PMC:3845430 / 2046-3578 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24324289-18863659-25763374","span":{"begin":297,"end":298},"obj":"18863659"},{"id":"24324289-13864411-25763375","span":{"begin":383,"end":384},"obj":"13864411"},{"id":"24324289-13864412-25763376","span":{"begin":386,"end":387},"obj":"13864412"},{"id":"24324289-13372565-25763377","span":{"begin":410,"end":411},"obj":"13372565"},{"id":"24324289-13372566-25763378","span":{"begin":413,"end":414},"obj":"13372566"},{"id":"24324289-1914182-25763379","span":{"begin":609,"end":610},"obj":"1914182"},{"id":"24324289-1859489-25763379","span":{"begin":609,"end":610},"obj":"1859489"},{"id":"24324289-3761356-25763379","span":{"begin":609,"end":610},"obj":"3761356"},{"id":"24324289-11846058-25763379","span":{"begin":609,"end":610},"obj":"11846058"},{"id":"24324289-16014552-25763380","span":{"begin":769,"end":771},"obj":"16014552"},{"id":"24324289-22569352-25763381","span":{"begin":1164,"end":1166},"obj":"22569352"},{"id":"24324289-23306035-25763382","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"23306035"},{"id":"24324289-16420554-25763383","span":{"begin":1345,"end":1347},"obj":"16420554"},{"id":"24324289-22618529-25763384","span":{"begin":1373,"end":1375},"obj":"22618529"},{"id":"24324289-8938536-25763385","span":{"begin":1399,"end":1401},"obj":"8938536"},{"id":"24324289-77280-25763386","span":{"begin":1428,"end":1430},"obj":"77280"},{"id":"24324289-9510847-25763387","span":{"begin":1449,"end":1451},"obj":"9510847"},{"id":"24324289-23108053-25763388","span":{"begin":1453,"end":1455},"obj":"23108053"},{"id":"24324289-16958610-25763389","span":{"begin":1499,"end":1501},"obj":"16958610"}],"text":"2. Methods of Detection \nClassic agglutination techniques were initially used because of the ability of IgMs to induce agglutination. The first RF detection assay was based on the fact that RF agglutinates sheep red blood cells sensitised with rabbit IgGs (i.e., the classic Waaler-Rose test) [2, 3], and this was followed by the development of other IgG carriers such as bentonite [5, 6] and latex particles [7, 8].\nAutomated techniques such as nephelometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays gradually replaced the other semiquantitative methods because of their simplicity and greater reproducibility [9–12].\nMultiplexed immunoassaying is an emerging high-throughput technique for the quantitative detection of multiple analytes from a single biological sample [13]. Although they have yet to be standardised and validated, multiplexed immunoassays can reduce analytical time and enhance accuracy. However, it is known that RFs can interfere with a number of laboratory immunoassays and lead to false positive results: for example, in patients with high RF levels, the analysis of vancomycin can be compromised if serum rather than plasma samples are used [14, 15].\nRFs can also interfere with other laboratory tests, including those designed to detect anticardiolipin antibodies (especially if IgM levels are in the low positive range) [16], anti-β2GPI antibodies [17], anti-HCV antibodies [18], antirubella antibodies [19], thyroid assays [20, 21], and tests for carbohydrate antigen 19–9 [22] and various cytokines [23].\n\n"}