PMC:2940453 / 1427-3910 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20859525-8353611-38434935","span":{"begin":222,"end":226},"obj":"8353611"},{"id":"20859525-8353611-38434936","span":{"begin":765,"end":769},"obj":"8353611"},{"id":"20859525-16145693-38434937","span":{"begin":792,"end":796},"obj":"16145693"},{"id":"20859525-19021259-38434938","span":{"begin":812,"end":816},"obj":"19021259"},{"id":"20859525-9662139-38434939","span":{"begin":882,"end":886},"obj":"9662139"},{"id":"20859525-12066184-38434940","span":{"begin":903,"end":907},"obj":"12066184"},{"id":"20859525-12962315-38434941","span":{"begin":925,"end":929},"obj":"12962315"},{"id":"20859525-16108010-38434942","span":{"begin":944,"end":948},"obj":"16108010"},{"id":"20859525-11431530-38434943","span":{"begin":1178,"end":1182},"obj":"11431530"},{"id":"20859525-12066185-38434944","span":{"begin":1230,"end":1234},"obj":"12066185"},{"id":"20859525-10456097-38434945","span":{"begin":1294,"end":1298},"obj":"10456097"},{"id":"20859525-8841826-38434946","span":{"begin":1316,"end":1320},"obj":"8841826"},{"id":"20859525-9242288-38434947","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1352},"obj":"9242288"},{"id":"20859525-19668700-38434948","span":{"begin":1809,"end":1813},"obj":"19668700"},{"id":"20859525-18328702-38434949","span":{"begin":1899,"end":1903},"obj":"18328702"},{"id":"20859525-19249279-38434950","span":{"begin":1920,"end":1924},"obj":"19249279"},{"id":"20859525-19926847-38434951","span":{"begin":1941,"end":1945},"obj":"19926847"},{"id":"20859525-19249279-38434952","span":{"begin":1973,"end":1977},"obj":"19249279"},{"id":"20859525-18328702-38434953","span":{"begin":2007,"end":2011},"obj":"18328702"},{"id":"20859525-18480753-38434954","span":{"begin":2038,"end":2042},"obj":"18480753"}],"text":"Phase Coding in Different Systems of the Brain\nEver since the correlation between the theta phases of pyramidal cell firing in the hippocampus and the position of the rat in a linear track was observed (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993), the question has lingered whether the phase of action potentials (APs) relative to local field potentials (LFPs) encode information or if this correlation is a mere epiphenomenon. Encoding implies that information available from the phase is decoded by neurons downstream, as their AP generation depends on this information. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed that could potentially generate phase precession relative to the theta oscillation. One class of models includes the dual oscillator interference model (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993; O'Keefe and Burgess, 2005; Blair et al., 2008) and the somato-dendritic dual oscillator model (Kamondi et al., 1998; Harris et al., 2002; Lengyel et al., 2003; Huhn et al., 2005). The key assumption in both models is that phase precession is generated by the interaction between two theta oscillations with slightly different frequencies. Another class of models focuses on the dendritic mechanisms (Magee, 2001), assumes a depolarization ramp (Mehta et al., 2002), or proposes network-level mechanisms (Jensen and Lisman, 1996; Tsodyks et al., 1996; Wallenstein and Hasselmo, 1997). Nevertheless, all of these models share the key assumption that the cause of phase precession is localized within the hippocampus. In contrast, we proposed an alternative model, which considers phase coding as originating from sensory processing, after which the code is transferred to the cortex where it is decoded and re-encoded before it is further propagated to the associated systems, including the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (Nadasdy, 2009). Recent studies reporting AP phase modulation in the prefrontal (Montemurro et al., 2008; Kayser et al., 2009; Siegel et al., 2009), auditory (Kayser et al., 2009), visual (Montemurro et al., 2008), and EC (Hafting et al., 2008) are consistent with this view. Despite the differences in physiological characteristics, cell types, the input–output connectivity and predominant oscillation frequencies across these systems, we argue that the sensory, thalamo-cortical and limbic systems are sharing the common language of phase coding. In this review without the capacity of describing system specific implementations we overview the common mechanism of AP phase coding."}

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20859525-8353611-532808","span":{"begin":222,"end":226},"obj":"8353611"},{"id":"20859525-8353611-532809","span":{"begin":765,"end":769},"obj":"8353611"},{"id":"20859525-16145693-532810","span":{"begin":792,"end":796},"obj":"16145693"},{"id":"20859525-19021259-532811","span":{"begin":812,"end":816},"obj":"19021259"},{"id":"20859525-9662139-532812","span":{"begin":882,"end":886},"obj":"9662139"},{"id":"20859525-12066184-532813","span":{"begin":903,"end":907},"obj":"12066184"},{"id":"20859525-12962315-532814","span":{"begin":925,"end":929},"obj":"12962315"},{"id":"20859525-16108010-532815","span":{"begin":944,"end":948},"obj":"16108010"},{"id":"20859525-11431530-532816","span":{"begin":1178,"end":1182},"obj":"11431530"},{"id":"20859525-12066185-532817","span":{"begin":1230,"end":1234},"obj":"12066185"},{"id":"20859525-10456097-532818","span":{"begin":1294,"end":1298},"obj":"10456097"},{"id":"20859525-8841826-532819","span":{"begin":1316,"end":1320},"obj":"8841826"},{"id":"20859525-9242288-532820","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1352},"obj":"9242288"},{"id":"20859525-19668700-532821","span":{"begin":1809,"end":1813},"obj":"19668700"},{"id":"20859525-18328702-532822","span":{"begin":1899,"end":1903},"obj":"18328702"},{"id":"20859525-19249279-532823","span":{"begin":1920,"end":1924},"obj":"19249279"},{"id":"20859525-19926847-532824","span":{"begin":1941,"end":1945},"obj":"19926847"},{"id":"20859525-19249279-532825","span":{"begin":1973,"end":1977},"obj":"19249279"},{"id":"20859525-18328702-532826","span":{"begin":2007,"end":2011},"obj":"18328702"},{"id":"20859525-18480753-532827","span":{"begin":2038,"end":2042},"obj":"18480753"}],"text":"Phase Coding in Different Systems of the Brain\nEver since the correlation between the theta phases of pyramidal cell firing in the hippocampus and the position of the rat in a linear track was observed (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993), the question has lingered whether the phase of action potentials (APs) relative to local field potentials (LFPs) encode information or if this correlation is a mere epiphenomenon. Encoding implies that information available from the phase is decoded by neurons downstream, as their AP generation depends on this information. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed that could potentially generate phase precession relative to the theta oscillation. One class of models includes the dual oscillator interference model (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993; O'Keefe and Burgess, 2005; Blair et al., 2008) and the somato-dendritic dual oscillator model (Kamondi et al., 1998; Harris et al., 2002; Lengyel et al., 2003; Huhn et al., 2005). The key assumption in both models is that phase precession is generated by the interaction between two theta oscillations with slightly different frequencies. Another class of models focuses on the dendritic mechanisms (Magee, 2001), assumes a depolarization ramp (Mehta et al., 2002), or proposes network-level mechanisms (Jensen and Lisman, 1996; Tsodyks et al., 1996; Wallenstein and Hasselmo, 1997). Nevertheless, all of these models share the key assumption that the cause of phase precession is localized within the hippocampus. In contrast, we proposed an alternative model, which considers phase coding as originating from sensory processing, after which the code is transferred to the cortex where it is decoded and re-encoded before it is further propagated to the associated systems, including the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (Nadasdy, 2009). Recent studies reporting AP phase modulation in the prefrontal (Montemurro et al., 2008; Kayser et al., 2009; Siegel et al., 2009), auditory (Kayser et al., 2009), visual (Montemurro et al., 2008), and EC (Hafting et al., 2008) are consistent with this view. Despite the differences in physiological characteristics, cell types, the input–output connectivity and predominant oscillation frequencies across these systems, we argue that the sensory, thalamo-cortical and limbic systems are sharing the common language of phase coding. In this review without the capacity of describing system specific implementations we overview the common mechanism of AP phase coding."}

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20859525-175-183-532808","span":{"begin":222,"end":226},"obj":"[\"8353611\"]"},{"id":"20859525-88-96-532809","span":{"begin":765,"end":769},"obj":"[\"8353611\"]"},{"id":"20859525-115-123-532810","span":{"begin":792,"end":796},"obj":"[\"16145693\"]"},{"id":"20859525-135-143-532811","span":{"begin":812,"end":816},"obj":"[\"19021259\"]"},{"id":"20859525-205-213-532812","span":{"begin":882,"end":886},"obj":"[\"9662139\"]"},{"id":"20859525-226-234-532813","span":{"begin":903,"end":907},"obj":"[\"12066184\"]"},{"id":"20859525-235-243-532814","span":{"begin":925,"end":929},"obj":"[\"12962315\"]"},{"id":"20859525-234-242-532815","span":{"begin":944,"end":948},"obj":"[\"16108010\"]"},{"id":"20859525-68-76-532816","span":{"begin":1178,"end":1182},"obj":"[\"11431530\"]"},{"id":"20859525-120-128-532817","span":{"begin":1230,"end":1234},"obj":"[\"12066185\"]"},{"id":"20859525-184-192-532818","span":{"begin":1294,"end":1298},"obj":"[\"10456097\"]"},{"id":"20859525-206-214-532819","span":{"begin":1316,"end":1320},"obj":"[\"8841826\"]"},{"id":"20859525-230-238-532820","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1352},"obj":"[\"9242288\"]"},{"id":"20859525-232-240-532821","span":{"begin":1809,"end":1813},"obj":"[\"19668700\"]"},{"id":"20859525-83-91-532822","span":{"begin":1899,"end":1903},"obj":"[\"18328702\"]"},{"id":"20859525-104-112-532823","span":{"begin":1920,"end":1924},"obj":"[\"19249279\"]"},{"id":"20859525-125-133-532824","span":{"begin":1941,"end":1945},"obj":"[\"19926847\"]"},{"id":"20859525-157-165-532825","span":{"begin":1973,"end":1977},"obj":"[\"19249279\"]"},{"id":"20859525-191-199-532826","span":{"begin":2007,"end":2011},"obj":"[\"18328702\"]"},{"id":"20859525-222-230-532827","span":{"begin":2038,"end":2042},"obj":"[\"18480753\"]"}],"text":"Phase Coding in Different Systems of the Brain\nEver since the correlation between the theta phases of pyramidal cell firing in the hippocampus and the position of the rat in a linear track was observed (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993), the question has lingered whether the phase of action potentials (APs) relative to local field potentials (LFPs) encode information or if this correlation is a mere epiphenomenon. Encoding implies that information available from the phase is decoded by neurons downstream, as their AP generation depends on this information. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed that could potentially generate phase precession relative to the theta oscillation. One class of models includes the dual oscillator interference model (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993; O'Keefe and Burgess, 2005; Blair et al., 2008) and the somato-dendritic dual oscillator model (Kamondi et al., 1998; Harris et al., 2002; Lengyel et al., 2003; Huhn et al., 2005). The key assumption in both models is that phase precession is generated by the interaction between two theta oscillations with slightly different frequencies. Another class of models focuses on the dendritic mechanisms (Magee, 2001), assumes a depolarization ramp (Mehta et al., 2002), or proposes network-level mechanisms (Jensen and Lisman, 1996; Tsodyks et al., 1996; Wallenstein and Hasselmo, 1997). Nevertheless, all of these models share the key assumption that the cause of phase precession is localized within the hippocampus. In contrast, we proposed an alternative model, which considers phase coding as originating from sensory processing, after which the code is transferred to the cortex where it is decoded and re-encoded before it is further propagated to the associated systems, including the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (Nadasdy, 2009). Recent studies reporting AP phase modulation in the prefrontal (Montemurro et al., 2008; Kayser et al., 2009; Siegel et al., 2009), auditory (Kayser et al., 2009), visual (Montemurro et al., 2008), and EC (Hafting et al., 2008) are consistent with this view. Despite the differences in physiological characteristics, cell types, the input–output connectivity and predominant oscillation frequencies across these systems, we argue that the sensory, thalamo-cortical and limbic systems are sharing the common language of phase coding. In this review without the capacity of describing system specific implementations we overview the common mechanism of AP phase coding."}