PMC:3933749 / 6587-8350 JSONTXT

{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":63,"end":68},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":175,"end":179},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":274,"end":278},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":468,"end":472},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":509,"end":513},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":633,"end":637},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":674,"end":678},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":945,"end":949},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":1173,"end":1177},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":1203,"end":1208},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":1328,"end":1333},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":1505,"end":1509},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":155,"end":162},"obj":"PATO_0000764"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":844,"end":851},"obj":"PATO_0000764"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":1153,"end":1160},"obj":"PATO_0000764"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1238},"obj":"PATO_0000764"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":405,"end":409},"obj":"PATO_0001470"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":666,"end":670},"obj":"PATO_0001470"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1131,"end":1135},"obj":"PATO_0001470"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":405,"end":409},"obj":"PATO_0000161"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":666,"end":670},"obj":"PATO_0000161"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1131,"end":1135},"obj":"PATO_0000161"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":499,"end":507},"obj":"PATO_0002331"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":517,"end":525},"obj":"PATO_0002331"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":581,"end":589},"obj":"PATO_0002331"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":750,"end":754},"obj":"PATO_0001323"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":809,"end":817},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":1588,"end":1596},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":1605,"end":1609},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":821,"end":832},"obj":"CHEBI_33232"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":1106,"end":1112},"obj":"CHEBI_18059"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":1263,"end":1268},"obj":"PATO_0000587"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":1279,"end":1283},"obj":"PATO_0000125"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":1542,"end":1545},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":1605,"end":1609},"obj":"PATO_0000165"}],"text":"Types of Patches\nTransdermal administration is used to deliver drugs locally (e.g. anti-inflammatory agents for pain) or systemically via the circulation. Passive transdermal drug delivery systems may be categorized as either reservoir or matrix designs. In the former, the drug is stored in one or more reservoirs located between the backing of the patch and a membrane that is engineered to control the rate of diffusion into the skin [1]. In the matrix design, the drug is embedded either in the adhesive (drug-in-adhesive patches), or in a layer of matrix material between the adhesive layer and the backing. The total amount of drug delivered is related to the rate of drug delivery from the matrix, as well as being proportional to the surface area of the patch that is in contact with the skin and the duration of application.\nWith both passive designs, once the patch is applied to the skin, a diffusion gradient is established, and the drug moves into the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin (Fig. 1). Transit through the stratum corneum is carried out by diffusion through intercellular lipids [12]; this is the rate-limiting step in passive transdermal drug delivery [1]. Therefore, drugs that are suitable for passive patch technology have a small molecular mass (\u003c500 Da) and are lipophilic [1, 13]. These drugs must be chemically stable during patch storage and during transdermal diffusion when the patch is on the patient’s body. Patches are typically designed such that residual drug concentrations in the patch are low when they are applied for the recommended duration of wear time.\nFig. 1 Passive patch technology. Once the patch is applied to the skin, a diffusion gradient is established, and the drug moves into the stratum corneum"}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24532028-22215357-22892225","span":{"begin":438,"end":439},"obj":"22215357"},{"id":"24532028-18997767-22892226","span":{"begin":1114,"end":1116},"obj":"18997767"},{"id":"24532028-22215357-22892227","span":{"begin":1188,"end":1189},"obj":"22215357"},{"id":"24532028-22215357-22892228","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1315},"obj":"22215357"}],"text":"Types of Patches\nTransdermal administration is used to deliver drugs locally (e.g. anti-inflammatory agents for pain) or systemically via the circulation. Passive transdermal drug delivery systems may be categorized as either reservoir or matrix designs. In the former, the drug is stored in one or more reservoirs located between the backing of the patch and a membrane that is engineered to control the rate of diffusion into the skin [1]. In the matrix design, the drug is embedded either in the adhesive (drug-in-adhesive patches), or in a layer of matrix material between the adhesive layer and the backing. The total amount of drug delivered is related to the rate of drug delivery from the matrix, as well as being proportional to the surface area of the patch that is in contact with the skin and the duration of application.\nWith both passive designs, once the patch is applied to the skin, a diffusion gradient is established, and the drug moves into the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin (Fig. 1). Transit through the stratum corneum is carried out by diffusion through intercellular lipids [12]; this is the rate-limiting step in passive transdermal drug delivery [1]. Therefore, drugs that are suitable for passive patch technology have a small molecular mass (\u003c500 Da) and are lipophilic [1, 13]. These drugs must be chemically stable during patch storage and during transdermal diffusion when the patch is on the patient’s body. Patches are typically designed such that residual drug concentrations in the patch are low when they are applied for the recommended duration of wear time.\nFig. 1 Passive patch technology. Once the patch is applied to the skin, a diffusion gradient is established, and the drug moves into the stratum corneum"}