PMC:3897848 / 2813-8329
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/3897848","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"3897848","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/3897848","text":"Biobanks around the World\nThe oldest biobank for the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), funded by the National Institute of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH-NHLBI), collects blood samples and data and was established in 1948. The purpose of the Framingham program was the development of case-finding procedures. A total of 5,209 persons between the age of 30 and 62 from Framingham, Massachusetts participated in this study, and three generations of participants (for a total of almost 15,000 participants) were recruited; the researchers began clinical examinations and lifestyle-related interviews to seek risk factors related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. FHS has revealed the significant identification of the main CVD risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and obesity, as well as immense information on factors, such as blood triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, age, and so on [3].\nBy the late 1990s, scientists realized that some diseases originated from a single defective gene, but most genetic diseases are caused by multiple genetic factors on multiple genes [4]. For an understanding of whole-genome information of humans, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was begun in 1990, and the human genome was completely released in 2003.\nOwing to the increased demands on qualified biospecimens for research, the number of biobanks has increased significantly between 1980 and 1999 worldwide [5]. Many countries, including the European countries, Japan, and Korea, have established large-scale biobanks to collect a large quantity of patient specimens from over 200,000 people, based on their population and/or on their disease-oriented groups (Table 1). Until now, the top 6 countries, according to the number of large-scale biobanks, have been the United Kingdom (n = 15), United States (n = 14), Sweden (n = 12), France (n = 9), the Netherlands (n = 8), and Italy (n = 8). Seventy percent of the world's biobanks are located in Europe. Sixty percent of sponsors for biobanks are governmental or national institutes, and 16% to 17% of biobanks are sponsored by non-profit public service corporations, universities, and hospitals. The number of biobanks is increasing recently, and particularly, 43 biobanks were launched in the 2000s. Most biobanks (60%) recruited less than 100,000 people and thirty percents of the biobanks recruited 100,000 to 1,000,000 people. The number of biobanks collecting blood is 35; 35 collect other biofluids, 43 collect biomaterials, and 16 secure tissue [6].\nIn 2005, the UK Biobank started collecting DNA samples and personal information from 500,000 volunteers aged between 45 and 69 years. The main purpose of the UK Biobank is to look for the relationship between disease, lifestyle, and genes, as well as to identify risk factors that affect individual response to specific drug treatment. The UK Biobank has collected biospecimens from 500,000 people between 2006 and 2010, and they provided their specimens to researchers starting from March 2012 [7, 8]. In 2008, United States researchers stored 270 million specimens in biobanks, and the rate of new sample collection is 20 million per year [9]. In 2009, Time magazine chose biobanking as one of the 10 ideas \"changing the world right now\" [10]. Elger and Caplan [11] demonstrated that the challenge produced by biobanks is immense: after more than 50 years of classical health research ethics, regulatory agencies have begun to question fundamental ethical milestones.\nA new report by Visiongain (http://www.visiongain.com), a business information provider based in London, UK, predicts the world market for biobanking on human medicine will generate $24.4 bn in 2017 and expand strongly to 2023.\nIn 1995, the Ministry of Education and Science Technology established the Korea National Research Resource Centers for collecting various bioresources. However, the scale and variety of the collections were lacking, because collections were based on an individual research project. The Ministry of Environment established biobanks, but their samples were limited to specimens needed for the research of environmentally induced diseases. Therefore, there was a necessity to establish a biobank that was centered on hospitals for collecting human biospecimens [12].\nIn 2008, the Ministry of Health and Welfare started the Korea Biobank Project (KBP) and tried to support establishing biobanks within university-affiliated general hospitals as well as creating a network among these biobanks, including National Biobank of Korea (NBK), which is the largest national biorepository in Korea, located in Osong, the central region in South Korea [13, 14]. NBK provides essential biospecimens to scientific researchers by collecting, maintaining, and distributing DNA and serum, plasma, and lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL).\nA new building for NBK, the largest in Asia, was constructed in April, 2012 at Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The three-story building, including storage rooms that can contain 26 million vials of biospecimens, was constructed. The structure also has laboratories, an auditorium, and so on. The budget for the project was secured from the Korean central government in 2008, and the construction was started in 2010 and finished in 2012 [14]. Over the years, many biobanks, including 17 regional biobanks, have been established and are moving from a phase of sample collection to open their samples for researches.","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":25}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24465232-5921755-44839989","span":{"begin":978,"end":979},"obj":"5921755"},{"id":"24465232-17550341-44839990","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1166},"obj":"17550341"},{"id":"24465232-22470161-44839991","span":{"begin":3084,"end":3085},"obj":"22470161"},{"id":"24465232-18358331-44839992","span":{"begin":3230,"end":3231},"obj":"18358331"},{"id":"24465232-16819458-44839993","span":{"begin":3352,"end":3354},"obj":"16819458"},{"id":"24465232-24159511-44839994","span":{"begin":4726,"end":4728},"obj":"24159511"},{"id":"24465232-24159540-44839995","span":{"begin":4730,"end":4732},"obj":"24159540"},{"id":"24465232-24159540-44839996","span":{"begin":5340,"end":5342},"obj":"24159540"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"24465232-5921755-44839989","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-17550341-44839990","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-22470161-44839991","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-18358331-44839992","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-16819458-44839993","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-24159511-44839994","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-24159540-44839995","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24465232-24159540-44839996","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#ce93ec","default":true}]}]}}