PMC:3730145 / 13271-15859 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/3730145","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"3730145","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/3730145","text":"2.3. Comparative Etiopathogenesis: HNSCC and FOSCC\nThe etiopathogenesis of HNSCC is multifactorial, with major risk factors including smoking/tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, betel nut consumption (worldwide), poor oral hygiene, and human papillomavirus infection [37]. Recent studies suggest that human-papillomavirus- (HPV-) associated oropharyngeal cancers are increasing in incidence [19]. In people, oncogenic papillomaviruses alter retinoblastoma protein function, resulting in downstream accumulation of p16CDKN2A protein (p16). This subgroup accounts for ~20%–25% of oral cancers and is primarily associated with HPV-16. However, the clinical response and molecular properties of HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors differ greatly, with HPV-negative HNSCCs having a worse overall survival [38]. In FOSCC, increased p16 immunoreactivity or papillomavirus DNA has been identified in only a small percentage of tissue samples, suggesting a potential role for PV-associated oncogenesis in a subset of FOSCC [39–41]. This suggests that FOSCCs are more similar to HPV-negative HNSCC, with no detectable papillomavirus DNA present in the majority of FOSCC [39–41]. Alternatively, it has been suggested by the “hit-and-run” mechanism of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis in HNSCC that perhaps HPV infection is an early initiating oncogenic event, but not necessary later for tumor progression, and thus HPV DNA may no longer be detectable [38]. However, papillomavirus DNA is detectable in more than 90% of feline cutaneous SCCs which carries a much better prognosis than FOSCC, similar to the clinical outcome for human cutaneous SCC and HNSCC [42]. Smoking and tobacco consumption are major risk factors for HNSCC. Second-hand tobacco smoke has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of FOSCC, with cats from smoking households at a two- to fourfold increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma compared with cats in nonsmoking households [43, 44]. Oral exposure to other chemicals via grooming is also thought to contribute to FOSCC pathogenesis, as cats chronically exposed to flea collars are at an increased risk compared to cats treated with intermittent flea shampoo [43]. In people, an increase in nasopharyngeal cancer has been associated with the consumption of salt-cured meats and fish [37]. Similarly, cats with high canned food intake (particularly tuna) are at increased risk of FOSCC [43]. The significance of this association is not clear and may be related to nutrient content (e.g., protein content) or a relationship between texture of food and oral hygiene.\n","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":50}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"23970998-19641938-82904824","span":{"begin":274,"end":276},"obj":"19641938"},{"id":"23970998-22782219-82904825","span":{"begin":808,"end":810},"obj":"22782219"},{"id":"23970998-18715602-82904826","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"18715602"},{"id":"23970998-20609206-82904826","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"20609206"},{"id":"23970998-20621320-82904826","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"20621320"},{"id":"23970998-18715602-82904827","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"18715602"},{"id":"23970998-20609206-82904827","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"20609206"},{"id":"23970998-20621320-82904827","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"20621320"},{"id":"23970998-22782219-82904828","span":{"begin":1444,"end":1446},"obj":"22782219"},{"id":"23970998-18699817-82904829","span":{"begin":1650,"end":1652},"obj":"18699817"},{"id":"23970998-12892308-82904830","span":{"begin":1950,"end":1952},"obj":"12892308"},{"id":"23970998-15133168-82904831","span":{"begin":1954,"end":1956},"obj":"15133168"},{"id":"23970998-12892308-82904832","span":{"begin":2184,"end":2186},"obj":"12892308"},{"id":"23970998-19641938-82904833","span":{"begin":2308,"end":2310},"obj":"19641938"},{"id":"23970998-12892308-82904834","span":{"begin":2410,"end":2412},"obj":"12892308"},{"id":"T7849","span":{"begin":274,"end":276},"obj":"19641938"},{"id":"T77274","span":{"begin":808,"end":810},"obj":"22782219"},{"id":"T73673","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"18715602"},{"id":"T50577","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"20609206"},{"id":"T30655","span":{"begin":1022,"end":1024},"obj":"20621320"},{"id":"T62040","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"18715602"},{"id":"T81351","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"20609206"},{"id":"T49311","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1170},"obj":"20621320"},{"id":"T40769","span":{"begin":1444,"end":1446},"obj":"22782219"},{"id":"T88258","span":{"begin":1650,"end":1652},"obj":"18699817"},{"id":"T29896","span":{"begin":1950,"end":1952},"obj":"12892308"},{"id":"T75404","span":{"begin":1954,"end":1956},"obj":"15133168"},{"id":"T90195","span":{"begin":2184,"end":2186},"obj":"12892308"},{"id":"T7966","span":{"begin":2308,"end":2310},"obj":"19641938"},{"id":"T79992","span":{"begin":2410,"end":2412},"obj":"12892308"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"23970998-19641938-82904824","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-22782219-82904825","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-18715602-82904826","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-20609206-82904826","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-20621320-82904826","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-18715602-82904827","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-20609206-82904827","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-20621320-82904827","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-22782219-82904828","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-18699817-82904829","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-12892308-82904830","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-15133168-82904831","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-12892308-82904832","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-19641938-82904833","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23970998-12892308-82904834","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T7849","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T77274","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T73673","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T50577","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T30655","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T62040","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T81351","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T49311","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T40769","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T88258","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T29896","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T75404","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T90195","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T7966","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T79992","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#ec9893","default":true}]}]}}