PMC:3852299 / 45969-47997 JSONTXT

{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T1492","span":{"begin":707,"end":715},"obj":"PATO_0001227"},{"id":"T1493","span":{"begin":818,"end":822},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T1494","span":{"begin":853,"end":860},"obj":"PATO_0000392"},{"id":"T1495","span":{"begin":916,"end":920},"obj":"CHEBI_50949"},{"id":"T1496","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1049},"obj":"CHEBI_33699"},{"id":"T1497","span":{"begin":1065,"end":1071},"obj":"PATO_0001503"},{"id":"T1498","span":{"begin":1422,"end":1430},"obj":"PATO_0000442"},{"id":"T1499","span":{"begin":1446,"end":1449},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T1500","span":{"begin":1469,"end":1472},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T1501","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1690},"obj":"PATO_0000471"},{"id":"T1502","span":{"begin":1478,"end":1485},"obj":"PATO_0001019"},{"id":"T1503","span":{"begin":1518,"end":1525},"obj":"PATO_0001019"},{"id":"T1504","span":{"begin":1610,"end":1617},"obj":"PATO_0001019"},{"id":"T1505","span":{"begin":1602,"end":1609},"obj":"CHEBI_46662"},{"id":"T1506","span":{"begin":1635,"end":1644},"obj":"PATO_0000915"},{"id":"T1507","span":{"begin":1742,"end":1745},"obj":"CHEBI_52027"},{"id":"T1508","span":{"begin":1818,"end":1822},"obj":"CHEBI_22695"},{"id":"T1509","span":{"begin":1818,"end":1822},"obj":"CHEBI_18282"},{"id":"T1510","span":{"begin":1860,"end":1864},"obj":"PATO_0000469"},{"id":"T1511","span":{"begin":1975,"end":1979},"obj":"PATO_0000573"},{"id":"T1470","span":{"begin":13,"end":21},"obj":"PATO_0001688"},{"id":"T1471","span":{"begin":1001,"end":1009},"obj":"PATO_0001688"},{"id":"T1472","span":{"begin":1080,"end":1088},"obj":"PATO_0001688"},{"id":"T1473","span":{"begin":30,"end":38},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1474","span":{"begin":467,"end":475},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1475","span":{"begin":1190,"end":1198},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1476","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1344},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1477","span":{"begin":1450,"end":1458},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1478","span":{"begin":1865,"end":1873},"obj":"CHEBI_17650"},{"id":"T1479","span":{"begin":1019,"end":1028},"obj":"CHEBI_28790"},{"id":"T1480","span":{"begin":1019,"end":1028},"obj":"CHEBI_350546"},{"id":"T1481","span":{"begin":331,"end":335},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T1482","span":{"begin":331,"end":335},"obj":"PATO_0000165"},{"id":"T1483","span":{"begin":575,"end":578},"obj":"PATO_0000011"},{"id":"T1484","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1557},"obj":"PATO_0000011"},{"id":"T1485","span":{"begin":575,"end":578},"obj":"CHEBI_84123"},{"id":"T1486","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1557},"obj":"CHEBI_84123"},{"id":"T1487","span":{"begin":615,"end":619},"obj":"PATO_0001026"},{"id":"T1488","span":{"begin":667,"end":671},"obj":"PATO_0000693"},{"id":"T1489","span":{"begin":667,"end":671},"obj":"PATO_0000502"},{"id":"T1490","span":{"begin":676,"end":683},"obj":"CHEBI_16541"},{"id":"T1491","span":{"begin":676,"end":683},"obj":"CHEBI_36080"}],"text":"Evidence for elevated SERT or cortisol in children with ASD\nIt is the premise of this review that excessive plasma levels of cortisol during pregnancy increase the expression of the SERT transporter, to alter serotonin levels during gestation and modify prenatal neuronal development in children diagnosed with ASD. Hence the best time to measure changes in SERT expression would be immediately after birth. During infancy the SERT expression will alter according to cortisol levels. Due to the limitations of diagnosis in this cohort, most research is completed in children age 4 to 9 years or older, and as such, work to investigate neuronal SERT expression is too late, as protein levels would be highly variable. Subsequently, the therapeutic use of SSRIs in children with ASD has been questioned as this class of drug has been demonstrated to have limited use in this cohort. Again it would be anticipated that SSRI use would be helpful when SERT expression is highest in younger children [253]. Elevated platelet serotonin levels (or SERT mRNA) may provide a simple test of elevated SERT expression in newborn children.\nAlternatively, we could appraise evidence of exposure to excess cortisol in newborn children; however, again there is little research that has been done in neonates. Reviewing the effects of extraphysiological cortisol (see Table 1), the following symptoms in newborn children could be expected: insomnia, irritability, low cortisol levels or low bone density. Two studies have measured bone density in boys diagnosed with ASD (age 4 to 14 years) and found reductions in bone mineral density or bone cortical thickness. The authors attributed these findings to low vitamin D levels or diet [254,255]. These findings did not account for the possibility that they may have started from a lower base. Also, children who are subjected to high cortisol levels in utero are at risk of developing diabetes, however little research has been reported on the long-term physical outcomes of adults with ASD [256]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24103554-17276749-70233345","span":{"begin":995,"end":998},"obj":"17276749"}],"text":"Evidence for elevated SERT or cortisol in children with ASD\nIt is the premise of this review that excessive plasma levels of cortisol during pregnancy increase the expression of the SERT transporter, to alter serotonin levels during gestation and modify prenatal neuronal development in children diagnosed with ASD. Hence the best time to measure changes in SERT expression would be immediately after birth. During infancy the SERT expression will alter according to cortisol levels. Due to the limitations of diagnosis in this cohort, most research is completed in children age 4 to 9 years or older, and as such, work to investigate neuronal SERT expression is too late, as protein levels would be highly variable. Subsequently, the therapeutic use of SSRIs in children with ASD has been questioned as this class of drug has been demonstrated to have limited use in this cohort. Again it would be anticipated that SSRI use would be helpful when SERT expression is highest in younger children [253]. Elevated platelet serotonin levels (or SERT mRNA) may provide a simple test of elevated SERT expression in newborn children.\nAlternatively, we could appraise evidence of exposure to excess cortisol in newborn children; however, again there is little research that has been done in neonates. Reviewing the effects of extraphysiological cortisol (see Table 1), the following symptoms in newborn children could be expected: insomnia, irritability, low cortisol levels or low bone density. Two studies have measured bone density in boys diagnosed with ASD (age 4 to 14 years) and found reductions in bone mineral density or bone cortical thickness. The authors attributed these findings to low vitamin D levels or diet [254,255]. These findings did not account for the possibility that they may have started from a lower base. Also, children who are subjected to high cortisol levels in utero are at risk of developing diabetes, however little research has been reported on the long-term physical outcomes of adults with ASD [256]."}