PMC:2940450 / 29010-30802
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/2940450","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"2940450","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/2940450","text":"Although neuromodulation can be viewed as simply another aspect of the suggested network interactions, it is worth separating it from the others for the following reasons. Because neuromodulatory signals target superficial (I–III) and deeper (V–VI) cortical layers, but tend to avoid layer IV (e.g., Raghanti et al., 2008), they appear to provide less of a “driving input” and instead may function to alter information processing. For instance, Goldman-Rakic et al. (1989) suggest that a major function of dopamine is to control cortical excitability, thereby possibly increasing the fidelity of signals computed within local networks (Douglas and Martin, 2007). More specifically, the effects of dopamine appear to enhance the neuronal signal-to-noise ratio (Sawaguchi and Matsumura, 1985), consistent with computational modeling results of the role of dopamine in working memory function (Gruber et al., 2006). Thus, it is intriguing to suggest that dopaminergic neuromodulation may be a key mechanism by which motivation sharpens attention and behavioral performance, for instance via the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio of relevant neurons. Therefore, the motivational context, which may be computed in valuation regions, may enhance the processing efficiency in cognitive regions via a dopaminergic signal. In the context of our task, valuation regions (e.g., OFC) signal behavioral relevance to neuromodulatory regions (e.g., VTA), which then enhance neuronal processing in relevant “cognitive” areas via dopamine signals (e.g., fronto-parietal regions). Future multi-site cell recordings may be able to more directly evaluate this working hypothesis. In any case, these specific effects on brain function are envisaged to be quite distinct from a simple “energizing” function.","tracks":[{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-18562124-131763","span":{"begin":317,"end":321},"obj":"18562124"},{"id":"20859524-2573073-131764","span":{"begin":467,"end":471},"obj":"2573073"},{"id":"20859524-17610826-131765","span":{"begin":656,"end":660},"obj":"17610826"},{"id":"20859524-4022460-131766","span":{"begin":785,"end":789},"obj":"4022460"},{"id":"20859524-16699839-131767","span":{"begin":906,"end":910},"obj":"16699839"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-18562124-131763","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-2573073-131764","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-17610826-131765","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-4022460-131766","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-16699839-131767","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"}]},{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-145-153-131763","span":{"begin":317,"end":321},"obj":"[\"18562124\"]"},{"id":"20859524-36-44-131764","span":{"begin":467,"end":471},"obj":"[\"2573073\"]"},{"id":"20859524-225-233-131765","span":{"begin":656,"end":660},"obj":"[\"17610826\"]"},{"id":"20859524-122-130-131766","span":{"begin":785,"end":789},"obj":"[\"4022460\"]"},{"id":"20859524-224-232-131767","span":{"begin":906,"end":910},"obj":"[\"16699839\"]"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-145-153-131763","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-36-44-131764","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-225-233-131765","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-122-130-131766","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-224-232-131767","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-18562124-38088844","span":{"begin":317,"end":321},"obj":"18562124"},{"id":"20859524-2573073-38088845","span":{"begin":467,"end":471},"obj":"2573073"},{"id":"20859524-17610826-38088846","span":{"begin":656,"end":660},"obj":"17610826"},{"id":"20859524-4022460-38088847","span":{"begin":785,"end":789},"obj":"4022460"},{"id":"20859524-16699839-38088848","span":{"begin":906,"end":910},"obj":"16699839"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-18562124-38088844","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-2573073-38088845","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-17610826-38088846","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-4022460-38088847","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-16699839-38088848","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"0_colil","color":"#93eca8","default":true},{"id":"TEST0","color":"#ec9397"},{"id":"2_test","color":"#93b1ec"}]}]}}