PMC:3091639 / 1423-4754 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/3091639","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"3091639","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/3091639","text":"Background\nThe Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens that undergo a unique biphasic developmental cycle involving the inter-conversion between the extracellular infectious elementary body and the intracellular, replicative reticulate body. Chlamydia 'Chlamydophila' pneumoniae is probably one of the most successful chlamydial species, having established a niche in a range of warm-blooded (homoeothermic) and cold-blooded (poikilothermic) hosts, including humans, horses, marsupials, frogs and reptiles [1-5]. C. pneumoniae human infections are associated with bronchitis, pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia and more recently chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and stroke [6,7] myocarditis [8], multiple sclerosis [9] and Alzheimer's disease [10].\nAustralia's native icon, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), is found throughout Australia's north-eastern and southern eucalypt regions and is commonly infected with chlamydiae [11-14]. While the decline in koala populations has largely been the result of hunting and a diminished habitat, there is great concern for the koala due to an increased incidence of disease [15]. It is estimated that almost all of the nations free-range koala populations and many in captive populations are affected by C. pneumoniae and/or C. pecorum (the most common of the two species). C. pneumoniae-infected koalas may develop a respiratory illness similar to that in humans with clinical signs of sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge and chest congestion [16,17]. C. pneumoniae koala is not restricted to the respiratory tract and has been isolated from ocular and urogenital tract sites (often in conjunction with C. pecorum), although disease at these sites is poorly understood [13].\nExposure to C. pneumoniae is widespread due to effective aerosol transmission and outbreaks have been reported in humans [18-21], horses [22], frogs [23] and koalas [13]. However, the original source of infection remains undetermined. Myers et al. [24] recently published the full 1.24 Mbp genome sequence of the C. pneumoniae koala LPCoLN isolate, the first analysis of a C. pneumoniae genome from a non-human host species. This study revealed that the five C. pneumoniae genomes were highly similar in genomic organisation and gene order, although some notable differences were observed [24]. In contrast to the highly conserved human-derived isolates, a relatively high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs (6213) differentiated koala LPCoLN from human AR39 [24]. In the proposed phylogeny (based on SNPs from 111 highly conserved genes), which encompassed all five C. pneumoniae genomes and five sequenced animal chlamydial genomes (C. pecorum E58, C. muridarum Nigg, C. caviae GPIC, C. psittaci 6BC and C. abortus s26/3), koala LPCoLN was basal to the C. pneumoniae human isolates (larger genome and many full-length genes relative to human isolates).\nIn the present report we perform a comparative analysis of the whole koala LPCoLN genome sequence, highlighting the components that distinguish the strain isolated from the koala (animal), from those isolated from humans. These comparisons point to candidates of strain-specific adaptations and may provide potential targets for improved diagnostic tests, therapeutic intervention and epidemiological investigations.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":10}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":11,"end":775}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":776,"end":1746}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1747,"end":2914}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20646324-8277245-10032159","span":{"begin":518,"end":519},"obj":"8277245"},{"id":"20646324-10364623-10032159","span":{"begin":518,"end":519},"obj":"10364623"},{"id":"20646324-11403400-10032159","span":{"begin":518,"end":519},"obj":"11403400"},{"id":"20646324-2902492-10032160","span":{"begin":701,"end":702},"obj":"2902492"},{"id":"20646324-10839724-10032161","span":{"begin":703,"end":704},"obj":"10839724"},{"id":"20646324-1353578-10032162","span":{"begin":719,"end":720},"obj":"1353578"},{"id":"20646324-9484408-10032163","span":{"begin":743,"end":744},"obj":"9484408"},{"id":"20646324-9749980-10032164","span":{"begin":771,"end":773},"obj":"9749980"},{"id":"20646324-3397180-10032165","span":{"begin":955,"end":957},"obj":"3397180"},{"id":"20646324-8296453-10032165","span":{"begin":955,"end":957},"obj":"8296453"},{"id":"20646324-12866851-10032165","span":{"begin":955,"end":957},"obj":"12866851"},{"id":"20646324-6523716-10032166","span":{"begin":1146,"end":1148},"obj":"6523716"},{"id":"20646324-3328978-10032167","span":{"begin":1516,"end":1518},"obj":"3328978"},{"id":"20646324-19026498-10032168","span":{"begin":1519,"end":1521},"obj":"19026498"},{"id":"20646324-2230271-10032169","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1871},"obj":"2230271"},{"id":"20646324-1396769-10032169","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1871},"obj":"1396769"},{"id":"20646324-9103345-10032169","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1871},"obj":"9103345"},{"id":"20646324-3335808-10032169","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1871},"obj":"3335808"},{"id":"20646324-2219661-10032170","span":{"begin":1885,"end":1887},"obj":"2219661"},{"id":"20646324-10756157-10032171","span":{"begin":1897,"end":1899},"obj":"10756157"},{"id":"20646324-19749045-10032172","span":{"begin":1996,"end":1998},"obj":"19749045"},{"id":"20646324-19749045-10032173","span":{"begin":2337,"end":2339},"obj":"19749045"},{"id":"20646324-19749045-10032174","span":{"begin":2520,"end":2522},"obj":"19749045"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20646324-8277245-10032159","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-10364623-10032159","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-11403400-10032159","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-2902492-10032160","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-10839724-10032161","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-1353578-10032162","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-9484408-10032163","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-9749980-10032164","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-3397180-10032165","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-8296453-10032165","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-12866851-10032165","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-6523716-10032166","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-3328978-10032167","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-19026498-10032168","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-2230271-10032169","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-1396769-10032169","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-9103345-10032169","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-3335808-10032169","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-2219661-10032170","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-10756157-10032171","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-19749045-10032172","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-19749045-10032173","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20646324-19749045-10032174","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#ecb293","default":true}]}]}}