PMC:3727988 / 8394-11885
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/3727988","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"3727988","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/3727988","text":"Proteomics\nWith the completion of the human genome project in 2002, it has become clear that organism complexity is generated more by a complex proteome than by a complex genome.\nActually, the term “clinical proteomics” defines proteomic technologies employed to examine clinical samples [21]. The available genomic data have now been translated to proteomics, making the discovery of biomarkers increasingly feasible. With its high-throughput and unbiased approach to the analysis of variation in protein expression patterns (actual phenotypic expression of genetic variation), proteomics promises to be the most suitable platform for biomarker discovery. This hopefulness is based on the increasing advances and ability of proteomic technologies to identify thousands of proteins and peptides in complex biological tissues and biofluids, such as plasma, serum and urine [22]. In the past decade, many novel proteomic technologies were emerged and applied to several biological systems for the understanding of cellular activities, disease development and physiological responses to therapeutic interventions and environmental perturbations [23]. One of such emerging field is the application of proteomic technologies to toxicological research, which has given rise to a new area called toxicoproteomics [24]. Drug induced toxicity represents a significant problem in healthcare delivery, therefore the early detection of organ toxicity may provide great benefits to patients, preventing further onset of adverse events and complications of disease management. Incidences of toxicity in liver, heart, brain, kidney and other organs have been reported with the use of different therapeutic drugs. In particular, various epidemiologic investigations proved that different drug types could cause nephrotoxicity, especially in chronic patients.\nIn this regard, Bellei and co-authors reported two proteomic studies in which they analysed the urinary proteome of medication-overuse headache (MOH) patients, in comparison with healthy non-abuser individuals as control, with the purpose to identify possible differences in excreted proteins induced by the excessive consumption of antimigraine drugs, that could lead to nephrotoxicity [25,26]. Comparing the proteomic profiles of patients and controls, they found a significantly different protein expression at various MW levels, especially in the NSAIDs group, in which six proteins over-secreted from kidney were strongly correlated with various forms of kidney disorders: uromodulin (UROM), alpha-1-microglobulin (AMBP), zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAZG), cystatin C (CYTC), Ig-kappa-chain (IGKC), and inter-alpha-trypsin heavy chain H4 (ITIH4). These preliminary results have allowed to define the urinary protein pattern of MOH patients, that was found to be correlated to the abused drug. While adverse effects from long-term triptans use are unknown, the overuse of analgesics may cause well-known unwanted events, including liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal bleeding, addiction and renal insufficiency [27]. Moreover, a recent review concerning the epidemiology of drug-induced disorders has demonstrated that medication overuse could lead to nephrotoxicity and potential renal damage [28]. Currently, the most pertinent application in nephrotoxicology is the proteomic analysis of urine. In recent years, it has proposed a broad range of urinary enzymes and proteins as possible early biomarkers of drug-induced nephrotoxicity [29-31].","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":10}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":11,"end":178}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":179,"end":1842}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"23815568-15498520-60545006","span":{"begin":289,"end":291},"obj":"15498520"},{"id":"23815568-15684407-60545007","span":{"begin":873,"end":875},"obj":"15684407"},{"id":"23815568-21997203-60545008","span":{"begin":2231,"end":2233},"obj":"21997203"},{"id":"23815568-23565828-60545009","span":{"begin":2234,"end":2236},"obj":"23565828"},{"id":"23815568-14756859-60545010","span":{"begin":3058,"end":3060},"obj":"14756859"},{"id":"23815568-18983215-60545011","span":{"begin":3241,"end":3243},"obj":"18983215"},{"id":"23815568-16942764-60545012","span":{"begin":3484,"end":3486},"obj":"16942764"},{"id":"23815568-18282485-60545012","span":{"begin":3484,"end":3486},"obj":"18282485"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"23815568-15498520-60545006","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-15684407-60545007","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-21997203-60545008","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-23565828-60545009","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-14756859-60545010","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-18983215-60545011","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-16942764-60545012","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"23815568-18282485-60545012","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#a093ec","default":true}]}]}}