |
| R4254 |
T6520 |
T6518 |
punct |
-,cm |
| R4255 |
T6521 |
T6518 |
punct |
),cm |
| R4256 |
T6522 |
T6523 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R4257 |
T6523 |
T6509 |
dep |
retrieve,ambulate |
| R4258 |
T6524 |
T6525 |
punct |
~,30 |
| R4259 |
T6525 |
T6526 |
nummod |
30,mg |
| R4260 |
T6526 |
T6523 |
dobj |
mg,retrieve |
| R4261 |
T6527 |
T6526 |
punct |
-,mg |
| R4262 |
T6528 |
T6526 |
prep |
of,mg |
| R4263 |
T6529 |
T6530 |
compound |
Pico®,fat |
| R4264 |
T6530 |
T6531 |
npadvmod |
fat,supplemented |
| R4265 |
T6531 |
T6532 |
amod |
supplemented,food |
| R4266 |
T6532 |
T6528 |
pobj |
food,of |
| R4267 |
T6533 |
T6532 |
compound |
rodent,food |
| R4268 |
T6534 |
T6526 |
acl |
located,mg |
| R4269 |
T6535 |
T6534 |
prep |
in,located |
| R4270 |
T6536 |
T6537 |
det |
a,cup |
| R4271 |
T6537 |
T6535 |
pobj |
cup,in |
| R4272 |
T6538 |
T6537 |
amod |
small,cup |
| R4273 |
T6539 |
T6537 |
compound |
plastic,cup |
| R4274 |
T6540 |
T6541 |
punct |
(,cm |
| R4275 |
T6541 |
T6537 |
parataxis |
cm,cup |
| R4276 |
T6542 |
T6541 |
nummod |
3,cm |
| R4277 |
T6543 |
T6541 |
punct |
-,cm |
| R4278 |
T6544 |
T6541 |
punct |
),cm |
| R4279 |
T6545 |
T6537 |
acl |
attached,cup |
| R4280 |
T6546 |
T6545 |
prep |
to,attached |
| R4281 |
T6547 |
T6548 |
det |
the,floor |
| R4282 |
T6548 |
T6546 |
pobj |
floor,to |
| R4283 |
T6549 |
T6548 |
prep |
of,floor |
| R4284 |
T6550 |
T6551 |
det |
the,apparatus |
| R4285 |
T6551 |
T6549 |
pobj |
apparatus,of |
| R4286 |
T6552 |
T6551 |
compound |
testing,apparatus |
| R4287 |
T6553 |
T6545 |
prep |
with,attached |
| R4288 |
T6554 |
T6553 |
pobj |
Velcro,with |
| R4289 |
T6555 |
T6498 |
punct |
.,trained |
| R4290 |
T6557 |
T6558 |
det |
Each,subject |
| R4291 |
T6558 |
T6559 |
nsubj |
subject,received |
| R4292 |
T6560 |
T6561 |
nummod |
five,trials |
| R4293 |
T6561 |
T6559 |
dobj |
trials,received |
| R4294 |
T6562 |
T6559 |
punct |
", ",received |
| R4295 |
T6563 |
T6559 |
cc |
and,received |
| R4296 |
T6564 |
T6565 |
det |
the,latency |
| R4297 |
T6565 |
T6566 |
nsubjpass |
latency,recorded |
| R4298 |
T6566 |
T6559 |
conj |
recorded,received |
| R4299 |
T6567 |
T6568 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R4300 |
T6568 |
T6565 |
advcl |
locate,latency |
| R4301 |
T6569 |
T6568 |
cc |
and,locate |
| R4302 |
T6570 |
T6568 |
conj |
start,locate |
| R4303 |
T6571 |
T6572 |
aux |
to,consume |
| R4304 |
T6572 |
T6570 |
xcomp |
consume,start |
| R4305 |
T6573 |
T6574 |
det |
the,pellet |
| R4306 |
T6574 |
T6570 |
dobj |
pellet,start |
| R4307 |
T6575 |
T6574 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R4308 |
T6576 |
T6566 |
auxpass |
was,recorded |
| R4309 |
T6577 |
T6566 |
advmod |
manually,recorded |
| R4310 |
T6578 |
T6566 |
prep |
with,recorded |
| R4311 |
T6579 |
T6580 |
det |
a,stopwatch |
| R4312 |
T6580 |
T6578 |
pobj |
stopwatch,with |
| R4313 |
T6581 |
T6580 |
amod |
standard,stopwatch |
| R4314 |
T6582 |
T6583 |
amod |
hand,held |
| R4315 |
T6583 |
T6580 |
amod |
held,stopwatch |
| R4316 |
T6584 |
T6583 |
punct |
-,held |
| R4317 |
T6585 |
T6566 |
punct |
.,recorded |
| R4318 |
T6587 |
T6588 |
compound |
Twenty,four |
| R4319 |
T6588 |
T6590 |
nummod |
four,hours |
| R4320 |
T6589 |
T6588 |
punct |
-,four |
| R4321 |
T6590 |
T6591 |
npadvmod |
hours,later |
| R4322 |
T6591 |
T6592 |
advmod |
later,trained |
| R4323 |
T6593 |
T6592 |
nsubjpass |
subjects,trained |
| R4324 |
T6594 |
T6592 |
auxpass |
were,trained |
| R4325 |
T6595 |
T6596 |
aux |
to,ambulate |
| R4326 |
T6596 |
T6592 |
xcomp |
ambulate,trained |
| R4327 |
T6597 |
T6596 |
prep |
towards,ambulate |
| R4328 |
T6598 |
T6596 |
cc |
and,ambulate |
| R4329 |
T6599 |
T6596 |
conj |
dig,ambulate |
| R4330 |
T6600 |
T6599 |
prep |
through,dig |
| R4331 |
T6601 |
T6602 |
det |
the,dish |
| R4332 |
T6602 |
T6599 |
dobj |
dish,dig |
| R4333 |
T6603 |
T6602 |
amod |
same,dish |
| R4334 |
T6604 |
T6605 |
nummod |
3,cm |
| R4335 |
T6605 |
T6602 |
compound |
cm,dish |
| R4336 |
T6606 |
T6605 |
punct |
-,cm |
| R4337 |
T6607 |
T6602 |
acl |
filled,dish |
| R4338 |
T6608 |
T6607 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R4339 |
T6609 |
T6610 |
amod |
sterile,sand |
| R4340 |
T6610 |
T6608 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R4341 |
T6611 |
T6612 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R4342 |
T6612 |
T6596 |
advcl |
locate,ambulate |
| R4343 |
T6613 |
T6614 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R4344 |
T6614 |
T6612 |
dobj |
pellet,locate |
| R4345 |
T6615 |
T6614 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R4346 |
T6616 |
T6614 |
acl |
buried,pellet |
| R4347 |
T6617 |
T6616 |
prep |
underneath,buried |
| R4348 |
T6618 |
T6619 |
det |
the,sand |
| R4349 |
T6619 |
T6617 |
pobj |
sand,underneath |
| R4350 |
T6620 |
T6592 |
punct |
.,trained |
| R4351 |
T6622 |
T6623 |
nsubj |
Subjects,received |
| R4352 |
T6624 |
T6625 |
nummod |
10,trials |
| R4353 |
T6625 |
T6623 |
dobj |
trials,received |
| R4354 |
T6626 |
T6623 |
punct |
.,received |
| R4355 |
T6628 |
T6629 |
mark |
If,failed |
| R4356 |
T6629 |
T6632 |
advcl |
failed,dropped |
| R4357 |
T6630 |
T6631 |
det |
a,mouse |
| R4358 |
T6631 |
T6629 |
nsubj |
mouse,failed |
| R4359 |
T6633 |
T6634 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R4360 |
T6634 |
T6629 |
xcomp |
locate,failed |
| R4361 |
T6635 |
T6636 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R4362 |
T6636 |
T6634 |
dobj |
pellet,locate |
| R4363 |
T6637 |
T6636 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R4364 |
T6638 |
T6634 |
prep |
within,locate |
| R4365 |
T6639 |
T6640 |
nummod |
10,min |
| R4366 |
T6640 |
T6638 |
pobj |
min,within |
| R4367 |
T6641 |
T6640 |
punct |
-,min |
| R4368 |
T6642 |
T6640 |
prep |
of,min |
| R4369 |
T6643 |
T6644 |
det |
the,trial |
| R4370 |
T6644 |
T6642 |
pobj |
trial,of |
| R4371 |
T6645 |
T6644 |
amod |
first,trial |
| R4372 |
T6646 |
T6632 |
punct |
", ",dropped |
| R4373 |
T6647 |
T6648 |
det |
an,pellet |
| R4374 |
T6648 |
T6632 |
nsubjpass |
pellet,dropped |
| R4375 |
T6649 |
T6648 |
amod |
additional,pellet |
| R4376 |
T6650 |
T6648 |
compound |
food,pellet |
| R4377 |
T6651 |
T6632 |
auxpass |
was,dropped |
| R4378 |
T6652 |
T6632 |
prep |
on,dropped |
| R4379 |
T6653 |
T6652 |
pobj |
top,on |
| R4380 |
T6654 |
T6653 |
prep |
of,top |
| R4381 |
T6655 |
T6656 |
det |
the,dish |
| R4382 |
T6656 |
T6654 |
pobj |
dish,of |
| R4383 |
T6657 |
T6632 |
punct |
.,dropped |
| R4384 |
T6659 |
T6660 |
det |
This,manipulation |
| R4385 |
T6660 |
T6661 |
nsubj |
manipulation,ensured |
| R4386 |
T6662 |
T6661 |
advmod |
usually,ensured |
| R4387 |
T6663 |
T6664 |
mark |
that,dig |
| R4388 |
T6664 |
T6661 |
ccomp |
dig,ensured |
| R4389 |
T6665 |
T6666 |
det |
a,subject |
| R4390 |
T6666 |
T6664 |
nsubj |
subject,dig |
| R4391 |
T6667 |
T6664 |
aux |
would,dig |
| R4392 |
T6668 |
T6664 |
prep |
through,dig |
| R4393 |
T6669 |
T6670 |
det |
the,sand |
| R4394 |
T6670 |
T6668 |
pobj |
sand,through |
| R4395 |
T6671 |
T6672 |
aux |
to,locate |
| R4396 |
T6672 |
T6664 |
advcl |
locate,dig |
| R4397 |
T6673 |
T6674 |
det |
the,pellet |
| R4398 |
T6674 |
T6672 |
dobj |
pellet,locate |
| R4399 |
T6675 |
T6674 |
amod |
original,pellet |
| R4400 |
T6676 |
T6672 |
cc |
and,locate |
| R4401 |
T6677 |
T6672 |
conj |
learn,locate |
| R4402 |
T6678 |
T6679 |
det |
this,task |
| R4403 |
T6679 |
T6677 |
dobj |
task,learn |
| R4404 |
T6680 |
T6661 |
punct |
.,ensured |
| R4405 |
T6682 |
T6683 |
det |
The,day |
| R4406 |
T6683 |
T6685 |
npadvmod |
day,presented |
| R4407 |
T6684 |
T6683 |
amod |
next,day |
| R4408 |
T6686 |
T6685 |
punct |
", ",presented |
| R4409 |
T6687 |
T6685 |
nsubjpass |
mice,presented |
| R4410 |
T6688 |
T6685 |
auxpass |
were,presented |
| R4411 |
T6689 |
T6685 |
prep |
to,presented |
| R4412 |
T6690 |
T6691 |
det |
the,apparatus |
| R4413 |
T6691 |
T6689 |
pobj |
apparatus,to |
| R4414 |
T6692 |
T6691 |
compound |
testing,apparatus |
| R4415 |
T6693 |
T6694 |
dep |
that,contained |
| R4416 |
T6694 |
T6691 |
relcl |
contained,apparatus |
| R4417 |
T6695 |
T6694 |
advmod |
now,contained |
| R4418 |
T6696 |
T6697 |
nummod |
2,dishes |
| R4419 |
T6697 |
T6694 |
dobj |
dishes,contained |
| R4420 |
T6698 |
T6697 |
punct |
", ",dishes |
| R4421 |
T6699 |
T6697 |
appos |
each,dishes |
| R4422 |
T6700 |
T6699 |
acl |
filled,each |
| R4423 |
T6701 |
T6700 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R4424 |
T6702 |
T6703 |
amod |
different,scented |
| R4425 |
T6703 |
T6704 |
amod |
scented,sand |
| R4426 |
T6704 |
T6701 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R4427 |
T6705 |
T6685 |
punct |
.,presented |
| R4428 |
T6707 |
T6708 |
nummod |
One,odor |
| R4429 |
T6708 |
T6709 |
nsubj |
odor,signaled |
| R4430 |
T6710 |
T6711 |
mark |
that,buried |
| R4431 |
T6711 |
T6709 |
ccomp |
buried,signaled |
| R4432 |
T6712 |
T6713 |
det |
a,reinforcer |
| R4433 |
T6713 |
T6711 |
nsubjpass |
reinforcer,buried |
| R4434 |
T6714 |
T6713 |
compound |
food,reinforcer |
| R4435 |
T6715 |
T6711 |
auxpass |
was,buried |
| R4436 |
T6716 |
T6711 |
prep |
in,buried |
| R4437 |
T6717 |
T6718 |
det |
that,dish |
| R4438 |
T6718 |
T6716 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R4439 |
T6719 |
T6718 |
amod |
particular,dish |
| R4440 |
T6720 |
T6721 |
punct |
(,S |
| R4441 |
T6721 |
T6711 |
parataxis |
S,buried |
| R4442 |
T6722 |
T6721 |
punct |
+,S |
| R4443 |
T6723 |
T6721 |
punct |
),S |
| R4444 |
T6724 |
T6725 |
mark |
while,signaled |
| R4445 |
T6725 |
T6711 |
advcl |
signaled,buried |
| R4446 |
T6726 |
T6727 |
det |
the,odor |
| R4447 |
T6727 |
T6725 |
nsubj |
odor,signaled |
| R4448 |
T6728 |
T6727 |
amod |
other,odor |
| R4449 |
T6729 |
T6730 |
mark |
that,contained |
| R4450 |
T6730 |
T6725 |
ccomp |
contained,signaled |
| R4451 |
T6731 |
T6732 |
det |
no,reinforcer |
| R4452 |
T6732 |
T6730 |
nsubjpass |
reinforcer,contained |
| R4453 |
T6733 |
T6730 |
auxpass |
was,contained |
| R4454 |
T6734 |
T6730 |
prep |
within,contained |
| R4455 |
T6735 |
T6736 |
det |
that,dish |
| R4456 |
T6736 |
T6734 |
pobj |
dish,within |
| R4457 |
T6737 |
T6736 |
amod |
particular,dish |
| R4458 |
T6738 |
T6739 |
punct |
(,S |
| R4459 |
T6739 |
T6730 |
parataxis |
S,contained |
| R4460 |
T6740 |
T6739 |
punct |
-,S |
| R4461 |
T6741 |
T6739 |
punct |
),S |
| R4462 |
T6742 |
T6709 |
punct |
.,signaled |
| R4463 |
T6744 |
T6745 |
det |
The,sand |
| R4464 |
T6745 |
T6746 |
nsubjpass |
sand,scented |
| R4465 |
T6747 |
T6746 |
auxpass |
was,scented |
| R4466 |
T6748 |
T6746 |
prep |
by,scented |
| R4467 |
T6749 |
T6748 |
pcomp |
adding,by |
| R4468 |
T6750 |
T6751 |
nummod |
0.80,grams |
| R4469 |
T6751 |
T6749 |
dobj |
grams,adding |
| R4470 |
T6752 |
T6751 |
prep |
of,grams |
| R4471 |
T6753 |
T6754 |
preconj |
either,cinnamon |
| R4472 |
T6754 |
T6752 |
pobj |
cinnamon,of |
| R4473 |
T6755 |
T6754 |
cc |
or,cinnamon |
| R4474 |
T6756 |
T6757 |
compound |
dill,weed |
| R4475 |
T6757 |
T6754 |
conj |
weed,cinnamon |
| R4476 |
T6758 |
T6749 |
prep |
to,adding |
| R4477 |
T6759 |
T6760 |
nummod |
98.8,grams |
| R4478 |
T6760 |
T6758 |
pobj |
grams,to |
| R4479 |
T6761 |
T6760 |
prep |
of,grams |
| R4480 |
T6762 |
T6763 |
amod |
autoclaved,sand |
| R4481 |
T6763 |
T6761 |
pobj |
sand,of |
| R4482 |
T6764 |
T6763 |
compound |
playground,sand |
| R4483 |
T6765 |
T6763 |
acl |
purchased,sand |
| R4484 |
T6766 |
T6765 |
prep |
from,purchased |
| R4485 |
T6767 |
T6768 |
det |
a,store |
| R4486 |
T6768 |
T6766 |
pobj |
store,from |
| R4487 |
T6769 |
T6768 |
amod |
local,store |
| R4488 |
T6770 |
T6768 |
nmod |
farm,store |
| R4489 |
T6771 |
T6770 |
cc |
and,farm |
| R4490 |
T6772 |
T6770 |
conj |
garden,farm |
| R4491 |
T6773 |
T6746 |
punct |
.,scented |
| R4492 |
T6775 |
T6776 |
advmod |
Finally,mixed |
| R4493 |
T6777 |
T6776 |
punct |
", ",mixed |
| R4494 |
T6778 |
T6779 |
nummod |
0.40,grams |
| R4495 |
T6779 |
T6776 |
nsubjpass |
grams,mixed |
| R4496 |
T6780 |
T6779 |
prep |
of,grams |
| R4497 |
T6781 |
T6782 |
advmod |
finely,ground |
| R4498 |
T6782 |
T6783 |
amod |
ground,food |
| R4499 |
T6783 |
T6780 |
pobj |
food,of |
| R4500 |
T6784 |
T6776 |
auxpass |
was,mixed |
| R4501 |
T6785 |
T6776 |
prep |
with,mixed |
| R4502 |
T6786 |
T6787 |
det |
the,sand |
| R4503 |
T6787 |
T6785 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R4504 |
T6788 |
T6787 |
amod |
scented,sand |
| R4505 |
T6789 |
T6776 |
prep |
in,mixed |
| R4506 |
T6790 |
T6789 |
pobj |
order,in |
| R4507 |
T6791 |
T6792 |
aux |
to,mask |
| R4508 |
T6792 |
T6790 |
acl |
mask,order |
| R4509 |
T6793 |
T6794 |
det |
any,odor |
| R4510 |
T6794 |
T6792 |
dobj |
odor,mask |
| R4511 |
T6795 |
T6794 |
acl |
emitted,odor |
| R4512 |
T6796 |
T6795 |
agent |
by,emitted |
| R4513 |
T6797 |
T6798 |
det |
the,reinforcer |
| R4514 |
T6798 |
T6796 |
pobj |
reinforcer,by |
| R4515 |
T6799 |
T6798 |
compound |
food,reinforcer |
| R4516 |
T6800 |
T6798 |
prep |
in,reinforcer |
| R4517 |
T6801 |
T6802 |
det |
the,dish |
| R4518 |
T6802 |
T6800 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R4519 |
T6803 |
T6802 |
nmod |
S,dish |
| R4520 |
T6804 |
T6803 |
punct |
+,S |
| R4521 |
T6805 |
T6776 |
punct |
.,mixed |
| R4522 |
T6807 |
T6808 |
det |
This,mixture |
| R4523 |
T6808 |
T6810 |
nsubj |
mixture,appear |
| R4524 |
T6809 |
T6808 |
amod |
final,mixture |
| R4525 |
T6811 |
T6810 |
aux |
did,appear |
| R4526 |
T6812 |
T6810 |
neg |
not,appear |
| R4527 |
T6813 |
T6814 |
aux |
to,be |
| R4528 |
T6814 |
T6810 |
xcomp |
be,appear |
| R4529 |
T6815 |
T6814 |
acomp |
palatable,be |
| R4530 |
T6816 |
T6814 |
prep |
to,be |
| R4531 |
T6817 |
T6818 |
det |
the,subjects |
| R4532 |
T6818 |
T6816 |
pobj |
subjects,to |
| R4533 |
T6819 |
T6810 |
punct |
.,appear |
| R4534 |
T6821 |
T6822 |
det |
A,trial |
| R4535 |
T6822 |
T6823 |
nsubj |
trial,terminated |
| R4536 |
T6824 |
T6825 |
advmod |
when,dug |
| R4537 |
T6825 |
T6823 |
advcl |
dug,terminated |
| R4538 |
T6826 |
T6827 |
det |
the,mouse |
| R4539 |
T6827 |
T6825 |
nsubj |
mouse,dug |
| R4540 |
T6828 |
T6825 |
punct |
: ,dug |
| R4541 |
T6829 |
T6825 |
prep |
in,dug |
| R4542 |
T6830 |
T6831 |
det |
the,dish |
| R4543 |
T6831 |
T6829 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R4544 |
T6832 |
T6831 |
amod |
correct,dish |
| R4545 |
T6833 |
T6825 |
cc |
and,dug |
| R4546 |
T6834 |
T6825 |
conj |
consumed,dug |
| R4547 |
T6835 |
T6836 |
det |
the,pellet |
| R4548 |
T6836 |
T6834 |
dobj |
pellet,consumed |
| R4549 |
T6837 |
T6836 |
amod |
hidden,pellet |
| R4550 |
T6838 |
T6825 |
punct |
", ",dug |
| R4551 |
T6839 |
T6825 |
cc |
or,dug |
| R4552 |
T6840 |
T6825 |
conj |
began,dug |
| R4553 |
T6841 |
T6842 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R4554 |
T6842 |
T6840 |
xcomp |
dig,began |
| R4555 |
T6843 |
T6842 |
prep |
in,dig |
| R4556 |
T6844 |
T6845 |
det |
the,dish |
| R4557 |
T6845 |
T6843 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R4558 |
T6846 |
T6845 |
amod |
incorrect,dish |
| R4559 |
T6847 |
T6823 |
punct |
.,terminated |
| R4560 |
T6849 |
T6850 |
nsubjpass |
Digging,considered |
| R4561 |
T6851 |
T6850 |
auxpass |
was,considered |
| R4562 |
T6852 |
T6853 |
det |
the,displacement |
| R4563 |
T6853 |
T6850 |
oprd |
displacement,considered |
| R4564 |
T6854 |
T6853 |
amod |
actual,displacement |
| R4565 |
T6855 |
T6853 |
amod |
physical,displacement |
| R4566 |
T6856 |
T6853 |
prep |
of,displacement |
| R4567 |
T6857 |
T6856 |
pobj |
sand,of |
| R4568 |
T6858 |
T6853 |
prep |
with,displacement |
| R4569 |
T6859 |
T6860 |
det |
the,forepaws |
| R4570 |
T6860 |
T6858 |
pobj |
forepaws,with |
| R4571 |
T6861 |
T6860 |
cc |
and,forepaws |
| R4572 |
T6862 |
T6861 |
punct |
/,and |
| R4573 |
T6863 |
T6861 |
cc |
or,and |
| R4574 |
T6864 |
T6860 |
conj |
snout,forepaws |
| R4575 |
T6865 |
T6850 |
punct |
.,considered |
| R4576 |
T6867 |
T6868 |
csubjpass |
Placing,considered |
| R4577 |
T6869 |
T6867 |
dobj |
forelimbs,Placing |
| R4578 |
T6870 |
T6867 |
prep |
on,Placing |
| R4579 |
T6871 |
T6870 |
pobj |
either,on |
| R4580 |
T6872 |
T6871 |
prep |
of,either |
| R4581 |
T6873 |
T6874 |
det |
the,dishes |
| R4582 |
T6874 |
T6872 |
pobj |
dishes,of |
| R4583 |
T6875 |
T6867 |
cc |
and,Placing |
| R4584 |
T6876 |
T6867 |
conj |
sniffing,Placing |
| R4585 |
T6877 |
T6868 |
auxpass |
was,considered |
| R4586 |
T6878 |
T6868 |
neg |
not,considered |
| R4587 |
T6879 |
T6868 |
oprd |
digging,considered |
| R4588 |
T6880 |
T6868 |
cc |
and,considered |
| R4589 |
T6881 |
T6882 |
auxpass |
was,penalized |
| R4590 |
T6882 |
T6868 |
conj |
penalized,considered |
| R4591 |
T6883 |
T6882 |
neg |
not,penalized |
| R4592 |
T6884 |
T6882 |
cc |
or,penalized |
| R4593 |
T6885 |
T6882 |
conj |
scored,penalized |
| R4594 |
T6886 |
T6868 |
punct |
.,considered |
| R4595 |
T6888 |
T6889 |
det |
Each,trial |
| R4596 |
T6889 |
T6891 |
nsubjpass |
trial,separated |
| R4597 |
T6890 |
T6889 |
amod |
completed,trial |
| R4598 |
T6892 |
T6891 |
auxpass |
was,separated |
| R4599 |
T6893 |
T6891 |
prep |
by,separated |
| R4600 |
T6894 |
T6895 |
det |
a,sec |
| R4601 |
T6895 |
T6893 |
pobj |
sec,by |
| R4602 |
T6896 |
T6895 |
nummod |
20,sec |
| R4603 |
T6897 |
T6895 |
punct |
-,sec |
| R4604 |
T6898 |
T6899 |
compound |
inter-trial,interval |
| R4605 |
T6899 |
T6895 |
appos |
interval,sec |
| R4606 |
T6900 |
T6899 |
punct |
-,interval |
| R4607 |
T6901 |
T6899 |
punct |
(,interval |
| R4608 |
T6902 |
T6899 |
appos |
ITI,interval |
| R4609 |
T6903 |
T6891 |
punct |
),separated |
| R4610 |
T6904 |
T6891 |
punct |
.,separated |
| R4611 |
T6906 |
T6907 |
amod |
Preliminary,experiments |
| R4612 |
T6907 |
T6908 |
nsubj |
experiments,demonstrated |
| R4613 |
T6909 |
T6910 |
mark |
that,required |
| R4614 |
T6910 |
T6908 |
ccomp |
required,demonstrated |
| R4615 |
T6911 |
T6912 |
det |
an,period |
| R4616 |
T6912 |
T6910 |
nsubjpass |
period,required |
| R4617 |
T6913 |
T6912 |
amod |
extended,period |
| R4618 |
T6914 |
T6912 |
nmod |
time,period |
| R4619 |
T6915 |
T6914 |
punct |
-,time |
| R4620 |
T6916 |
T6914 |
prt |
out,time |
| R4621 |
T6917 |
T6912 |
prep |
following,period |
| R4622 |
T6918 |
T6919 |
det |
an,response |
| R4623 |
T6919 |
T6917 |
pobj |
response,following |
| R4624 |
T6920 |
T6919 |
amod |
incorrect,response |
| R4625 |
T6921 |
T6910 |
auxpass |
was,required |
| R4626 |
T6922 |
T6910 |
neg |
not,required |
| R4627 |
T6923 |
T6924 |
aux |
to,ensure |
| R4628 |
T6924 |
T6910 |
xcomp |
ensure,required |
| R4629 |
T6925 |
T6926 |
npadvmod |
goal,directed |
| R4630 |
T6926 |
T6928 |
amod |
directed,behavior |
| R4631 |
T6927 |
T6926 |
punct |
-,directed |
| R4632 |
T6928 |
T6924 |
dobj |
behavior,ensure |
| R4633 |
T6929 |
T6924 |
prep |
in,ensure |
| R4634 |
T6930 |
T6931 |
det |
the,mice |
| R4635 |
T6931 |
T6929 |
pobj |
mice,in |
| R4636 |
T6932 |
T6933 |
amod |
wild,type |
| R4637 |
T6933 |
T6931 |
nmod |
type,mice |
| R4638 |
T6934 |
T6933 |
punct |
-,type |
| R4639 |
T6935 |
T6933 |
cc |
or,type |
| R4640 |
T6936 |
T6933 |
conj |
mutant,type |
| R4641 |
T6937 |
T6924 |
prep |
for,ensure |
| R4642 |
T6938 |
T6939 |
det |
this,task |
| R4643 |
T6939 |
T6937 |
pobj |
task,for |
| R4644 |
T6940 |
T6939 |
amod |
particular,task |
| R4645 |
T6941 |
T6942 |
punct |
(,shown |
| R4646 |
T6942 |
T6908 |
parataxis |
shown,demonstrated |
| R4647 |
T6943 |
T6942 |
nsubj |
data,shown |
| R4648 |
T6944 |
T6942 |
neg |
not,shown |
| R4649 |
T6945 |
T6942 |
punct |
),shown |
| R4650 |
T6946 |
T6908 |
punct |
.,demonstrated |
| R4651 |
T6948 |
T6949 |
advmod |
Therefore,used |
| R4652 |
T6950 |
T6949 |
punct |
", ",used |
| R4653 |
T6951 |
T6952 |
det |
the,ITI |
| R4654 |
T6952 |
T6949 |
nsubjpass |
ITI,used |
| R4655 |
T6953 |
T6954 |
nummod |
20,sec |
| R4656 |
T6954 |
T6952 |
compound |
sec,ITI |
| R4657 |
T6955 |
T6954 |
punct |
-,sec |
| R4658 |
T6956 |
T6949 |
auxpass |
was,used |
| R4659 |
T6957 |
T6958 |
aux |
to,separate |
| R4660 |
T6958 |
T6949 |
advcl |
separate,used |
| R4661 |
T6959 |
T6960 |
det |
all,trials |
| R4662 |
T6960 |
T6958 |
dobj |
trials,separate |
| R4663 |
T6961 |
T6960 |
punct |
(,trials |
| R4664 |
T6962 |
T6960 |
amod |
successful,trials |
| R4665 |
T6963 |
T6962 |
cc |
and,successful |
| R4666 |
T6964 |
T6962 |
conj |
unsuccessful,successful |
| R4667 |
T6965 |
T6960 |
punct |
),trials |
| R4668 |
T6966 |
T6949 |
punct |
.,used |
| R4669 |
T6968 |
T6969 |
det |
The,scents |
| R4670 |
T6969 |
T6975 |
nsubjpass |
scents,counterbalanced |
| R4671 |
T6970 |
T6969 |
nmod |
S,scents |
| R4672 |
T6971 |
T6970 |
punct |
+,S |
| R4673 |
T6972 |
T6970 |
cc |
and,S |
| R4674 |
T6973 |
T6970 |
conj |
S,S |
| R4675 |
T6974 |
T6973 |
punct |
-,S |
| R4676 |
T6976 |
T6975 |
auxpass |
were,counterbalanced |
| R4677 |
T6977 |
T6975 |
prep |
across,counterbalanced |
| R4678 |
T6978 |
T6977 |
pobj |
subjects,across |
| R4679 |
T6979 |
T6975 |
prep |
in,counterbalanced |
| R4680 |
T6980 |
T6979 |
pobj |
order,in |
| R4681 |
T6981 |
T6982 |
aux |
to,control |
| R4682 |
T6982 |
T6980 |
acl |
control,order |
| R4683 |
T6983 |
T6982 |
prep |
for,control |
| R4684 |
T6984 |
T6985 |
amod |
potential,bias |
| R4685 |
T6985 |
T6983 |
pobj |
bias,for |
| R4686 |
T6986 |
T6985 |
amod |
scent,bias |
| R4687 |
T6987 |
T6988 |
punct |
(,shown |
| R4688 |
T6988 |
T6975 |
parataxis |
shown,counterbalanced |
| R4689 |
T6989 |
T6990 |
compound |
pilot,data |
| R4690 |
T6990 |
T6991 |
nsubj |
data,suggest |
| R4691 |
T6991 |
T6988 |
ccomp |
suggest,shown |
| R4692 |
T6992 |
T6993 |
expl |
there,are |
| R4693 |
T6993 |
T6991 |
advcl |
are,suggest |
| R4694 |
T6994 |
T6995 |
det |
no,biases |
| R4695 |
T6995 |
T6993 |
attr |
biases,are |
| R4696 |
T6996 |
T6988 |
punct |
", ",shown |
| R4697 |
T6997 |
T6988 |
nsubj |
data,shown |
| R4698 |
T6998 |
T6988 |
neg |
not,shown |
| R4699 |
T6999 |
T6988 |
punct |
),shown |
| R4700 |
T7000 |
T6975 |
punct |
.,counterbalanced |
| R4701 |
T7002 |
T7003 |
prep |
Following,began |
| R4702 |
T7004 |
T7005 |
amod |
accurate,discrimination |
| R4703 |
T7005 |
T7002 |
pobj |
discrimination,Following |
| R4704 |
T7006 |
T7005 |
punct |
", ",discrimination |
| R4705 |
T7007 |
T7005 |
acl |
defined,discrimination |
| R4706 |
T7008 |
T7007 |
prep |
as,defined |
| R4707 |
T7009 |
T7010 |
nummod |
8,retrievals |
| R4708 |
T7010 |
T7008 |
pobj |
retrievals,as |
| R4709 |
T7011 |
T7010 |
amod |
correct,retrievals |
| R4710 |
T7012 |
T7010 |
prep |
across,retrievals |
| R4711 |
T7013 |
T7014 |
nummod |
10,trials |
| R4712 |
T7014 |
T7012 |
pobj |
trials,across |
| R4713 |
T7015 |
T7014 |
amod |
consecutive,trials |
| R4714 |
T7016 |
T7003 |
punct |
", ",began |
| R4715 |
T7017 |
T7018 |
compound |
reversal,trials |
| R4716 |
T7018 |
T7003 |
nsubj |
trials,began |
| R4717 |
T7019 |
T7003 |
punct |
.,began |
| R4718 |
T7021 |
T7022 |
compound |
Reversal,learning |
| R4719 |
T7022 |
T7023 |
compound |
learning,measurement |
| R4720 |
T7025 |
T7026 |
nsubj |
We,investigated |
| R4721 |
T7026 |
T7028 |
ccomp |
investigated,signaled |
| R4722 |
T7027 |
T7026 |
advmod |
next,investigated |
| R4723 |
T7029 |
T7030 |
det |
the,contribution |
| R4724 |
T7030 |
T7026 |
dobj |
contribution,investigated |
| R4725 |
T7031 |
T7030 |
prep |
of,contribution |
| R4726 |
T7032 |
T7033 |
compound |
dopamine,D2Rs |
| R4727 |
T7033 |
T7031 |
pobj |
D2Rs,of |
| R4728 |
T7034 |
T7030 |
prep |
to,contribution |
| R4729 |
T7035 |
T7036 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R4730 |
T7036 |
T7037 |
compound |
learning,behavior |
| R4731 |
T7037 |
T7034 |
pobj |
behavior,to |
| R4732 |
T7038 |
T7026 |
prep |
by,investigated |
| R4733 |
T7039 |
T7038 |
pcomp |
inverting,by |
| R4734 |
T7040 |
T7041 |
det |
the,contingencies |
| R4735 |
T7041 |
T7039 |
dobj |
contingencies,inverting |
| R4736 |
T7042 |
T7041 |
compound |
reinforcement,contingencies |
| R4737 |
T7043 |
T7028 |
punct |
–,signaled |
| R4738 |
T7044 |
T7028 |
advmod |
now,signaled |
| R4739 |
T7045 |
T7046 |
det |
the,S |
| R4740 |
T7046 |
T7028 |
nsubj |
S,signaled |
| R4741 |
T7047 |
T7046 |
amod |
former,S |
| R4742 |
T7048 |
T7046 |
punct |
+,S |
| R4743 |
T7049 |
T7050 |
det |
no,reinforcer |
| R4744 |
T7050 |
T7028 |
dobj |
reinforcer,signaled |
| R4745 |
T7051 |
T7028 |
cc |
and,signaled |
| R4746 |
T7052 |
T7053 |
det |
the,S |
| R4747 |
T7053 |
T7055 |
nsubj |
S,indicated |
| R4748 |
T7054 |
T7053 |
amod |
previous,S |
| R4749 |
T7055 |
T7028 |
conj |
indicated,signaled |
| R4750 |
T7056 |
T7053 |
punct |
-,S |
| R4751 |
T7057 |
T7055 |
advmod |
now,indicated |
| R4752 |
T7058 |
T7059 |
compound |
reinforcement,availability |
| R4753 |
T7059 |
T7055 |
dobj |
availability,indicated |
| R4754 |
T7060 |
T7028 |
punct |
.,signaled |
| R4755 |
T7062 |
T7063 |
det |
This,manipulation |
| R4756 |
T7063 |
T7064 |
nsubj |
manipulation,permits |
| R4757 |
T7065 |
T7066 |
det |
an,evaluation |
| R4758 |
T7066 |
T7064 |
dobj |
evaluation,permits |
| R4759 |
T7067 |
T7066 |
prep |
of,evaluation |
| R4760 |
T7068 |
T7069 |
det |
the,ability |
| R4761 |
T7069 |
T7067 |
pobj |
ability,of |
| R4762 |
T7070 |
T7071 |
aux |
to,inhibit |
| R4763 |
T7071 |
T7069 |
acl |
inhibit,ability |
| R4764 |
T7072 |
T7071 |
dobj |
responses,inhibit |
| R4765 |
T7073 |
T7072 |
prep |
to,responses |
| R4766 |
T7074 |
T7075 |
advmod |
previously,reinforced |
| R4767 |
T7075 |
T7076 |
amod |
reinforced,stimuli |
| R4768 |
T7076 |
T7073 |
pobj |
stimuli,to |
| R4769 |
T7077 |
T7076 |
amod |
discriminative,stimuli |
| R4770 |
T7078 |
T7079 |
punct |
[,18 |
| R4771 |
T7079 |
T7071 |
parataxis |
18,inhibit |
| R4772 |
T7080 |
T7079 |
punct |
],18 |
| R4773 |
T7081 |
T7064 |
punct |
.,permits |
| R4774 |
T7083 |
T7084 |
det |
The,number |
| R4775 |
T7084 |
T7085 |
nsubj |
number,was |
| R4776 |
T7086 |
T7084 |
prep |
of,number |
| R4777 |
T7087 |
T7086 |
pobj |
trials,of |
| R4778 |
T7088 |
T7084 |
amod |
necessary,number |
| R4779 |
T7089 |
T7090 |
aux |
to,establish |
| R4780 |
T7090 |
T7088 |
xcomp |
establish,necessary |
| R4781 |
T7091 |
T7092 |
nummod |
8,responses |
| R4782 |
T7092 |
T7090 |
dobj |
responses,establish |
| R4783 |
T7093 |
T7091 |
prep |
out,8 |
| R4784 |
T7094 |
T7093 |
prep |
of,out |
| R4785 |
T7095 |
T7094 |
pobj |
10,of |
| R4786 |
T7096 |
T7092 |
amod |
accurate,responses |
| R4787 |
T7097 |
T7098 |
poss |
our,definition |
| R4788 |
T7098 |
T7085 |
attr |
definition,was |
| R4789 |
T7099 |
T7098 |
prep |
of,definition |
| R4790 |
T7100 |
T7101 |
amod |
successful,learning |
| R4791 |
T7101 |
T7099 |
pobj |
learning,of |
| R4792 |
T7102 |
T7101 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R4793 |
T7103 |
T7085 |
punct |
.,was |
| R4794 |
T7118 |
T7119 |
compound |
Data,analysis |
| R4795 |
T7121 |
T7122 |
det |
The,latency |
| R4796 |
T7122 |
T7123 |
nsubjpass |
latency,analyzed |
| R4797 |
T7124 |
T7125 |
aux |
to,retrieve |
| R4798 |
T7125 |
T7122 |
advcl |
retrieve,latency |
| R4799 |
T7126 |
T7127 |
det |
a,pellet |
| R4800 |
T7127 |
T7125 |
dobj |
pellet,retrieve |
| R4801 |
T7128 |
T7125 |
prep |
from,retrieve |
| R4802 |
T7129 |
T7130 |
det |
an,dish |
| R4803 |
T7130 |
T7128 |
pobj |
dish,from |
| R4804 |
T7131 |
T7130 |
amod |
empty,dish |
| R4805 |
T7132 |
T7122 |
punct |
", ",latency |
| R4806 |
T7133 |
T7134 |
det |
the,latency |
| R4807 |
T7134 |
T7122 |
conj |
latency,latency |
| R4808 |
T7135 |
T7136 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R4809 |
T7136 |
T7134 |
advcl |
dig,latency |
| R4810 |
T7137 |
T7136 |
prep |
through,dig |
| R4811 |
T7138 |
T7139 |
det |
a,dish |
| R4812 |
T7139 |
T7137 |
pobj |
dish,through |
| R4813 |
T7140 |
T7139 |
acl |
filled,dish |
| R4814 |
T7141 |
T7140 |
prep |
with,filled |
| R4815 |
T7142 |
T7143 |
amod |
unscented,sand |
| R4816 |
T7143 |
T7141 |
pobj |
sand,with |
| R4817 |
T7144 |
T7134 |
punct |
", ",latency |
| R4818 |
T7145 |
T7134 |
cc |
and,latency |
| R4819 |
T7146 |
T7147 |
det |
the,number |
| R4820 |
T7147 |
T7134 |
conj |
number,latency |
| R4821 |
T7148 |
T7147 |
prep |
of,number |
| R4822 |
T7149 |
T7148 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R4823 |
T7150 |
T7149 |
prep |
of,errors |
| R4824 |
T7151 |
T7150 |
pobj |
commission,of |
| R4825 |
T7152 |
T7149 |
acl |
committed,errors |
| R4826 |
T7153 |
T7152 |
prep |
across,committed |
| R4827 |
T7154 |
T7155 |
det |
the,sessions |
| R4828 |
T7155 |
T7153 |
pobj |
sessions,across |
| R4829 |
T7156 |
T7155 |
compound |
reversal,sessions |
| R4830 |
T7157 |
T7123 |
auxpass |
were,analyzed |
| R4831 |
T7158 |
T7123 |
prep |
with,analyzed |
| R4832 |
T7159 |
T7160 |
nummod |
2,way |
| R4833 |
T7160 |
T7162 |
compound |
way,analyses |
| R4834 |
T7161 |
T7160 |
punct |
-,way |
| R4835 |
T7162 |
T7158 |
pobj |
analyses,with |
| R4836 |
T7163 |
T7162 |
prep |
of,analyses |
| R4837 |
T7164 |
T7163 |
pobj |
variance,of |
| R4838 |
T7165 |
T7166 |
punct |
(,trials |
| R4839 |
T7166 |
T7162 |
parataxis |
trials,analyses |
| R4840 |
T7167 |
T7166 |
nmod |
genotype,trials |
| R4841 |
T7168 |
T7167 |
punct |
×,genotype |
| R4842 |
T7169 |
T7166 |
punct |
),trials |
| R4843 |
T7170 |
T7123 |
punct |
.,analyzed |
| R4844 |
T7172 |
T7173 |
det |
The,number |
| R4845 |
T7173 |
T7174 |
nsubjpass |
number,separated |
| R4846 |
T7175 |
T7173 |
prep |
of,number |
| R4847 |
T7176 |
T7175 |
pobj |
trials,of |
| R4848 |
T7177 |
T7173 |
amod |
necessary,number |
| R4849 |
T7178 |
T7179 |
aux |
to,attain |
| R4850 |
T7179 |
T7177 |
xcomp |
attain,necessary |
| R4851 |
T7180 |
T7181 |
compound |
criterion,performance |
| R4852 |
T7181 |
T7179 |
dobj |
performance,attain |
| R4853 |
T7182 |
T7181 |
prep |
in,performance |
| R4854 |
T7183 |
T7184 |
compound |
odor,discrimination |
| R4855 |
T7184 |
T7182 |
pobj |
discrimination,in |
| R4856 |
T7185 |
T7186 |
punct |
(,responses |
| R4857 |
T7186 |
T7173 |
appos |
responses,number |
| R4858 |
T7187 |
T7186 |
nummod |
8,responses |
| R4859 |
T7188 |
T7186 |
amod |
correct,responses |
| R4860 |
T7189 |
T7186 |
prep |
across,responses |
| R4861 |
T7190 |
T7191 |
nummod |
10,trials |
| R4862 |
T7191 |
T7189 |
pobj |
trials,across |
| R4863 |
T7192 |
T7191 |
amod |
consecutive,trials |
| R4864 |
T7193 |
T7186 |
punct |
),responses |
| R4865 |
T7194 |
T7173 |
cc |
and,number |
| R4866 |
T7195 |
T7173 |
conj |
errors,number |
| R4867 |
T7196 |
T7195 |
acl |
committed,errors |
| R4868 |
T7197 |
T7198 |
mark |
while,learning |
| R4869 |
T7198 |
T7196 |
advcl |
learning,committed |
| R4870 |
T7199 |
T7200 |
det |
the,tasks |
| R4871 |
T7200 |
T7198 |
dobj |
tasks,learning |
| R4872 |
T7201 |
T7200 |
compound |
discrimination,tasks |
| R4873 |
T7202 |
T7174 |
auxpass |
were,separated |
| R4874 |
T7203 |
T7174 |
prep |
as,separated |
| R4875 |
T7204 |
T7205 |
amod |
individual,phases |
| R4876 |
T7205 |
T7203 |
pobj |
phases,as |
| R4877 |
T7206 |
T7205 |
compound |
testing,phases |
| R4878 |
T7207 |
T7208 |
punct |
(,discrimination |
| R4879 |
T7208 |
T7205 |
appos |
discrimination,phases |
| R4880 |
T7209 |
T7208 |
advmod |
e.g.,discrimination |
| R4881 |
T7210 |
T7208 |
compound |
odor,discrimination |
| R4882 |
T7211 |
T7208 |
cc |
and,discrimination |
| R4883 |
T7212 |
T7213 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R4884 |
T7213 |
T7208 |
conj |
learning,discrimination |
| R4885 |
T7214 |
T7213 |
punct |
),learning |
| R4886 |
T7215 |
T7174 |
cc |
and,separated |
| R4887 |
T7216 |
T7174 |
conj |
analyzed,separated |
| R4888 |
T7217 |
T7216 |
advmod |
separately,analyzed |
| R4889 |
T7218 |
T7216 |
prep |
with,analyzed |
| R4890 |
T7219 |
T7220 |
amod |
unpaired,tests |
| R4891 |
T7220 |
T7218 |
pobj |
tests,with |
| R4892 |
T7221 |
T7222 |
advmod |
2,tailed |
| R4893 |
T7222 |
T7220 |
amod |
tailed,tests |
| R4894 |
T7223 |
T7222 |
punct |
-,tailed |
| R4895 |
T7224 |
T7220 |
compound |
t,tests |
| R4896 |
T7225 |
T7220 |
punct |
-,tests |
| R4897 |
T7226 |
T7174 |
punct |
.,separated |
| R4898 |
T7228 |
T7229 |
nsubjpass |
Significance,established |
| R4899 |
T7230 |
T7229 |
auxpass |
was,established |
| R4900 |
T7231 |
T7229 |
prep |
at,established |
| R4901 |
T7232 |
T7231 |
pobj |
p,at |
| R4902 |
T7233 |
T7234 |
punct |
<,0.05 |
| R4903 |
T7234 |
T7232 |
acl |
0.05,p |
| R4904 |
T7235 |
T7229 |
punct |
.,established |
| R4905 |
T7237 |
T7238 |
nsubjpass |
Errors,separated |
| R4906 |
T7239 |
T7237 |
acl |
committed,Errors |
| R4907 |
T7240 |
T7239 |
prep |
during,committed |
| R4908 |
T7241 |
T7242 |
compound |
reversal,trials |
| R4909 |
T7242 |
T7240 |
pobj |
trials,during |
| R4910 |
T7243 |
T7238 |
auxpass |
were,separated |
| R4911 |
T7244 |
T7238 |
advmod |
further,separated |
| R4912 |
T7245 |
T7238 |
advmod |
categorically,separated |
| R4913 |
T7246 |
T7238 |
prep |
as,separated |
| R4914 |
T7247 |
T7246 |
pobj |
errors,as |
| R4915 |
T7248 |
T7247 |
prep |
of,errors |
| R4916 |
T7249 |
T7248 |
pobj |
commission,of |
| R4917 |
T7250 |
T7251 |
punct |
(,failing |
| R4918 |
T7251 |
T7247 |
parataxis |
failing,errors |
| R4919 |
T7252 |
T7253 |
aux |
to,withhold |
| R4920 |
T7253 |
T7251 |
xcomp |
withhold,failing |
| R4921 |
T7254 |
T7253 |
xcomp |
responding,withhold |
| R4922 |
T7255 |
T7254 |
prep |
to,responding |
| R4923 |
T7256 |
T7255 |
pobj |
S,to |
| R4924 |
T7257 |
T7256 |
punct |
-,S |
| R4925 |
T7258 |
T7251 |
punct |
),failing |
| R4926 |
T7259 |
T7247 |
cc |
and,errors |
| R4927 |
T7260 |
T7247 |
conj |
errors,errors |
| R4928 |
T7261 |
T7260 |
prep |
of,errors |
| R4929 |
T7262 |
T7261 |
pobj |
omission,of |
| R4930 |
T7263 |
T7264 |
punct |
(,failing |
| R4931 |
T7264 |
T7260 |
parataxis |
failing,errors |
| R4932 |
T7265 |
T7266 |
aux |
to,dig |
| R4933 |
T7266 |
T7264 |
xcomp |
dig,failing |
| R4934 |
T7267 |
T7266 |
prep |
in,dig |
| R4935 |
T7268 |
T7269 |
det |
either,dish |
| R4936 |
T7269 |
T7267 |
pobj |
dish,in |
| R4937 |
T7270 |
T7271 |
mark |
after,expired |
| R4938 |
T7271 |
T7266 |
advcl |
expired,dig |
| R4939 |
T7272 |
T7273 |
nummod |
3,min |
| R4940 |
T7273 |
T7271 |
nsubj |
min,expired |
| R4941 |
T7274 |
T7273 |
punct |
-,min |
| R4942 |
T7275 |
T7271 |
aux |
had,expired |
| R4943 |
T7276 |
T7264 |
punct |
),failing |
| R4944 |
T7277 |
T7238 |
punct |
.,separated |
| R4945 |
T7279 |
T7280 |
amod |
Categorical,errors |
| R4946 |
T7280 |
T7281 |
nsubjpass |
errors,analyzed |
| R4947 |
T7282 |
T7280 |
cc |
and,errors |
| R4948 |
T7283 |
T7280 |
conj |
number,errors |
| R4949 |
T7284 |
T7283 |
prep |
of,number |
| R4950 |
T7285 |
T7286 |
compound |
commission,errors |
| R4951 |
T7286 |
T7284 |
pobj |
errors,of |
| R4952 |
T7287 |
T7286 |
acl |
committed,errors |
| R4953 |
T7288 |
T7287 |
prep |
during,committed |
| R4954 |
T7289 |
T7290 |
det |
the,session |
| R4955 |
T7290 |
T7288 |
pobj |
session,during |
| R4956 |
T7291 |
T7290 |
amod |
first,session |
| R4957 |
T7292 |
T7293 |
compound |
reversal,learning |
| R4958 |
T7293 |
T7290 |
compound |
learning,session |
| R4959 |
T7294 |
T7281 |
auxpass |
were,analyzed |
| R4960 |
T7295 |
T7281 |
prep |
between,analyzed |
| R4961 |
T7296 |
T7295 |
pobj |
groups,between |
| R4962 |
T7297 |
T7296 |
prep |
with,groups |
| R4963 |
T7298 |
T7299 |
amod |
nonparametric,tests |
| R4964 |
T7299 |
T7297 |
pobj |
tests,with |
| R4965 |
T7300 |
T7301 |
compound |
Mann,Whitney |
| R4966 |
T7301 |
T7299 |
compound |
Whitney,tests |
| R4967 |
T7302 |
T7301 |
punct |
-,Whitney |
| R4968 |
T7303 |
T7299 |
compound |
U,tests |
| R4969 |
T7304 |
T7281 |
punct |
.,analyzed |
| R3383 |
T5359 |
T5357 |
nsubj |
dopamine,modulates |
| R3712 |
T5710 |
T5709 |
amod |
motivational,impairments |
| R3713 |
T5711 |
T5710 |
cc |
or,motivational |
| R3716 |
T5713 |
T5684 |
punct |
.,indicate |
| R1538 |
T2413 |
T2414 |
amod |
Wild,type |
| R1539 |
T2414 |
T2416 |
compound |
type,mice |
| R1540 |
T2415 |
T2414 |
punct |
-,type |
| R1180 |
T1948 |
T1947 |
cc |
and,attention |
| R3024 |
T4984 |
T4985 |
det |
the,mice |
| R3374 |
T5351 |
T5350 |
amod |
discriminative,stimulus |
| R3382 |
T5358 |
T5359 |
amod |
mesolimbic,dopamine |
| R3656 |
T5669 |
T5634 |
conj |
reported,associated |
| R3657 |
T5670 |
T5666 |
prep |
of,correlation |
| R3659 |
T5671 |
T5672 |
compound |
D2R,binding |
| R3660 |
T5672 |
T5670 |
pobj |
binding,of |
| R3661 |
T5673 |
T5666 |
prep |
with,correlation |
| R3663 |
T5674 |
T5675 |
amod |
compulsive,behavior |
| R3664 |
T5675 |
T5673 |
pobj |
behavior,with |
| R3666 |
T5676 |
T5669 |
aux |
has,reported |
| R3667 |
T5677 |
T5669 |
auxpass |
been,reported |