PMC:2940450 / 27312-29009
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/2940450","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"2940450","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/2940450","text":"A third type of communication involves the diffuse action of neuromodulatory signals. Motivationally salient items engage dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SN. Widespread modulatory connections originating in these sites reach the entire cortical surface, thereby having the potential to rapidly influence cortical responses. Evidence from animal studies supports the notion that dopaminergic modulatory effects are associated with behavioral importance, generally (Schultz et al., 1992), and improve attentional accuracy, specifically (Granon et al., 2000; Seamans and Yang, 2004; Pezze et al., 2007). Several studies in humans, including ours, have also reported reward-related activation in dopaminergic centers (e.g., Bunzeck and Duzel, 2006; D'Ardenne et al., 2008) and, more commonly, their subcortical targets (e.g., caudate; both the head and body of the caudate have been reported). It is noteworthy that dopaminergic projections to the frontal lobe are much more significant than to posterior regions and, in particular, the occipital cortex appears to only minimally receive such projections (Oades and Halliday, 1987). These considerations are relevant to the understanding of the impact of motivation on both executive and sensory processes, and suggest that the impact of dopaminergic projection systems on visual function is likely to be relatively minor – though a complicating factor is that the effects could be strong though indirect. If this is correct, the effect on visual function reported in the studies above may be strongly dependent on “source” regions in frontal and parietal cortex that exert top-down modulatory signals on sensory processing.","tracks":[{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-1464759-131756","span":{"begin":507,"end":511},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-10648725-131757","span":{"begin":577,"end":581},"obj":"10648725"},{"id":"20859524-15381316-131758","span":{"begin":601,"end":605},"obj":"15381316"},{"id":"20859524-16641946-131759","span":{"begin":621,"end":625},"obj":"16641946"},{"id":"20859524-16880131-131760","span":{"begin":766,"end":770},"obj":"16880131"},{"id":"20859524-18309087-131761","span":{"begin":790,"end":794},"obj":"18309087"},{"id":"20859524-3107759-131762","span":{"begin":1149,"end":1153},"obj":"3107759"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-1464759-131756","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-10648725-131757","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-15381316-131758","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-16641946-131759","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-16880131-131760","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-18309087-131761","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-3107759-131762","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"}]},{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-156-164-131756","span":{"begin":507,"end":511},"obj":"[\"1464759\"]"},{"id":"20859524-226-234-131757","span":{"begin":577,"end":581},"obj":"[\"10648725\"]"},{"id":"20859524-229-237-131758","span":{"begin":601,"end":605},"obj":"[\"15381316\"]"},{"id":"20859524-232-240-131759","span":{"begin":621,"end":625},"obj":"[\"16641946\"]"},{"id":"20859524-138-146-131760","span":{"begin":766,"end":770},"obj":"[\"16880131\"]"},{"id":"20859524-162-170-131761","span":{"begin":790,"end":794},"obj":"[\"18309087\"]"},{"id":"20859524-232-240-131762","span":{"begin":1149,"end":1153},"obj":"[\"3107759\"]"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-156-164-131756","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-226-234-131757","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-229-237-131758","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-232-240-131759","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-138-146-131760","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-162-170-131761","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-232-240-131762","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-1464759-38088837","span":{"begin":507,"end":511},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-10648725-38088838","span":{"begin":577,"end":581},"obj":"10648725"},{"id":"20859524-15381316-38088839","span":{"begin":601,"end":605},"obj":"15381316"},{"id":"20859524-16641946-38088840","span":{"begin":621,"end":625},"obj":"16641946"},{"id":"20859524-16880131-38088841","span":{"begin":766,"end":770},"obj":"16880131"},{"id":"20859524-18309087-38088842","span":{"begin":790,"end":794},"obj":"18309087"},{"id":"20859524-3107759-38088843","span":{"begin":1149,"end":1153},"obj":"3107759"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-1464759-38088837","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-10648725-38088838","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-15381316-38088839","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-16641946-38088840","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-16880131-38088841","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-18309087-38088842","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-3107759-38088843","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"0_colil","color":"#adec93","default":true},{"id":"TEST0","color":"#ec93c7"},{"id":"2_test","color":"#93e1ec"}]}]}}