PMC:3933749 / 8352-9398 JSONTXT

{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":12,"end":16},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":186,"end":191},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":839,"end":843},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":92,"end":101},"obj":"CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":345,"end":354},"obj":"CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1031,"end":1040},"obj":"CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":106,"end":114},"obj":"CHEBI_16670"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":153,"end":159},"obj":"PATO_0002354"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":283,"end":286},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":416,"end":428},"obj":"PATO_0000970"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":480,"end":492},"obj":"PATO_0000970"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":624,"end":636},"obj":"PATO_0000970"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":687,"end":690},"obj":"PATO_0001737"}],"text":"Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems in Development\nNo transdermal delivery systems for larger molecules and peptides are currently approved by the US FDA. Active delivery systems for such drugs are the subject of ongoing research. One approach, iontophoresis, uses administration of a low electrical current to actively drive diffusion of charged molecules across the stratum corneum without the need to increase skin permeability. Ultrasound (sonophoresis) can be used to increase permeability of the stratum corneum. Although the mechanism by which sonophoresis works is not completely understood, it is thought to increase permeability through a combination of cavitation (formation of gas-filled cavities), mechanical and thermal effects, and induction of convection transport [14]. Other methods such as chemical agents that facilitate drug transit through the stratum corneum, microneedle, thermal ablation, and microdermabrasion are in development but are not yet approved for administration of larger and more highly charged molecules [12]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24532028-19470295-22892229","span":{"begin":780,"end":782},"obj":"19470295"},{"id":"24532028-18997767-22892230","span":{"begin":1042,"end":1044},"obj":"18997767"}],"text":"Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems in Development\nNo transdermal delivery systems for larger molecules and peptides are currently approved by the US FDA. Active delivery systems for such drugs are the subject of ongoing research. One approach, iontophoresis, uses administration of a low electrical current to actively drive diffusion of charged molecules across the stratum corneum without the need to increase skin permeability. Ultrasound (sonophoresis) can be used to increase permeability of the stratum corneum. Although the mechanism by which sonophoresis works is not completely understood, it is thought to increase permeability through a combination of cavitation (formation of gas-filled cavities), mechanical and thermal effects, and induction of convection transport [14]. Other methods such as chemical agents that facilitate drug transit through the stratum corneum, microneedle, thermal ablation, and microdermabrasion are in development but are not yet approved for administration of larger and more highly charged molecules [12]."}